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Article

A Bifunctional Fluorescence Probe for the Detection of Hypochlorous Acid and Viscosity in Living Cells and Zebrafish

by
Xin Zhang
1,2,†,
Yanmei Si
3,†,
Xinpeng Chen
4,
Xuqing Nie
2,
Yiheng Zhang
2,
Li Lin
1,2,* and
Yehao Yan
2,*
1
School of Public Health, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang 261053, China
2
School of Public Health, Jining Medical University, Jining 272067, China
3
School of Forensic Medicine and Laboratory Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining 272067, China
4
School of Life Science, Hubei Normal University, Huangshi 435002, China
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Molecules 2025, 30(7), 1531; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30071531
Submission received: 16 February 2025 / Revised: 27 March 2025 / Accepted: 28 March 2025 / Published: 30 March 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Analytical Chemistry in Asia, 2nd Edition)
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Abstract

As two significant indicators in the microenvironment, hypochlorous acid and viscosity play important roles in multitudinous physiological metabolic processes. However, it is challenging to determine the dynamic levels of hypochlorous acid and viscosity in living cells and organisms because of the absence of effective molecular tools that can simultaneously detect hypochlorous acid and viscosity in organisms. Herein, a molecular design strategy was presented to fabricate a single fluorescence probe that can simultaneously detect hypochlorous acid and viscosity by using two different emission channels. In JXR, TICT-based 4-(2-(5-(dimethylamino)thiophen-2-yl)vinyl)-1-methylpyridin-1-ium-iodide chromophore serves as energy acceptor in the FRET process and sensors for hypochlorous acid and viscosity. JXR showed a large Stokes shift, wide emission peak distance, high photostability, and low toxicity. JXR could detect hypochlorous acid and viscosity rapidly, sensitively, and selectively by emitting different fluorescence signals. Importantly, JXR was successfully applied to track the intracellular hypochlorous acid and viscosity in living cells. Meanwhile, the generation of endogenous hypochlorite in living cells can be observed by using JXR.
Keywords: fluorescence probe; FRET; hypochlorite; viscosity fluorescence probe; FRET; hypochlorite; viscosity

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MDPI and ACS Style

Zhang, X.; Si, Y.; Chen, X.; Nie, X.; Zhang, Y.; Lin, L.; Yan, Y. A Bifunctional Fluorescence Probe for the Detection of Hypochlorous Acid and Viscosity in Living Cells and Zebrafish. Molecules 2025, 30, 1531. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30071531

AMA Style

Zhang X, Si Y, Chen X, Nie X, Zhang Y, Lin L, Yan Y. A Bifunctional Fluorescence Probe for the Detection of Hypochlorous Acid and Viscosity in Living Cells and Zebrafish. Molecules. 2025; 30(7):1531. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30071531

Chicago/Turabian Style

Zhang, Xin, Yanmei Si, Xinpeng Chen, Xuqing Nie, Yiheng Zhang, Li Lin, and Yehao Yan. 2025. "A Bifunctional Fluorescence Probe for the Detection of Hypochlorous Acid and Viscosity in Living Cells and Zebrafish" Molecules 30, no. 7: 1531. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30071531

APA Style

Zhang, X., Si, Y., Chen, X., Nie, X., Zhang, Y., Lin, L., & Yan, Y. (2025). A Bifunctional Fluorescence Probe for the Detection of Hypochlorous Acid and Viscosity in Living Cells and Zebrafish. Molecules, 30(7), 1531. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30071531

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