Search Results (4,408)

Background/Objectives: Obesity has a high prevalence and is associated with many health risks. Minimal effects from behavioral obesity treatments might be linked to their atheoretical dependence on simply educating participants on healthy eating and increased physical activity/exercise, rather than evolving behavior-change methods through theory-based research. The use of pharmacologic interventions has recently overtaken bariatric surgery in medically based efforts to obtain greater weight losses than through behavioral means. Methods: The present longitudinal observational study aimed to extend earlier treatment-associated findings concerned with the order of emphasizing 3-, 6-, and 9-month changes in the theory-driven psychosocial constructs of self-regulation, self-efficacy, and mood associated with 12-month improvements in weight-loss behaviors. The “parent study” of women with obesity (N = 106) found significant paths through changes in self-regulation → mood → self-efficacy and mood → self-regulation → self-efficacy. In the present extension of that investigation, only those participants who did not already complete recommended physical activity amounts and consume recommended portions of fruits/vegetables at baseline were included (N = 73). Results: Only paths from changes in mood → self-regulation → self-efficacy were significantly associated with 12-month improvements in both physical activity and dietary behaviors. A mean weight change of −5.2 kg, or −5.5% from baseline weight, was found. Baseline scores in emotional eating and anxiety significantly moderated the mood–self-regulation change relationships within the significant paths. Conclusions: Findings suggested that future treatment contents focus on early physical activity-associated improvement in mood because of its association with increased usage of treatment-developed self-regulatory skills. Those skills should then be leveraged because of their association with feelings of ability (i.e., self-efficacy) to overcome lifestyle barriers to weight-loss behavior changes. Further improvements in behavioral obesity treatments should be reconsidered as either stand-alone modalities or, after appropriate testing, as an adjunct to medical means. Full article

Gender-Based Violence (GBV) represents a major public health and social concern, with evidence linking persistent sexist beliefs to a higher likelihood of experiencing or perpetrating GBV, particularly among young adults. This study aimed to examine attitudes towards GBV among university students in Castilla-La Mancha, providing insight into ongoing gender inequalities within higher education. A total of 399 undergraduate and double-degree students at the University of University of Castilla-La Mancha completed the 47-item Gender and Violence Attitudes Questionnaire (GVAQ), and data were analyzed using descriptive and correlational methods. The results indicate the persistence of sexist beliefs and justifications for violence, with significant differences according to sex, age, and academic discipline: men scored higher overall on the GVAQ (M = 101.69) than women (M = 83.82), students in Engineering and Architecture scored higher (M = 100.89) than those in Arts and Humanities (M = 83.22), and younger students (≤25 years) scored slightly higher (M = 89.63) than older students (≥26 years) (M = 85.91). These findings highlight the urgent need for targeted educational programmes integrating a gender perspective to challenge entrenched sexist attitudes and reduce GBV in university contexts, fostering safer and more equitable learning environments. Full article

