Stable Carbon Isotope Composition of the Lipids in Natural Ophiocordyceps sinensis from Major Habitats in China and Its Substitutes
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. δ13C Values of the Bulk Samples of O. sinensis
2.2. δ13C Values of Individual Major Fatty Acids of Neutral and Polar Lipids from O. sinensis and Its Substitutes
2.3. Stable Carbon Isotope Fractionation among Plants, Larvae and O. sinensis
2.4. Stable Carbon Isotope Fractionation in the Lipids of O. sinensis
2.5. Relationship between the δ13C Values of O. sinensis and Its Habitats
2.6. Discrimination between O. sinensis and Its Substitutes
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Samples
3.2. δ13C Analysis of the Bulk Samples
3.3. δ13C Analysis of Individual Major Fatty Acids in Neutral and Polar Lipids
3.4. Statistical Analysis
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sample Availability: The FAMEs for all samples and substitudes of O. sinensis are available from the authors. |
Sample Nos. | Location | Longitude | Latitude | Weight (mg) | Larva Length (cm) | Stroma Length (cm) | Altitude (m) | Relative Humidity (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
YN1 | Deqin (Yunnan) | 99°32′20 E | 29°15′02 N | 164.1 | 3.23 | 4.45 | 4250 | 71 |
YN2 | Deqin (Yunnan) | 99°32′20 E | 29°15′02 N | 530.0 | 4.95 | 2.13 | 4250 | 71 |
YN3 | Deqin (Yunnan) | 99°32′20 E | 29°15′02 N | 492.3 | 3.71 | 3.26 | 4250 | 71 |
HM1 | Heimahe (Qinghai) | 99°53′50 E | 36°58′50 N | 137.9 | 2.73 | 3.12 | 3310 | 49 |
HM2 | Heimahe (Qinghai) | 99°53′50 E | 36°58′50 N | 154.9 | 2.57 | 4.61 | 3310 | 49 |
HM3 | Heimahe (Qinghai) | 99°53′50 E | 36°58′50 N | 148.9 | 2.47 | 3.61 | 3310 | 49 |
NQ1 | Naqu (Tibet) | 93°02′20 E | 31°55′02 N | 434.2 | 4.08 | 2.13 | 4800 | 50 |
NQ2 | Naqu (Tibet) | 93°02′20 E | 31°55′02 N | 479.3 | 3.95 | 3.43 | 4800 | 50 |
NQ3 | Naqu (Tibet) | 93°02′20 E | 31°55′02 N | 449.3 | 3.85 | 3.13 | 4800 | 50 |
ML1 | Mila Mountain (Tibet) | 92°19′53 E | 29°50′21 N | 223.4 | 3.18 | 2.67 | 4825 | 46 |
ML2 | Mila Mountain (Tibet) | 92°19′53 E | 29°50′21 N | 235.1 | 3.21 | 2.95 | 4825 | 46 |
ML3 | Mila Mountain (Tibet) | 92°19′53 E | 29°50′21 N | 245.7 | 3.98 | 3.89 | 4825 | 46 |
NM1 | Nam Co (Tibet) | 90°16′50 E | 30°35′18 N | 510.0 | 4.34 | 3.39 | 4805 | 53 |
NM2 | Nam Co (Tibet) | 92°19′53 E | 29°50′21 N | 381.7 | 4.22 | 3.08 | 4805 | 53 |
