Optimization of the Extraction Process to Obtain a Colorant Ingredient from Leaves of Ocimum basilicum var. purpurascens
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Response Criteria for the RSM Analysis
2.2. Theoretical Response Surface Models
2.3. Final Effects of the Studied Conditions of HAE on the Target Responses and Optimal Values that Maximize the Responses
2.4. Clustering of Anthocyanin Compounds According to the HAE Conditions that Maximize their Extraction
2.5. Dose-Response Analysis of the Solid-to-Liquid Effect at the Optimum Conditions
2.6. Evaluation of the Colorant Potential of the Extract Rich in Anthocyanin Compounds Obtained under Optimum Conditions from Leaves of O. basilicum var. purpurascens
2.7. Evaluation of the Bioactive Properties of the Extract Rich in Anthocyanin Compounds Obtained under Optimal Conditions from Leaves of O. basilicum var. purpurascens
2.7.1. Antimicrobial Activity
2.7.2. Cytotoxic Activity
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Samples
3.2. Heat-Assisted Extraction
3.3. Calculation of the Extraction Yield
3.4. Chromatographic Analysis of Anthocyanin Compounds
3.5. Experimental Design, Modelling and Optimization
3.5.1. Experimental Design
3.5.2. Mathematical Modelling
3.5.3. Maximization of the Responses
3.6. Gropping the Responses by Cluster Analyses
3.7. Fitting Procedures and Statistical Analysis
3.8. Preparation of the Extract Rich in Anthocyanin Compounds Obtained under Optimum Conditions from the Leaves of O. basilicum var. purpurascens
3.9. Evaluation of the Colorant Potential of the Extract Rich in Anthocyanin Compounds Obtained under Optimum Conditions from the Leaves of O. basilicum var. purpurascens
3.10. Evaluation of the Bioactive Properties of the Extract Rich in Anthocyanin Compounds Obtained under Optimal Conditions from the Leaves of O. basilicum var. purpurascens.
3.10.1. Antimicrobial Activity
3.10.2. Cytotoxic Activity
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sample Availability: Samples are available from the authors. |
Peak | Rt (min) | λmax (nm) | [M + H]+ | Main Fragment ESI- MSn [Intensity (%)] | Tentative Identification |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
P1 | 34.1 | 520 | 919 | 757(49),449(6),287(13) | Cyanidin-3-(p-coumaroyl-6′-caffeoyl)sophoroside isomer 1 A |
P2 | 36.4 | 520 | 919 | 757(49),449(6),287(13) | Cyanidin-3-(p-coumaroyl-6′-caffeoyl)sophoroside isomer 2 A |
P3 | 38.4 | 522 | 1005 | 757(6),535(11),287(11) | Cyanidin-3-(6-p-coumaroyl)sophoroside-5-(6-malonyl)glucoside A |
P4 | 42.8 | 522 | 757 | 595(100),449(11),287(61) | Cyanidin-3-(6-p-coumaroyl)glucoside-5-glucoside A |
P5 | 43.2 | 530 | 1081 | 919(15),449(6),287(6) | Cyanidin-3-(6-p-coumaroyl-6′-caffeoyl)-5-glucoside isomer1 A |