Objectives: Postpartum depression is a major global mental health concern, yet epidemiological evidence from the Baltic region remains limited. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of depressive symptoms among postpartum women attending postpartum outpatient care in Latvia and identify associated sociodemographic and clinical factors. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted at the outpatient department of the largest maternity hospital in Latvia from May 2024 to June 2025. All women aged 18 years or older, who attended a routine postpartum gynaecological visit 4 to 6 weeks after delivery and screened positive on the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) (≥5 points), completed a sociodemographic and clinical questionnaire and the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS). Descriptive statistics were used in the study, and logistic regression was used to examine factors associated with postpartum depressive symptoms. Results: A total of 272 women aged 18 to 49 years (mean age 30.66 ± 5.59) participated. PHQ-9 results indicated that 43.02% of respondents met the threshold for a positive screen (≥5 points) and were included in the further analysis. Using a cut-off EPDS ≥11, the point prevalence of clinically significant depressive symptoms among women who screened positive on the PHQ-9 was 11.4%. In univariate analyses, postpartum depressive symptoms were most strongly associated with comorbid mental disorders (OR = 4.55; 95% CI 1.85–11.18; p = 0.001), caesarean section (OR = 3.05; 95% CI 1.18–7.92; p = 0.022), stress (OR = 2.49; 95% CI 1.04–5.94; p = 0.04) and obstetric complications (OR = 2.78; 95% CI 1.01–7.64; p = 0.048) during pregnancy. In the multivariate model, only three independent predictors remained: comorbid mental disorder (aOR = 9.54; 95% CI 2.72–33.49; p < 0.001) and caesarean section (aOR = 5.80; 95% CI 1.66–20.21; p = 0.006) were associated with higher odds of postpartum depression, while first-time motherhood was associated with a substantially lower likelihood of depressive symptoms (aOR = 0.14; 95% CI 0.04–0.49; p = 0.002). Sociodemographic characteristics, including age, education, employment, and income, were not significant predictors. Conclusions: The point prevalence of clinically significant depressive symptoms among Latvian postpartum women screening positive for depression appears similar to other European settings. Comorbid mental disorders and caesarean section were the strongest predictors of depressive symptoms, while primiparity showed a protective effect. Sociodemographic factors did not independently contribute to risk. As the first study of its kind in Latvia and conducted within a clinical setting that captures a large and diverse proportion of postpartum women, these findings highlight the context-specific nature of postpartum depression and underscore the need for further longitudinal research to inform effective screening and intervention strategies. Full article

The academic encounter between Jews and Arabs in Israel carries tensions stemming from a prolonged historical conflict, yet at the same time offers opportunities for authentic engagement that deepens mutual understanding between the groups. This study is grounded in contact theory and multiculturalism, focusing on the integration process of Arab women teachers in a Hebrew-speaking track at an academic college of education. The research explores the participants’ experiences against the backdrop of national tensions, asking how they perceive their teacher education journey in the Hebrew-speaking track in terms of challenges and benefits. The study is based on a qualitative–phenomenological approach, collecting data through interviews with 12 graduates who shared their experiences and reflections. The analysis reveals the participants’ explicit and implicit attitudes, the barriers they faced, and the gains they reported during their studies. Full article

Endometriosis affects one in seven women in Australia and is a significant public health concern. Access to appropriate health information is essential for informed decision-making and quality of life, especially for culturally and linguistically diverse (CALD) women who may face additional communication and health literacy barriers. This study explored the information-seeking behaviours and experiences of CALD women living with endometriosis using semi-structured interviews. Through convenience and snowball sampling via social media, eleven women were recruited. Data were analysed using thematic analysis. The results showed that although women often did not view their cultural background as influential, taboos and stigma can shape information-seeking behaviours. Women primarily relied on healthcare professionals, online resources, and other women with endometriosis as information resources. Healthcare professionals were appreciated for providing tailored information, but some were perceived to have limited knowledge of endometriosis, reducing their usefulness. Online information was abundant and easily accessible but often overwhelming and difficult to navigate. Information from other women with lived experience provided both practical insights and validation, though participants recognised its limited transferability to their own circumstances. These findings highlight the need for information pathways, including better patient education through healthcare providers, as well as accessible and evidence-based online resources. Full article

Breastfeeding is universally regarded as the cornerstone of infant feeding, as it is the ideal infant feeding choice for optimal nutrition and development. Socio-structural factors of breastfeeding in child health play an important role in guiding women’s decisions on options to feed their babies. A cross-sectional study was conducted among mothers with infants aged 0–6 months in Mthatha, Eastern Cape, with the aim of assessing the role of socio-structural factors in shaping feeding intentions and practices among mothers with infants. Written Informed consent was obtained in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki from the participants prior to data collection. Data was gathered with a validated designed questionnaire as well as analyzed using Social Sciences (SPSS) version 29. A total of 181 mothers were enrolled. Only 45.9% reported that they exclusively breastfed their babies, of which the highest proportion of exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) was observed among the 21–29 age group at 51.8%, and the lowest among those aged 20 years and below (3.6%). Marital status (p = 0.005) and employment status (p < 0.001) were significantly associated with exclusive breastfeeding, with higher EBF rates observed among married mothers and those who were self-employed. Both the EBF mothers and non-EBF mothers shared a common belief that colostrum was not beneficial for infants (p = 0.854), whereas their views differed significantly on the amount of water given to infants before they reached six months (p = 0.001). There was no significant relationship between EBF status and having a family member who had breastfed in the past six months (p = 0.815); also, a weak association was noted for having a friend who had breastfed recently (p = 0.057). The difference in EBF practice between those receiving antenatal care (ANC) breastfeeding education and those not receiving it was not statistically significant (p = 0.591). A statistically significant association was found between the support level and exclusive breastfeeding status (p < 0.001). This study highlights that the successful practice of exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) is strongly associated with high levels of social support. Interventions are needed to engage active partners, family members, and community members in creating a supportive environment for breastfeeding mothers. Full article