NM3 | Nam Co (Tibet) | 92°19′53 E | 29°50′21 N | 397.1 | 4.32 | 3.28 | 4805 | 53 |
SJ1 | Sejila Mountain (Tibet) | 94°36′03 E | 29°35′36 N | 282.5 | 4.32 | 4.76 | 4241 | 79 |
SJ2 | Sejila Mountain (Tibet) | 94°36′03 E | 29°35′36 N | 189.5 | 3.95 | 3.46 | 4241 | 79 |
SJ3 | Sejila Mountain (Tibet) | 94°36′03 E | 29°35′36 N | 208.5 | 4.15 | 3.26 | 4241 | 79 |
MZ1 | Maizhokunggar (Tibet) | 91°48′03 E | 29°50′36 N | 322.3 | 3.93 | 3.32 | 4241 | 46 |
MZ2 | Maizhokunggar (Tibet) | 94°36′04 E | 29°35′37 N | 280.5 | 3.75 | 4.25 | 4241 | 46 |
MZ3 | Maizhokunggar (Tibet) | 94°36′05 E | 29°35′38 N | 222.3 | 3.25 | 3.45 | 4241 | 46 |
Sample Nos. | Bulk Sample | Neutral Lipids | Polar Lipids | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
C16:0 | C18:0 | C18:1 | C18:2 | C16:0–C18:0 | C18:1–C18:0 | C18:1–C18:2 | C16:0 | C18:0 | C18:1 | C18:2 | C16:0–C18:0 | C18:1–C18:0 | C18:1–C18:2 | ||
YN1 | −26.0 | −28.5 | −31.4 | −28.4 | −29.7 | 2.9 | 3.0 | 1.3 | −28.2 | −30.9 | −28.7 | −30.4 | 2.7 | 2.2 | 1.7 |
YN2 | −25.5 | −27.9 | −30.3 | −27.8 | −28.3 | 2.4 | 2.5 | 0.5 | −28.2 | −30.6 | −28.7 | −29.2 | 2.4 | 1.9 | 0.5 |
YN3 | −27.0 | −29.6 | −30.7 | −29.1 | −29.8 | 1.1 | 1.6 | 0.7 | −29.0 | −31.9 | −29.4 | −30.5 | 2.9 | 2.5 | 1.1 |
YN AVR ± SD | −26.2 ± 0.8 | −28.7 ± 0.9 | −30.8 ± 0.6 | −28.4 ± 0.7 | −29.3 ± 0.8 | 2.1 | 2.4 | 0.9 | −28.5 ± 0.5 | −31.1 ± 0.7 | −28.9 ± 0.4 | −30.0 ± 0.7 | 2.6 | 2.2 | 1.1 |
HM1 | −26.2 | −28.7 | −30.2 | −28.6 | −29.5 | 1.5 | 1.6 | 0.9 | −28.2 | −30.8 | −28.1 | −30.2 | 2.6 | 2.7 | 2.1 |
HM2 | −26.2 | −28.7 | −30.1 | −29.5 | −30.2 | 1.4 | 0.6 | 0.7 | −29.7 | −31.9 | −28.7 | −29.7 | 2.2 | 3.2 | 1.0 |
HM3 | −26.8 | −28.4 | −30.3 | −29.1 | −30.0 | 1.9 | 1.2 | 0.9 | −29.3 | −31.5 | −28.3 | −29.2 | 2.2 | 3.2 | 0.9 |
HM AVR ± SD | −26.4 ± 0.4 | −28.6 ± 0.2 | −30.2 ± 0.1 | −29.1 ± 0.5 | −29.9 ± 0.4 | 1.6 | 1.1 | 0.8 | −29.1 ± 0.8 | −31.4 ± 0.6 | −28.4 ± 0.3 | −29.7 ± 0.5 | 2.3 | 3.0 | 1.3 |
NQ1 | −25.8 | −28.2 | −29.7 | −27.9 | −28.4 | 1.5 | 1.8 | 0.5 | −28.4 | −30.8 | −28.2 | −29.4 | 2.4 | 2.6 | 1.2 |
NQ2 | −25.6 | −28.0 | −29.7 | −28.1 | −29.0 | 1.7 | 1.6 | 0.9 | −29.3 | −31.5 | −29.7 | −30.3 | 2.2 | 1.8 | 0.6 |
NQ3 | −25.3 | −28.4 | −29.2 | −28.4 | −28.8 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.4 | −28.5 | −31.0 | −29.2 | −30.0 | 2.5 | 1.8 | 0.8 |