P6 | 43.9 | 532 | 1167 | 919(44),757(5),287(20) | Cyanidin-3-(6-p-coumaroyl-6′-caffeoyl)sophoroside-5-(6-malonyl)glucoside isomer 1 A |
P7 | 44.6 | 530 | 1167 | 919(27),757(5),287(6) | Cyanidin-3-(6 p-coumaroyl-6′-caffeoyl)sophoroside-5-(6-malonyl)glucoside isomer 2 A |
P8 | 45.5 | 530 | 1081 | 919(100),449(11),287(20) | Cyanidin-3-(6-p-coumaroyl-6′-caffeoyl)sophoroside-5-glucoside isomer2 A |
P9 | 45.9 | 530 | 1065 | 903(20),449(5),287(3) | Cyanidin-3-(6,6′-di p-coumaroyl)sophoroside-5-glucoside A |
P10 | 46.4 | 526 | 1151 | 989(10),903(5),287(5) | Cyanidin-3-(6,6′-di p-coumaroyl)sophoroside-5-(6-malonyl)glucoside A |
P11 | 47.0 | 514 | 1049 | 887(33),433(9),271(5) | Pelargonidin-3-(6,6′-di p-coumaroyl)sophoroside-5-glucoside B |
P12 | 48.0 | 526 | 1167 | 1005(63),919(23),449(8),287(13) | Cyanidin-3-(6- p-coumaroyl-X-malonyl-6′-caffeoyl)sophoroside-5-glucoside A |
P13 | 48.7 | 530 | 1151 | 989(28),449(17),287(5) | Cyanidin-3-(6- p-coumaroyl-X-malonyl-6′-p-coumaroyl)sophoroside-5-glucoside A |
Five-Level CCCD Experimental Design | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Runs | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | |
Coded values | X1: Time (t) | −1 | −1 | −1 | −1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1.68 | −1.68 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | −1.68 | −1.68 | −1.68 | −1.68 | 1.68 | 1.68 | 1.68 | 1.68 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
X2: Temp. (T) | −1 | −1 | 1 | 1 | −1 | −1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | −1.68 | 1.68 | 0 | 0 | −1.68 | −1.68 | 1.68 | 1.68 | −1.68 | −1.68 | 1.68 | 1.68 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
X3: Solvent (S) | −1 | 1 | −1 | 1 | −1 | 1 | −1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | −1.68 | 1.68 | −1.68 | 1.68 | −1.68 | 1.68 | −1.68 | 1.68 | −1.68 | 1.68 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
Natural values | X1: t (min) | 40.3 | 40.3 | 40.3 | 40.3 | 99.7 | 99.7 | 99.7 | 99.7 | 120.0 | 20.0 | 70.0 | 70.0 | 70.0 | 70.0 | 20.0 | 20.0 | 20.0 | 20.0 | 120.0 | 120.0 | 120.0 | 120.0 | 70.0 | 70.0 | 70.0 | 70.0 | 70.0 | 70.0 |
X2: T (°C) | 37.2 | 37.2 | 72.8 | 72.8 | 37.2 | 37.2 | 72.8 | 72.8 | 55.0 | 55.0 | 25.0 | 85.0 | 55.0 | 55.0 | 25.0 | 25.0 | 85.0 | 85.0 | 25.0 | 25.0 | 85.0 | 85.0 | 55.0 | 55.0 | 55.0 | 55.0 | 55.0 | 55.0 | |
X3: S (%) | 20.3 | 79.7 | 20.3 | 79.7 | 20.3 | 79.7 | 20.3 | 79.7 | 50.0 | 50.0 | 50.0 | 50.0 | 0.0 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 100.0 | 50.0 | 50.0 | 50.0 | 50.0 | 50.0 | 50.0 | |
Response Variables for RSM Application | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
P1 | 3.34 | 5.61 | 4.50 | 5.75 | 3.41 | 5.80 | 3.55 | 4.96 | 3.93 | 5.08 | 5.05 | 5.52 | 3.17 | 5.78 | 1.96 | 6.36 | 4.56 | 5.83 | 2.27 | 5.86 | 1.42 | 5.11 | 4.93 | 4.91 | 5.34 | 5.35 | 5.24 | 4.84 | |