Background/Objectives: Endocrine therapy (ET) is a common treatment for hormone-dependent breast cancer and is associated with a significant reduction in recurrence and mortality rates. However, the decision to initiate endocrine therapy is a critical and often distressing juncture for patients. The need to weigh its survival benefits against the potential burden of side effects, including mood changes, pain, muscle stiffness, and fatigue, can render this decision-making phase a source of significant distress. The present systematic review aimed to identify and synthesize the sociodemographic and psychosocial predictors of the decision-making process related to ET adherence among women with breast cancer. Methods: A systematic literature search was conducted in three electronic databases—PubMed Central, ProQuest, and Scopus—to identify studies examining the association between sociodemographic and psychosocial factors and the decision-making process regarding ET among women with breast cancer. Inclusion criteria encompassed cross-sectional studies published between 2000 and 2025. Data were extracted and analyzed to identify recurring predictors across studies. The findings were synthesized through a narrative synthesis. Results: Twelve cross-sectional studies met the inclusion criteria, comprising a total of 8510 women diagnosed with breast cancer and undergoing ET. Ten studies (83%) identified sociodemographic variables—such as age, marital status, educational level, and ethnicity—as significant predictors of decision-making. Moreover, nine studies (75%) reported psychosocial factors, including quality of life (QoL), fear of progression, infertility concerns, and social support, as influential in the decision to initiate or continue ET. Specifically, the decision to adhere to ET is generally supported by younger age, higher education, better perceived quality of life, and greater social support. Conversely, it is hindered by lower income, lower education, fertility concerns related to marital status, and diminished quality of life. Conclusions: The findings of this review indicate that both sociodemographic and psychosocial factors play key roles in shaping women’s decisions regarding adherence to ET. Understanding these predictors can facilitate decision-making and inform the development of targeted interventions aimed at improving treatment adherence and supporting patient-centered care in breast cancer treatment. The focus on decision-making processes, rather than on adherence rates, is what distinguishes this review from other systematic reviews. Full article

Background: The Rohingya refugee crisis is one of the largest humanitarian emergencies of the 21st century, with nearly one million Rohingya residing in overcrowded camps in southern Bangladesh. Women and children face the greatest vulnerabilities, including inadequate access to education and healthcare, which exacerbates their risks and limits opportunities for personal and community development. While international organizations continue to provide aid, resources remain insufficient, particularly in maternal and child healthcare, highlighting the urgent need for sustainable interventions. Objectives: The Hope Foundation for Women and Children in Bangladesh launched a pilot project for the Health Assistant Training (HAT) program to address critical gaps in healthcare and education for the Rohingya community. This nine-month training program equips young Rohingya women with essential knowledge and skills to support maternal health services in both clinical and community settings. Design: We conducted a qualitative evaluation of the HAT Program to explore its acceptance and anticipated benefits for both participants and the community. Methods: The research team used semi-structured interviews, focus groups, and field observations to explore the HAT Program’s impact on young Rohingya women and their community. They analyzed data through thematic analysis, developing a coding framework and identifying key themes to uncover patterns and insights. Results: The results were categorized into four themes: (1) community acceptance of the HAT Program, (2) the HAT Program’s impact on the health assistant trainees, (3) the impact of the HAT Program on the community, and (4) the potential ways to expand the HAT Program. Conclusions: This research underscores the program’s impact on improving healthcare access, enhancing women’s empowerment, and promoting community resilience. By situating this initiative within the broader context of refugee health, education, and capacity-building, this research highlights the HAT program’s potential as a replicable model in Bangladesh and in other humanitarian settings. Full article

