Biocides Used as Additives to Biodiesels and Their Risks to the Environment and Public Health: A Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. World Biodiesel Production
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Eligibility Criteria
3.2. Data Items
3.3. Study Selection and Data Collection Process
3.4. Data Items
4. Results
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Research Base | Strings |
---|---|
PubMed/MEDLINE | biodiesel AND additive AND biocide AND toxicity |
Scielo | biodiesel AND additive AND biocide AND toxicity |
LILACS/BVS | biodiesel [Palavras] and additive [Palavras] and biocide [Palavras] and toxicity [Palavras] |
IEEE | biodiesel AND additive AND biocide AND toxicity |
ACM | biodiesel AND additive AND biocide AND toxicity |
ScienceDirect | biodiesel AND additive AND biocide AND toxicity |
Cochrane Library | biodiesel AND additive AND biocide AND toxicity |
Periódicos CAPES | biodiesel AND additive AND biocide AND toxicity |
Web of Science | TOPIC: (biodiesel) AND TOPIC: (additive) AND TOPIC: (biocide) AND TOPIC: (toxicity) |
Scopus | TITLE-ABS-KEY (biodiesel AND additive AND biocide AND toxicity) |
Research Base | Number of Scientific Papers Found |
---|---|
PubMed/MEDLINE | 0 |
Scielo | 0 |
LILACS/BVS | 0 |
IEEE | 32 |
ACM | 0 |
ScienceDirect | 94 |
Cochrane Library | 0 |
Periódicos CAPES | 15 |
Web of Science | 0 |
Scopus | 0 |
Ref. Number | Authors (year) | Type of Study | Objective of Work | Biocide(s) Cited in the Work | Type of Study Carried out with the Biocide | Does this Study Provide Data on the Toxicity of Biocides in Biodiesel? | Work Result(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
[1] | Poon et al. (2011) | Article | This study is on the effects of 5-chloro-2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one (CMIT). | 5-Chloro-2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one (CMIT), 2-methyl-4-isothazolin-3-one (MIT), methylene dithiocyanate (MDC) and dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate (DMAD) | Studies about organic biocides using freshly isolated rat alveolar macrophages (AM) and NR8383 cell line. | Toxicity studies four types of biocides. | The 50% inhibition concentration (LC50) for CMIT was 0.002–0.004 mM for both cellular functions. With the AM testing system, the toxicity for the biocides were CMIT = MDC > MIT > DMAD. The authors suggested that CMIT added in biodiesel might provoke respiratory impairment, and more studies using animal subjects are warranted. |
[9] | Passman (2013) | Review | This work relates informations about the factors involved in fuel to the fuel system biodeterioration. | Diiodomethyl-p-tolylsulfone; Ethylene glycol monomethyl ether (EGME); Diethylene glycol monomethyl ether (DiEGME); Triethylene glycol monomethyl ether (TriEGME-M); dioxaborinane blend; Isothazolinone blend; morpholine-dinitromorphiline blend; 3,3’-methylenebis(5-methyloxazolidine) (MBO; 95–100% a.i.) | Studies about remediation strategies with biocide treatment. | The work provides information on antimicrobial studies, among others. | One of the results is that the fuel treatment represents a tiny fraction (<0.1%; Passman, 1995 [50]) of the total industrial microbiocides market. Although the use of fuel-treatment microbiocides is likely to increase, new chemistries are unlikely to emerge. |
[35] | Zimmer (2014) | Master Thesis | This work was made to select antimicrobials to be used in the control of microbial contamination of diesel/biodiesel. | Oxazolidine, isothiazolone and morpholine. | Studies on microbial control and microbial contamination. | The work only provides data regarding microorganisms. | It was found that an additive containing 50% oxazolidine in its formulation was effective for the preventive control of microbial contamination in B10 mixtures. In addition, testing containing isothiazolones or morpholines may be a good option for corrective treatments. The toxicity results show that both water, which was in contact with the treated (with the additive) and untreated, showed toxicity to the organisms used. However, the water that was in contact with the biocidal additive fuel showed high acute toxicity for both test organisms studied. |
[51] | Pelletier et al. (2014) | Article | This study reported the health effects of CMIT/MIT ingestion in rats to give information about the potential health risks that may arise from the grow up in the use of biocides in biodiesels or biodiesel blends. | 2-Methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one (MIT), 5-chloro-2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one (CMIT). | Randomized study in male and female rats. | An oral dose study was conducted to assess a potential risk arising from ingestion of isothiazolinone biocides in biodiesels. | Based on recommended levels of biocides for the microbial treatment in fuels, CMIT/MIT contained in this accidentally ingested biofuel is not expected to express a significant health risk. |