P2 | 2.47 | 4.24 | 2.64 | 4.15 | 2.38 | 4.27 | 2.26 | 3.72 | 2.55 | 3.32 | 3.15 | 2.92 | 2.31 | 5.31 | 1.78 | 4.85 | 2.50 | 4.11 | 1.83 | 4.22 | 1.45 | 3.83 | 3.43 | 3.54 | 3.47 | 3.48 | 3.44 | 3.29 | |
P3 | 3.94 | 5.53 | 4.71 | 5.37 | 3.60 | 6.52 | 3.90 | 5.78 | 3.93 | 4.89 | 5.29 | 5.74 | 2.81 | 5.13 | 2.10 | 4.25 | 2.98 | 3.16 | 1.59 | 4.63 | 1.48 | 5.42 | 6.33 | 7.04 | 6.70 | 6.71 | 6.94 | 6.67 | |
P4 | 2.95 | 5.68 | 2.82 | 5.05 | 2.93 | 6.60 | 2.71 | 5.01 | 3.70 | 4.26 | 4.98 | 4.97 | 1.66 | 4.60 | 1.79 | 5.27 | 1.47 | 4.67 | 1.59 | 4.61 | 1.39 | 5.12 | 4.59 | 4.57 | 4.78 | 4.79 | 4.40 | 4.42 | |
P5 | 7.61 | 13.13 | 8.39 | 13.66 | 7.30 | 13.00 | 8.15 | 13.66 | 10.54 | 12.68 | 15.27 | 17.09 | 2.64 | 9.81 | 1.87 | 8.32 | 1.47 | 10.19 | 1.59 | 8.67 | 1.39 | 11.07 | 16.99 | 16.40 | 17.62 | 17.66 | 15.93 | 16.40 | |
P6 | 3.47 | 5.69 | 3.78 | 5.34 | 3.48 | 4.99 | 3.52 | 5.02 | 3.91 | 5.09 | 5.68 | 5.74 | 1.70 | 4.01 | 1.74 | 4.70 | 1.47 | 3.76 | 1.59 | 3.99 | 1.37 | 3.25 | 6.35 | 6.10 | 6.62 | 6.64 | 6.34 | 6.31 | |
P7 | 2.52 | 4.25 | 2.62 | 3.98 | 2.43 | 3.59 | 2.41 | 3.62 | 3.12 | 3.52 | 3.80 | 3.64 | 1.75 | 4.07 | 1.74 | 4.83 | 1.91 | 3.98 | 1.59 | 4.07 | 1.37 | 3.28 | 3.73 | 3.75 | 3.85 | 3.86 | 3.69 | 3.69 | |
P8 | 3.53 | 5.93 | 3.67 | 5.39 | 3.40 | 6.22 | 3.36 | 5.03 | 3.95 | 5.09 | 5.42 | 5.28 | 1.96 | 3.84 | 1.85 | 4.65 | 1.47 | 3.82 | 1.59 | 3.96 | 1.37 | 3.49 | 5.86 | 5.64 | 5.88 | 5.89 | 6.01 | 5.57 | |
P9 | 5.10 | 8.37 | 5.33 | 7.82 | 4.78 | 8.55 | 4.94 | 7.82 | 5.46 | 7.15 | 8.25 | 8.59 | 2.07 | 5.44 | 1.94 | 5.27 | 1.47 | 4.98 | 1.59 | 4.70 | 1.40 | 5.41 | 9.99 | 9.52 | 10.25 | 10.27 | 9.49 | 9.71 | |
P10 | 14.92 | 21.10 | 16.36 | 24.14 | 14.84 | 18.68 | 16.01 | 24.14 | 21.50 | 23.40 | 26.73 | 30.48 | 6.96 | 14.17 | 2.29 | 9.46 | 2.35 | 13.48 | 1.59 | 10.19 | 1.43 | 17.38 | 32.57 | 32.82 | 33.99 | 34.06 | 32.48 | 33.27 | |
P11 | 10.18 | 14.08 | 13.19 | 15.07 | 9.34 | 12.26 | 10.90 | 13.27 | 12.83 | 17.10 | 16.97 | 19.23 | 5.98 | 5.71 | 2.31 | 5.13 | 5.67 | 5.26 | 1.27 | 4.82 | 1.16 | 5.32 | 20.04 | 19.79 | 20.91 | 20.95 | 21.22 | 19.94 | |
P12 | 2.91 | 4.60 | 3.27 | 4.31 | 2.66 | 4.10 | 2.76 | 3.81 | 3.22 | 4.13 | 4.19 | 4.26 | 2.20 | 4.09 | 1.92 | 4.80 | 2.74 | 4.17 | 1.59 | 4.29 | 1.41 | 3.54 | 3.93 | 3.80 | 3.83 | 3.84 | 3.94 | 3.83 | |
P13 | 4.84 | 7.26 | 5.77 | 6.99 | 4.30 | 7.53 | 4.89 | 6.72 | 5.63 | 7.31 | 7.30 | 7.85 | 2.73 | 4.57 | 2.08 | 4.75 | 3.32 | 4.12 | 1.59 | 4.08 | 1.40 | 4.15 | 8.06 | 8.08 | 8.34 | 8.36 | 8.75 | 8.38 | |
TAC | 67.78 | 105.46 | 77.06 | 107.01 | 64.86 | 102.12 | 69.37 | 102.56 | 84.25 | 103.00 | 112.07 | 121.30 | 37.96 | 76.52 | 25.38 | 72.65 | 33.37 | 71.53 | 21.22 | 68.10 | 18.04 | 76.37 | 116.79 | 115.97 | 111.59 | 111.85 | 117.87 | 116.32 | |