Green cities can contribute to greater mental and physical well-being. In addition, many people enjoy being active outdoors (green exercise). As yet, no questionnaire jointly emphasises mental health, willingness to pay for sustainability, and the incentive of a green environment for physical exercise in cities. Therefore, I developed the new Green Cities Questionnaire (GCQ), comprising 18 items, and used it to survey the perceptions of 249 participants (130 female, 119 male, 0 diverse; aged 18 to 84). Then, I applied exploratory factor analyses where the three factors of mental health (MH; nine items), willingness-to-pay (WTP; five items), and green exercise (GE; four items) were extracted. Additional statistical analyses revealed that women reported higher values on the MH and GE factors than men. In particular, women and men reported a beneficial effect of green cities on mental health (higher ratings on MH than on GE and on WTP). However, there was no gender effect on WTP. From an urban-planning perspective, the two strongest implications are as follows: First, the GCQ facilitates measurement of the three key latent factors: MH, WTP, and GE. However, future validation studies with larger sample sizes and applications of the GCQ alongside additional similar and different recognised scales are necessary to establish convergent and discriminant validity. Second, mental health is reported to be much more important than WTP and GE. Hence, green initiatives, educational programs, and green city workshops should not only focus on expanding urban green spaces but also on providing appropriate relaxation areas to promote and foster psychological well-being and quality of life in green cities. Full article

Women with intellectual disabilities (IDs) face persistent health inequities, particularly in preventive services such as breast cancer screening, where participation rates remain disproportionately low. These disparities contribute to higher mortality and poorer survivorship outcomes, often linked to later-stage diagnoses. To better understand these challenges and inform the development of inclusive screening programs, this qualitative study conducted in Austria explored barriers, facilitators, and needs related to breast cancer screening from the dual perspectives of 17 women with mild-to-moderate IDs aged 45 and older and 10 caregivers. Semi-structured focus groups and interviews were analyzed thematically within a constructivist framework, integrating perspectives from both groups. Barriers included social taboos around sexuality, psychological distress, exclusion through standardized procedures, and unclear responsibility among stakeholders. Facilitators involved person-centered communication, accessible information, emotional and practical support, and familiar healthcare environments. Women with IDs expressed a strong desire for education, autonomy, and inclusion, while caregivers played a pivotal role in enabling access. These findings demonstrate that low screening participation among women with IDs is driven by systemic and organizational barriers rather than lack of health awareness or willingness to participate. Without structurally inclusive design, organized screening programs risk perpetuating preventable inequities in early detection. Embedding accessibility, clear accountability, and person-centered communication as standard features of breast cancer screening is therefore a public health priority to reduce avoidable late-stage diagnoses and narrow survival disparities for women with IDs. Full article

Women have made substantial gains in representation in some STEM fields (e.g., biology, chemistry, math) but not others (e.g., physics, computer science, engineering). Researchers have called for a STEM field-specific approach to investigate the persistent gender gap. While some studies indicate that males report higher self-efficacy than females, which may contribute to the persistent gender gap, other studies do not. The current research used Hunter–Schmidt meta-analysis to clarify the relationship between gender and self-efficacy in STEM fields where women are underrepresented compared to fields where representation has improved. A meta-analysis of 145 effects found gender differences in self-efficacy in all but one field (biology), but the magnitude of the difference was field-specific. In computer science and physics, two fields in which underrepresentation most strongly persists, there were greater gender differences in self-efficacy compared to the other fields. Findings also highlight participant educational stage as a potentially important factor in explaining heterogeneity of gender differences in self-efficacy within STEM fields and as an area for continued research. Full article