[52] | Bautista et al. (2016) | Article | Compare and evaluate the efficiency of several chemical and physical treatments on the growth of microorganisms found in real samples of diesel fuel from different storage tanks from petrol stations in Spain | Isothiazolone; oxazolidine; thiocyanate; thiocarbamate; morpholine; oxaborinane. | Studies about organic biocides. | Studies on remediation strategies with biocide treatment. | According to the results, water-soluble biocides (especially B2 with oxazolidine group in the active compound) showed higher performance in controlling bacterial growth in the studied diesel fuel storage tanks. However, the effectiveness of biocides very much relies on biodiversity and physicochemical properties of the medium. In order to control growth of microorganisms in oil storage tanks, some preliminary studies, (on a case-to-case basis) on the microbial population and physicochemical characteristics inside tanks and in the surrounding area where the tank is located (soil composition, environmental conditions, climate, etc.) must be performed. |
[48] | Dodos; Tsesmeli, and Zannikos (2017) | Article | This study aimed to investigate the effect of phenolic type antioxidants on the microbial stability of biodiesel fuel, along with their relative efficiency to improve the oxidation and storage stability. | Ten commercially available phenolic compounds, either of synthetic or natural origin. | Studies about antimicrobial properties. | The work only provides data regarding microorganisms. | Overall, the results demonstrate that certain phenolic antioxidants primarily added to biodiesel in order to improve oxidative stability could also provide a satisfactory level of antimicrobial protection at the same time. Although these substances do not necessarily possess biocidal properties, they appear as non-supportive to active biomass. This suggests that by properly selecting a FAME antioxidant agent, the microbial stability of bio-diesel can be upgraded up to a point. |
[53] | Zimmer et al. (2017) | Article | The objective of this study was to assess the effectiveness of an additive multifunctional biocide to treat microbial contamination under simulated storage conditions. | 3,3-methylenebis(5-methyloxazolidine) (MBO) | The tests were managed under two conditions: at lab-scale and in the field (real-world condition). | Experiments were carried out in the laboratory (lab-scale; 250 mL microcosms) and in the field (field-scale; 20 L tanks) under real-world conditions. | The lab-scale study showed that this product was able to inhibit biomass formation in the range of 40% to 60% during simulated fuel storage in the microcosms, at a 400 ppm concentration. In the field-scale study, the multifunctional additive at a 1000 ppm concentration showed a biocide action after 7 d in the tanks with low microbial contamination and a biostatic action in the tanks receiving microbial inoculum (high contamination). |
University | Publications | References |
---|---|---|
Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul | 4 | [18,53,54,55] |
Instituto Nacional de Tecnologia do Rio de Janeiro | 3 | [53,54,56] |
Ipiranga Produtos Petróleo | 2 | [18,53] |
Wageningen University and Research Centre | 2 | [51,57] |
Universidade Federal de Viçosa | 2 | [51,57] |
Health Canada | 2 | [1,58] |
Consiglio Nazionale Delle Ricerche | 2 | [20,21] |
Universidade de Brasília | 2 | [20,21] |
Istituto Motori | 2 | [20,21] |
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Share and Cite
Luz, G.V.S.; Sousa, B.A.S.M.; Guedes, A.V.; Barreto, C.C.; Brasil, L.M. Biocides Used as Additives to Biodiesels and Their Risks to the Environment and Public Health: A Review. Molecules 2018, 23, 2698. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23102698
Luz GVS, Sousa BASM, Guedes AV, Barreto CC, Brasil LM. Biocides Used as Additives to Biodiesels and Their Risks to the Environment and Public Health: A Review. Molecules. 2018; 23(10):2698. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23102698
Chicago/Turabian StyleLuz, Glécia V. S., Breno A. S. M. Sousa, Adevilton V. Guedes, Cristine C. Barreto, and Lourdes M. Brasil. 2018. "Biocides Used as Additives to Biodiesels and Their Risks to the Environment and Public Health: A Review" Molecules 23, no. 10: 2698. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23102698