Yield | 36.35 | 28.58 | 38.26 | 31.41 | 36.08 | 29.95 | 39.41 | 32.14 | 38.12 | 37.53 | 34.75 | 37.90 | 38.84 | 18.08 | 35.62 | 13.22 | 38.27 | 17.80 | 35.42 | 16.52 | 41.00 | 20.24 | 35.68 | 34.54 | 35.68 | 35.61 | 35.54 | 35.40 |
Response variables | Fitting Coefficients Obtained after Applying the Second-Order Polynomial Equation with Interactive Terms | Optimal Processing Conditions and Response Values | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Intercept | Linear Effect | Quadratic Effect | Interactive Effect | R2 | t (min) | T (°C) | S (%) | Optimum | |||||||
b0 | b1 (t) | b2 (T) | b3 (S) | b11 (t2) | b22 (T2) | b33 (S2) | b12 (tT) | b13 (tS) | b23 (TS) | ||||||
P1 | 5.06 ± 0.15 | −0.28 ± 0.09 | ns | 0.92 ± 0.09 | −0.16 ± 0.11 | ns | −0.17 ± 0.11 | −0.17 ± 0.06 | 0.07 ± 0.06 | −0.15 ± 0.06 | 0.9441 | 81.06 ± 2.08 | 20.00 ± 1.73 | 100.00 ± 1.58 | 6.56 ± 0.31 |
P2 | 3.37 ± 0.10 | −0.15 ± 0.06 | ns | 0.76 ± 0.06 | −0.20 ± 0.07 | ns | 0.11 ± 0.07 | −0.04 ± 0.00 | ns | −0.07 ± 0.04 | 0.9556 | 64.04 ± 5.07 | 20.00 ± 0.43 | 100.00 ± 9.11 | 5.15 ± 0.36 |
P3 | 31.23 ± 1.68 | ns | 0.96 ± 0.95 | ns | −2.14 ± 1.15 | ns | −5.40 ± 1.15 | ns | 0.98 ± 0.68 | ns | 0.9359 | 70.00 ± 3.94 | 90.00 ± 6.07 | 50.00 ± 3.80 | 32.85 ± 2.47 |
P4 | 4.65 ± 0.19 | ns | −0.20 ± 0.11 | 1.06 ± 0.11 | −0.11 ± 0.01 | ns | −0.41 ± 0.13 | ns | ns | ns | 0.9225 | 70.00 ± 5.49 | 20.00 ± 1.94 | 88.44 ± 5.39 | 5.67 ± 1.05 |
P5 | 15.59 ± 0.62 | ns | 0.33 ± 0.22 | 2.42 ± 0.35 | −0.95 ± 0.42 | ns | −2.85 ± 0.42 | ns | ns | ns | 0.9449 | 70.00 ± 1.26 | 90.00 ± 5.25 | 62.60 ± 5.86 | 16.66 ± 1.76 |
P6 | 5.90 ± 0.27 | −0.16 ± 0.15 | −0.10 ± 0.01 | 0.74 ± 0.15 | −0.31 ± 0.18 | ns | −0.89 ± 0.18 | ns | ns | ns | 0.9336 | 62.47 ± 1.24 | 20.00 ± 0.31 | 62.27 ± 3.93 | 6.24 ± 0.56 |
P7 | 3.63 ± 0.08 | −0.16 ± 0.05 | −0.09 ± 0.05 | 0.70 ± 0.05 | −0.08 ± 0.06 | ns | −0.23 ± 0.06 | ns | ns | −0.07 ± 0.03 | 0.9701 | 40.93 ± 1.60 | 20.00 ± 1.49 | 100.00 ± 6.12 | 4.59 ± 0.34 |
P8 | 5.59 ± 0.18 | −0.13 ± 0.10 | −0.14 ± 0.10 | 0.77 ± 0.10 | −0.23 ± 0.12 | ns | −0.80 ± 0.12 | ns | ns | ns | 0.9456 | 61.55 ± 4.64 | 20.00 ± 1.03 | 64.30 ± 1.89 | 6.03 ± 0.55 |
P9 | 9.06 ± 0.43 | ns | −0.12 ± 0.02 | 1.15 ± 0.24 | −0.62 ± 0.30 | ns | −1.52 ± 0.30 | ns | ns | ns | 0.9286 | 70.00 ± 1.16 | 20.00 ± 1.24 | 61.18 ± 2.85 | 9.47 ± 1.32 |
P10 | 29.87 ± 1.32 | ns | 0.85 ± 0.74 | 2.89 ± 0.74 | −2.07 ± 0.91 | ns | −6.27 ± 0.91 | ns | ns | ns | 0.9377 | 70.00 ± 1.42 | 90.00 ± 2.46 | 56.85 ± 0.94 | 31.63 ± 2.42 |
P11 | 8.93 ± 0.25 | −0.32 ± 0.14 | −0.12 ± 0.14 | 0.63 ± 0.14 | −0.47 ± 0.17 | ns | −1.64 ± 0.17 | ns | ns | −0.10 ± 0.01 | 0.9359 | 59.99 ± 5.19 | 20.00 ± 0.59 | 57.18 ± 0.16 | 9.28 ± 0.38 |
P12 | 3.91 ± 0.06 | −0.22 ± 0.03 | −0.03 ± 0.03 | 0.65 ± 0.03 | −0.06 ± 0.04 | ns | −0.25 ± 0.04 | −0.05 ± 0.02 | ns | −0.09 ± 0.02 | 0.9757 | 36.49 ± 0.30 | 20.00 ± 1.21 | 98.54 ± 9.29 | 4.71 ± 0.20 |
