Mycomedicine: A Unique Class of Natural Products with Potent Anti-tumour Bioactivities
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Bioactive Components Isolated from Mycomedicine
2.1. Polysaccharides
2.2. Terpenes and Terpenoids
2.3. Proteins and Amino Acids
2.4. Other Bioactive Compounds
3. Major Anti-tumour Bioactivities of Mycomedicine
3.1. Induction of Cell Cycle Arrest
3.2. Induction of Apoptosis
3.3. Induction of Autophagy
3.4. Suppression of Angiogenesis
3.5. Reduction in Metastatic Potential
3.6. Improvement of Immune Response
3.7. Regulation of Oxidative Stress
3.8. Regulation of Gut Microenvironment
3.9. Reversion of Multidrug Resistance
4. Clinical Evidence of Mycomedicine in Cancer Therapy
5. Discussion
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Sample Availability
References
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Species | Genus | Family | Order | Class | Phylum | Kingdom | Synonyms | Common Names |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ganoderma lucidum (Curtis) P. Karst. | Ganoderma | Ganodermataceae | Polyporales | Agaricomycetes | Basidiomycota | Fungi | Boletus lucidus Curtis Polyporus lucidus (Curtis) Fr. | Lingzhi (In Chinese) Reshi mushroom (In Japanese) |
Ganoderma tsugae Murrill | Fomes tsugae (Murrill) Sacc. and D. Sacc. Polyporus tsugae (Murrill) Overh. | Hemlock varnish shelf | ||||||
Ganoderma microsporum R.S. Hseu | N.A. | N.A. | ||||||
Grifola frondosa (Dicks.) Gray | Grifola | Grifolaceae | Boletus frondosus Dicks. Polyporus frondosus (Dicks.) Fr. | Huishuhua (In Chinese) Maitake (In Japanese) | ||||
Trametes versicolor (L.) Lloyd | Trametes | Polyporaceae | Boletus versicolor L. Coriolus versicolor (L.) Quél. | Yunzhi (In Chinese) Turkey tail (Common name) | ||||
Trametes robiniophila Murrill | Perenniporia robiniophila (Murrill) Ryvarden Poria robiniophila (Murrill) Ginns | Huaier (In Chinese) | ||||||
Fomes fomentarius (L.) Fr. | Fomes | Agaricus fomentarius (L.) Lam. Boletus fomentarius L. | Tinder fungus (Common name) Hoof fungus (Common name) Ice man fungus (Common name) | |||||
Macrohyporia cocos (Schwein.) I. Johans. and Ryvarden | Macrohyporia | Poria cocos (Schwein.) F.A. Wolf Sclerotium cocos Schwein. | Fuling (In Chinese) Hoelen (Common name) | |||||
Lentinus squarrosulus Mont. | Lentinus | Pleurotus squarrosulus (Mont.) Singer Lentinus crenulatus Massee | N.A. | |||||
Agaricus blazei Murrill | Agaricus | Agaricaceae | Agaricales | N.A. | Jisongrong (In Chinese) Himematsutake (In Japanese) God’s mushroom (Common name) | |||
Lentinula edodes (Berk.) Pegler | Lentinula | Omphalotaceae | Collybia shiitake J.Schröt. Agaricus edodes Berk. | Xianggu (In Chinese) Shiitake (In Japanese) Black mushroom (Common name) | ||||
Hypholoma lateritium (Schaeff.) P. Kumm. | Hypholoma | Strophariaceae | Deconica squamosa Cooke Geophila sublateritia (Fr.) Quél. | Brick cap (Common name) Red woodlover (Common name) | ||||
Schizophyllum commune Fr. | Schizophyllum | Schizophyllaceae | Agaricus alneus L. Agaricus multifidus Batsch | Split gill mushroom | ||||
Hypsizygus marmoreus (Peck) H.E. Bigelow | Hypsizygus | Lyophyllaceae | Clitocybe marmorea (Peck) Sacc. Agaricus marmoreus Peck | Beech mushroom (Common name) | ||||