This study aims to examine the relationships among environmental sensitivity, eco-anxiety, and sustainable consumption behavior, thereby revealing how these variables interact within the framework of sustainability psychology. Conducted with a sample of 406 university students in Türkiye, the research employed a quantitative and cross-sectional design, and the proposed relationships were tested using structural equation modeling (SEM). The findings indicate that environmental sensitivity significantly predicts sustainable consumption behavior both directly and indirectly through eco-anxiety. Eco-anxiety was found to play a partial mediating role in the relationship between environmental sensitivity and sustainable consumption. In addition, the moderating effect of gender was investigated, and no significant differences were observed between women and men regarding the structural paths of the model. Overall, the results demonstrate that sustainable consumption behaviors are shaped not only by cognitive processes but also by emotional mechanisms, suggesting that eco-anxiety, as a motivational emotional response, may strengthen sustainable behavior. This study contributes to the environmental psychology literature by theoretically and empirically highlighting the decisive role of emotional processes in shaping sustainable behavior. The findings also provide important practical implications for sustainability policies, environmental education, and communication strategies. Full article

China has experienced a population decline since 2022, and its total fertility rate has dropped to about 1.0 in 2025. This is despite the lifting of the one-child policy in 2015 and the pivot to the two-child policy and three-child policy in, respectively, 2016 and 2021. Based on a review of recent research, this paper provides an interpretation that the continued fertility decline reflects a perfect storm of socioeconomic and demographic processes, long-term effects of the one-child policy, and unprecedented social changes in Chinese society. Socioeconomic and demographic changes since the 1950s prepared the ground for the “late, sparse, few” policy, resulting in a sharp fertility decline in the 1970s. While the one-child policy that followed did not result in a fertility decline in the 1980s, its effects appear to be long-lasting, including concentrated investment by the “inverted family” in the only child that drives up society-wide childrearing costs. Significant improvement in women’s educational attainment, individualistic orientation that prioritizes personal goals, increased diversity in family structure, such as one-person households, and changing views about getting married and having children have all contributed to continued downward pressure on fertility. These findings hint at the relevance of the concept of the second demographic transition for China and suggest that policy is only effective if it is aligned with what people want. Full article

Background/Objectives: Neurological diseases are a major cause of long-term disability and dependence. In Poland, as in many countries, informal caregivers provide most long-term care for individuals with chronic and progressive neurological conditions. Although essential, this role is associated with substantial physical, psychological, and social burden. This study aimed to assess the scope and nature of support provided by caregivers to people with neurological diseases and to identify factors associated with differences in support and caregiver burden. Methods: A cross-sectional quantitative study was conducted using a CAWI survey. The sample included 104 informal caregivers of adults with various neurological conditions. An author-designed questionnaire and the “Actually Provided Support” subscale of the Berlin Social Support Scales (BSSS) were used. Nonparametric statistical tests were applied (p < 0.05). Results: Caregivers provided a high level of support, particularly emotional and instrumental support, while informational support was less intensive. Women more frequently reported high emotional and instrumental support. Higher buffering–protective support was more common among caregivers aged over 45 years. The most frequently reported difficulties were psychological fatigue (70.9%) and physical fatigue (60.2%), indicating a substantial caregiving burden. Key barriers included limited access to reimbursed healthcare services and the lack of temporary replacement in caregiving. Caregivers most often indicated the need for respite care and better access to information and education. Conclusions: Informal caregivers play a crucial role in the daily functioning of people with neurological diseases, despite high burden and insufficient systemic support. Expanding respite care, improving access to information, and better coordination of healthcare services are urgently needed. Full article

University dropout is a problem that affects all universities around the world. It is multidimensional and multicausal in nature. The consequences of a student dropping out affect them not only financially but also in terms of their self-perception. In this article, an analysis of in-depth interviews was carried out to determine what motivations students have when leaving classrooms to provide solutions to the new cohorts that enter. The sample consisted of 21 students, including 14 men and 7 women, from different Andalusian universities. A logical minimization analysis was carried out, showing the necessary implications for each of the subjects who participated. Afterwards, frequency and percentage analyses were carried out for each of the dimensions that made up the interview, with success in primary education having the lowest percentage (4.7%) and academic orientation having the highest percentage (90.47%). Full article