P13 | 7.93 ± 0.20 | −0.26 ± 0.11 | −0.16 ± 0.11 | 0.73 ± 0.11 | −0.37 ± 0.03 | ns | −1.37 ± 0.13 | ns | 0.09 ± 0.08 | −0.10 ± 0.01 | 0.9451 | 60.74 ± 0.00 | 20.00 ± 1.30 | 59.46 ± 0.04 | 8.38 ± 0.29 |
TAC | 109.78 ± 2.73 | −1.93 ± 1.54 | 1.07 ± 0.32 | 14.30 ± 1.54 | −6.20 ± 1.87 | ns | −17.00 ± 1.87 | ns | ns | ns | 0.9577 | 65.37 ± 3.62 | 90.00 ± 1.17 | 62.50 ± 4.24 | 114.74 ± 0.58 |
Yield | 36.43 ± 1.46 | 0.49 ± 0.88 | 1.19 ± 0.87 | −5.56 ± 0.87 | ns | ns | −3.09 ± 0.84 | ns | ns | ns | 0.9592 | 120.00 ± 2.62 | 90.00 ± 7.72 | 23.23 ± 0.91 | 41.77 ± 1.59 |
Anthocyanin Compounds | Equations | Equation Numbers |
---|---|---|
P1 | Equation (2) | |
P2 | Equation (3) | |
P3 | Equation (4) | |
P4 | Equation (5) | |
P5 | Equation (6) | |
P6 | Equation (7) | |
P7 | Equation (8) | |
P8 | Equation (9) | |
P9 | Equation (10) | |
P10 | Equation (11) | |
P11 | Equation (12) | |
P12 | Equation (13) | |
P13 | Equation (14) | |
TAC | Equation (15) | |
Yield | Equation (16) |
(A) Maximum Response Values (mg/g of Extract) of the Individual Anthocyanin Compounds | |||||||||||||
Peak: | P1 | P2 | P3 | P4 | P5 | P6 | P7 | P8 | P9 | P10 | P11 | P12 | P13 |
Optimum: | 6.56 | 5.15 | 32.85 | 5.67 | 16.66 | 6.24 | 4.59 | 6.03 | 9.47 | 31.63 | 9.28 | 4.71 | 8.38 |
(B) Values of each Anthocyanin Compound at the Optimal Conditions of the other Compounds | |||||||||||||
P1 | P2 | P3 | P4 | P5 | P6 | P7 | P8 | P9 | P10 | P11 | P12 | P13 | |
P1 | 1 | 0.99 | 0.77 | 0.96 | 0.81 | 0.84 | 0.95 | 0.85 | 0.83 | 0.79 | 0.81 | 0.94 | 0.82 |
P2 | 0.99 | 1 | 0.65 | 0.91 | 0.71 | 0.73 | 0.98 | 0.74 | 0.72 | 0.68 | 0.70 | 0.95 | 0.71 |
P3 | 0.45 | 0.42 | 1 | 0.63 | 0.97 | 0.87 | 0.33 | 0.85 | 0.88 | 0.99 | 0.88 | 0.33 | 0.88 |
P4 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 0.76 | 1 | 0.83 | 0.94 | 0.97 | 0.95 | 0.94 | 0.80 | 0.92 | 0.97 | 0.93 |
P5 | 0.65 | 0.66 | 0.97 | 0.80 | 1 | 0.93 | 0.61 | 0.93 | 0.93 | 0.99 | 0.92 | 0.61 | 0.93 |
P6 | 0.75 | 0.77 | 0.92 | 0.89 | 0.94 | 1 | 0.74 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.94 | 1.00 | 0.75 | 1.00 |
P7 | 0.97 | 0.99 | 0.76 | 0.97 | 0.80 | 0.90 | 1 | 0.91 | 0.88 | 0.79 | 0.87 | 1.00 | 0.88 |
P8 | 0.79 | 0.81 | 0.89 | 0.91 | 0.92 | 1.00 | 0.79 | 1 | 1.00 | 0.91 | 0.99 | 0.80 | 1.00 |
P9 | 0.72 | 0.72 | 0.93 | 0.86 | 0.96 | 1.00 | 0.66 | 0.99 | 1 | 0.95 | 0.99 | 0.66 | 0.99 |
P10 | 0.48 | 0.49 | 0.99 | 0.69 | 0.99 | 0.90 | 0.43 | 0.89 | 0.91 | 1 | 0.90 | 0.44 | 0.90 |
P11 | 0.61 | 0.63 | 0.94 | 0.80 | 0.93 | 0.99 | 0.61 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 0.94 | 1 | 0.63 | 1.00 |
P12 | 0.97 | 0.99 | 0.82 | 0.98 | 0.85 | 0.91 | 1.00 | 0.92 | 0.90 | 0.84 | 0.89 | 1 | 0.90 |