NQ AVR ± SD | −25.6 ± 0.3 | −28.2 ± 0.2 | −29.5 ± 0.3 | −28.1 ± 0.3 | −28.7 ± 0.3 | 1.3 | 1.4 | 0.6 | −28.7 ± 0.5 | −31.1 ± 0.4 | −29.0 ± 0.8 | −29.9 ± 0.5 | 2.4 | 2.1 | 0.9 |
ML1 | −26.7 | −29.3 | −30.7 | −30.2 | −30.7 | 1.4 | 0.5 | 0.5 | −30.1 | −31.4 | −30.9 | −31.1 | 1.3 | 0.5 | 0.2 |
ML2 | −26.5 | −29.1 | −30.2 | −30.5 | −30.8 | 1.1 | -0.3 | 0.3 | −28.7 | −30.5 | −29.7 | −30.1 | 1.8 | 0.8 | 0.4 |
ML3 | −26.7 | −29.3 | −30.2 | −29.5 | −29.9 | 0.9 | 0.7 | 0.4 | −29.8 | −31.7 | −28.1 | −29.8 | 1.9 | 3.6 | 1.7 |
ML AVR ± SD | −26.6 ± 0.1 | −29.2 ± 0.1 | −30.4 ± 0.3 | −30.1 ± 0.5 | −30.5 ± 0.5 | 1.2 | 0.3 | 0.4 | −29.5 ± 0.7 | −31.2 ± 0.6 | −29.6 ± 1.4 | −30.3 ± 0.7 | 1.7 | 1.6 | 0.7 |
NM1 | −25.8 | −28.2 | −29.5 | −28.8 | −29.8 | 1.3 | 0.7 | 1.0 | −28.8 | −30.9 | −27.5 | −29.2 | 2.1 | 3.4 | 1.7 |
NM2 | −25.8 | −28.2 | −29.3 | −28.2 | −29.4 | 1.1 | 1.1 | 1.2 | −29.0 | −30.5 | −27.9 | −29.7 | 1.5 | 2.6 | 1.8 |
NM3 | −25.5 | −27.8 | −28.8 | −28.5 | −29.0 | 1.0 | 0.3 | 0.5 | −29.4 | −30.1 | −27.9 | −29.4 | 0.7 | 2.2 | 1.5 |
NM AVR ± SD | −25.7 ± 0.2 | −28.1 ± 0.2 | −29.2 ± 0.4 | −28.5 ± 0.3 | −29.4 ± 0.4 | 1.1 | 0.7 | 0.9 | −29.1 ± 0.3 | −30.5 ± 0.4 | −27.8 ± 0.2 | −29.4 ± 0.3 | 1.4 | 2.7 | 1.6 |
SJ1 | −26.2 | −28.7 | −30.1 | −28.6 | −28.9 | 1.4 | 1.5 | 0.3 | −28.7 | −31.0 | −28.8 | −29.5 | 2.3 | 2.2 | 0.7 |
SJ2 | −27.5 | −30.2 | −30.6 | −28.7 | −30.0 | 0.4 | 1.9 | 1.3 | −28.8 | −30.5 | −28.2 | −30.1 | 1.7 | 2.3 | 1.9 |
SJ3 | −27.0 | −30.3 | −30.3 | −28.5 | −30.2 | 0.0 | 1.8 | 1.7 | −28.5 | −30.3 | −28.1 | −30.1 | 1.8 | 2.2 | 2.0 |
SJ AVR ± SD | −26.9 ± 0.7 | −29.7 ± 0.9 | −30.3 ± 0.3 | −28.6 ± 0.1 | −29.7 ± 0.7 | 0.6 | 1.7 | 1.1 | −28.7 ± 0.2 | −30.6 ± 0.4 | −28.4 ± 0.4 | −29.9 ± 0.4 | 1.9 | 2.2 | 1.5 |
MZ1 | −25.6 | −28.0 | −29.3 | −27.9 | −29.7 | 1.3 | 1.4 | 1.8 | −29.3 | −30.5 | −29.1 | −30.6 | 1.2 | 1.4 | 1.5 |
MZ2 | −25.7 | −28.2 | −29.5 | −28.0 | −30.0 | 1.3 | 1.5 | 2.0 | −29.5 | −30.7 | −29.1 | −30.8 | 1.2 | 1.6 | 1.7 |
MZ3 | −25.8 | −28.8 | −29.1 | −28.4 | −30.2 | 0.3 | 0.7 | 1.8 | −29.5 | −30.4 | −29.4 | −30.5 | 0.9 | 1.0 | 1.1 |
MZ AVR ± SD | −25.7 ± 0.1 | −28.3 ± 0.4 | −29.3 ± 0.2 | −28.1 ± 0.3 | −30.0 ± 0.3 | 1.0 | 1.2 | 1.9 | −29.4 ± 0.1 | −30.5 ± 0.2 | −29.2 ± 0.2 | −30.6 ± 0.2 | 1.1 | 1.3 | 1.4 |
Sample Nos. ** | Neutral Lipids | Polar Lipids | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