Leucopaxillus giganteus (Sowerby) Singer | Leucopaxillus | Tricholomataceae | Agaricus giganteus Sowerby Paxillus giganteus (Sowerby) Fr. | Giant leucopax (Common name) | ||||
Flammulina velutipes (Curtis) Singer | Flammulina | Physalacriaceae | Collybia eriocephala Rea Agaricus atropes Schumach. | Velvet shank (Common name) Golden needle mushroom (In Chinese) Enokitake (In Japanese) | ||||
Omphalotus illudens (Schwein.) Bresinsky and Besl | Omphalotus | Omphalotaceae | Clitocybe illudens (Schwein.) Sacc. Panus illudens (Schwein.) Fr. | Eastern jack-o’lantern mushroom (Common name) | ||||
Tricholoma anatolicum H.H. Doğan and Intini | Tricholoma | Tricholomataceae | N.A. | Katran Mantari (In Turkish) | ||||
Suillus placidus (Bonord.) Singer | Suillus | Suillaceae | Boletales | Gyrodon fusipes (Fr.) Sacc. Gyrodon placidus (Bonord.) Fr. | Slippery white bolete | |||
Sarcodon imbricatus (L.) P. Karst. | Sarcodon | Bankeraceae | Thelephorales | Hydnum imbricatum L. Sarcodon gracilis (Fr.) Quél. | Shingled hedgehog (Common name) Scaly hedgehog (Common name) | |||
Cordyceps militaris (L.) Fr. | Cordyceps | Cordycipitaceae | Hypocreales | Sordariomycetes | Ascomycota | Clavaria granulosa Bull. Hypoxylon militare (L.) Mérat | N.A. | |
Ophiocordyceps sinensis (Berk.) G.H. Sung, J.M. Sung, Hywel-Jones and Spatafora | Ophiocordyceps | Ophiocordycipitaceae | Cordyceps sinensis (Berk.) Sacc. Sphaeria sinensis Berk | Dongchongxiacao (In Chinese) Yartsa gunbu (Common name) | ||||
N.A. represents not available |
Species | Compound Name | Structure | Anti-tumour Bioactivity | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
Agaricus blazei | Agaritine | Induction of intrinsic apoptosis | [9] | |
Ganoderma lucidum | Ganoderic acid DM | Induction of G1-phase cell cycle arrest; induction of apoptosis | [10] | |
Ganoderic acid T | Induction of apoptosis; regulation of oxidative stress | [11] | ||
Cordyceps militaris | Cordycepin | Induction of S-phase cell cycle arrest; inhibition of autophagy; reduction in cancer metastasis | [12,13,14] | |
Suillus placidus | Suillin | Induction of extrinsic apoptosis | [15] | |
Poria cocos | Poricotriol A | Induction of intrinsic apoptosis through caspase-independent pathway | [16] | |
Leucopaxillus giganteus | Clitocine | Reversion of multidrug resistance (MDR) | [17] | |
Lentinula edodes | Lentinan | Improvement in quality of life of cancer patients | [18] |
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Dai, R.; Liu, M.; Nik Nabil, W.N.; Xi, Z.; Xu, H. Mycomedicine: A Unique Class of Natural Products with Potent Anti-tumour Bioactivities. Molecules 2021, 26, 1113. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26041113
Dai R, Liu M, Nik Nabil WN, Xi Z, Xu H. Mycomedicine: A Unique Class of Natural Products with Potent Anti-tumour Bioactivities. Molecules. 2021; 26(4):1113. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26041113
Chicago/Turabian StyleDai, Rongchen, Mengfan Liu, Wan Najbah Nik Nabil, Zhichao Xi, and Hongxi Xu. 2021. "Mycomedicine: A Unique Class of Natural Products with Potent Anti-tumour Bioactivities" Molecules 26, no. 4: 1113. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26041113