P13 | 0.69 | 0.70 | 0.91 | 0.84 | 0.91 | 1.00 | 0.67 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.92 | 1.00 | 0.68 | 1 |
Quantification (mg/g E) | L* | a* | b* | Conversion Color to RGB Values |
---|---|---|---|---|
115.4 ± 0.4 | 20.5 ± 0.5 | 33.0 ± 0.1 | 8.2 ± 0.4 |
Antibacterial Activity | |||||||
B.c. | S.a. | L.m. | E.c. | En.cl. | S.t. | ||
Anthocyanins rich extract | MIC | 0.037 | 0.075 | 0.05 | 0.037 | 0.075 | 0.15 |
MBC | 0.075 | 0.15 | 0.075 | 0.075 | 0.15 | 0.30 | |
Streptomycin (1) | MIC | 0.10 | 0.04 | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.20 |
MBC | 0.20 | 0.10 | 0.30 | 0.30 | 0.30 | 0.30 | |
Ampicillin (1) | MIC | 0.25 | 0.25 | 0.40 | 0.40 | 0.25 | 0.75 |
MBC | 0.40 | 0.45 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 1.20 | |
Antifungal Activity | |||||||
A.fun. | A.o. | A.n. | P.f. | P.o | P.v.c. | ||
Anthocyanins rich extract | MIC | 0.037 | 0.002 | 0.075 | 0.075 | 0.30 | 0.30 |
MFC | 0.075 | 0.075 | 0.15 | 0.15 | 0.45 | 0.45 | |
Ketoconazole (1) | MIC | 0.25 | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.20 | 2.50 | 0.20 |
MFC | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 3.50 | 0.30 | |
Bifonazole (1) | MIC | 0.15 | 0.10 | 0.15 | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.10 |
MFC | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.25 | 0.25 | 0.20 |
Tumor Cell Lines | Concentrations (GI50 Values, µg/mL) |
---|---|
MCF-7 (breast carcinoma) | >400 |
NCI-H460 (lung carcinoma) | >400 |
HeLa (cervical carcinoma) | 213 ± 9 |
HepG2 (hepatocellular carcinoma) | 198 ± 9 |
Non-Tumour Cells | |
PLP2 (non-tumor porcine liver primary cells) | >400 |
© 2019 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
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Fernandes, F.; Pereira, E.; Prieto, M.A.; Calhelha, R.C.; Ćirić, A.; Soković, M.; Simal-Gandara, J.; Barros, L.; Ferreira, I.C.F.R. Optimization of the Extraction Process to Obtain a Colorant Ingredient from Leaves of Ocimum basilicum var. purpurascens. Molecules 2019, 24, 686. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24040686
Fernandes F, Pereira E, Prieto MA, Calhelha RC, Ćirić A, Soković M, Simal-Gandara J, Barros L, Ferreira ICFR. Optimization of the Extraction Process to Obtain a Colorant Ingredient from Leaves of Ocimum basilicum var. purpurascens. Molecules. 2019; 24(4):686. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24040686
Chicago/Turabian StyleFernandes, Filipa, Eliana Pereira, Miguel A. Prieto, Ricardo C. Calhelha, Ana Ćirić, Marina Soković, Jesus Simal-Gandara, Lillian Barros, and Isabel C. F. R. Ferreira. 2019. "Optimization of the Extraction Process to Obtain a Colorant Ingredient from Leaves of Ocimum basilicum var. purpurascens" Molecules 24, no. 4: 686. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24040686