C16:0 | C18:0 | C18:1 | C18:2 | C16:0 | C18:0 | C18:1 | C18:2 | |
SCMN 1 | −31.0 | −31.5 | −30.4 | −30.4 | −30.5 | −30.8 | −30.4 | −30.4 |
SCMN 2 | −30.7 | −31.6 | −30.5 | −30.6 | −30.6 | −30.9 | −30.5 | −30.6 |
SCMN 3 | −31.5 | −32.0 | −30.9 | −31.1 | −31.2 | −31.6 | −31.0 | −31.1 |
SCMN AVR ± SD | −31.1 ± 0.4 | −31.7 ± 0.3 | −30.6 ± 0.3 | −30.7 ± 0.4 | −30.8 ± 0.4 | −31.1 ± 0.4 | −30.6 ± 0.4 | −30.7 ± 0.4 |
SCMS 1 | −31.4 | −31.7 | −30.0 | −30.3 | −31.2 | −31.2 | −30.0 | −30.1 |
SCMS 2 | −31.2 | −31.4 | −29.8 | −30.5 | −30.9 | −31.1 | −29.8 | −30.0 |
SCMS 3 | −31.8 | −31.9 | −29.9 | −30.2 | −31.1 | −31.4 | −29.7 | −29.9 |
SCMS AVR ± SD | −31.5 ± 0.3 | −31.7 ± 0.3 | −29.9 ± 0.1 | −30.3 ± 0.2 | −31.1 ± 0.2 | −31.2 ± 0.2 | −29.8 ± 0.2 | −30.0 ± 0.1 |
FMH 1 | −14.7 | −16.2 | −16.4 | −16.6 | −14.5 | −15.9 | −16.4 | −16.5 |
FMH 2 | −14.6 | −16.4 | −16.3 | −16.6 | −14.3 | −16.0 | −16.3 | −16.6 |
FMH 3 | −14.9 | −16.6 | −16.7 | −16.8 | −14.5 | −16.3 | −16.8 | −16.9 |
FMH AVR ± SD | −14.7 ± 0.2 | −16.4 ± 0.2 | −16.5 ± 0.2 | −16.7 ± 0.1 | −14.4 ± 0.1 | −16.1 ± 0.2 | −16.5 ± 0.3 | −16.7 ± 0.2 |
FMP 1 | −24.5 | −24.8 | −25.0 | −26.5 | −24.2 | −24.4 | −25.3 | −26.2 |
FMP 2 | −24.3 | −24.8 | −24.8 | −26.3 | −23.9 | −24.2 | −25.2 | −26.0 |
FMP 3 | −24.2 | −24.6 | −24.7 | −26.4 | −24.0 | −24.3 | −25.1 | −26.1 |
FMP AVR ± SD | −24.3 ± 0.2 | −24.7 ± 0.1 | −24.8 ± 0.2 | −26.4 ± 0.1 | −24.0 ± 0.2 | −24.3 ± 0.1 | −25.2 ± 0.1 | −26.1 ± 0.1 |
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Guo, L.-X.; Xu, X.-M.; Hong, Y.-H.; Li, Y.; Wang, J.-H. Stable Carbon Isotope Composition of the Lipids in Natural Ophiocordyceps sinensis from Major Habitats in China and Its Substitutes. Molecules 2017, 22, 1567. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules22091567
Guo L-X, Xu X-M, Hong Y-H, Li Y, Wang J-H. Stable Carbon Isotope Composition of the Lipids in Natural Ophiocordyceps sinensis from Major Habitats in China and Its Substitutes. Molecules. 2017; 22(9):1567. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules22091567
Chicago/Turabian StyleGuo, Lian-Xian, Xiao-Ming Xu, Yue-Hui Hong, Yan Li, and Jiang-Hai Wang. 2017. "Stable Carbon Isotope Composition of the Lipids in Natural Ophiocordyceps sinensis from Major Habitats in China and Its Substitutes" Molecules 22, no. 9: 1567. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules22091567