Biodegradation of Petroleum Hydrocarbons by Drechsleraspicifera Isolated from Contaminated Soil in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Identification of D. spicifera Strains in Different Soil Samples
2.2. Corresponding Reactivity between D. spicifera and Different Hydrocarbons
2.3. D. spicifera Biosurfactants Induced Hydrocarbons Bioremediation
2.4. Assessment of the Weight of Bio-Surfactants Recovered from D. spicifera
2.5. Bio-Surfactants of D. spicifera Improved the Growth of Tomato Seeds
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Samples Collection and Fungus Isolation
4.2. Hydrocarbons Biodegradation
4.3. Hydrocarbon Tolerance Test
4.4. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
4.5. DCPIP Assay
4.6. Drop-Collapse Test
4.7. Emulsification Activity Measurement
4.8. Recovery of Biosurfactants
4.9. Assessment of Toxicity Using the Germination Assay
4.10. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Concentration | Non-Treated (cm/day) | Crude Oil (cm/day) | Used Oil (cm/day) | Diesel (cm/day) | Kerosene (cm/day) | Mixed Oil (cm/day) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1% | 3.20 | 2.24 | 2.80 | 1.81 | 2.00 | 1.60 |
5% | 3.20 | 1.15 | 1.26 | 1.09 | 1.05 | 0.91 |
10% | 3.20 | 0.55 | 0.78 | 0.70 | 0.62 | 0.53 |
DIR (%) | 100 | 70.01 | 87.50 | 56.06 | 62.58 | 50 |
Incubation Period (Days) | 0 | 3 | 6 | 9 | 12 | 15 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Control | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Crude oil | 0.000 | 0.171 | 0.367 | 0.486 | 0.539 | 0.736 |
Used oil | 0.002 | 0.272 | 0.342 | 0.407 | 0.454 | 0.514 |
Diesel | 0.001 | 0.060 | 0.109 | 0.256 | 0.317 | 0.401 |
Kerosene | 0.001 | 0.085 | 0.177 | 0.241 | 0.338 | 0.405 |
Mixed oil | 0.001 | 0.095 | 0.153 | 0.212 | 0.301 | 0.413 |
Hydrocarbon Source | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
−C | +C | Crude Oil | Used Oil | Diesel | Kerosene | Mixed Oil |
− | +++ | + | ++ | + | + | ++ |
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Al-Zahrani, R.M.; Al-Otibi, F.; Marraiki, N.; Alharbi, R.I.; Aldehaish, H.A. Biodegradation of Petroleum Hydrocarbons by Drechsleraspicifera Isolated from Contaminated Soil in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Molecules 2022, 27, 6450. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27196450
Al-Zahrani RM, Al-Otibi F, Marraiki N, Alharbi RI, Aldehaish HA. Biodegradation of Petroleum Hydrocarbons by Drechsleraspicifera Isolated from Contaminated Soil in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Molecules. 2022; 27(19):6450. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27196450
Chicago/Turabian StyleAl-Zahrani, Rasha M., Fatimah Al-Otibi, Najat Marraiki, Raedah I. Alharbi, and Horiah A. Aldehaish. 2022. "Biodegradation of Petroleum Hydrocarbons by Drechsleraspicifera Isolated from Contaminated Soil in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia" Molecules 27, no. 19: 6450. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27196450