Search Results (170)

Habitat fragmentation restricts the movement of large mammals across broad landscapes, leading to isolation of individuals or groups, reduced interaction with other species, and limited access to vital resources in surrounding habitats. In this study, we aimed to determine the wildlife ecological corridors for five large mammals (Ursus arctos, Cervus elaphus, Capreolus capreolus, Sus scrofa, and Canis lupus) between Kastamonu Ilgaz Mountain Wildlife Refuge and Gavurdağı Wildlife Refuge. In the field studies, we used the transect, indirect observation, and camera-trap methods to collect presence data. Maximum Entropy (MaxEnt) (v. 3.4.1) software was used to create habitat suitability models of the target species, which are based on the presence-only data approach. The results indicated that AUC values varied between 0.808 and 0.835, with water sources, stand type, and slope contributing most significantly to model performance. In order to determine wildlife ecological corridors, resistance surface maps were created using the species distribution models (SDMs), and bottleneck areas were determined. The Circuit Theory approach was used to model the connections between ecological corridors. As a result of this study, we developed connectivity models for five large mammals based on Circuit Theory, identified priority wildlife ecological corridors, and evaluated critical connection points between two protected areas, Ilgaz Mountain Wildlife Refuge and Gavurdağı Wildlife Refuge. These findings highlight the essential role of ecological corridors in sustaining landscape-level connectivity and supporting the long-term conservation of wide-ranging species. Full article

White-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) in the wild and on cervid farms have drawn the attention of state wildlife agencies and animal health agencies as Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) has spread across North America. Deer farm regulations have been implemented to reduce direct contact between wild and farmed cervids; however, evidence suggests that indirect contact to infectious prions passed through the alimentary tracts of scavengers may be an important transmission pathway. The objective of this study was to characterize mammalian scavenger and wild deer activities associated with deer farms and link these activities with site-specific spatial covariates utilizing a network of camera traps, mounted to farm perimeter fences. We monitored each of 14 farms in Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Pennsylvania for two weeks during the summer, with a subset of farms also monitored in the winter and fall. Across all sites and seasons, we captured 749 observations of wildlife. In total, nine species were captured, with wild white-tailed deer accounting for over three quarters of observations. Despite the large number of wild deer observed, we found that interactions between wild and farmed deer at the fence line were infrequent (six direct contacts observed). In contrast, mammalian scavengers were frequently observed inside and outside of the fence. Supplementary cameras placed on deer feeders revealed higher observation rates of scavengers than those placed along fence lines, highlighting the potential for transmission of CWD through indirect contact via scavenger excreta. To evaluate associations between the number of observations of focal species with land-cover characteristics, two mixed-effects regression models were fitted, one model for scavengers and one for wild deer. Contrary to our hypothesis, landscape context did not have a strong impact on wildlife visitation. This suggests that farm location is less important than management practices, highlighting the need for future research into how farming practices impact rates of wildlife visitation onto cervid farms. Full article

Continuous, single-mode imaging systems fail to deliver true-color high-resolution imagery around the clock under extreme lighting. High-fidelity color and signal-to-noise ratio imaging across the full day–night cycle remains a critical challenge for surveillance, navigation, and environmental monitoring. We present a competitive dual-mode imaging platform that integrates a 155 mm f/6 telephoto daytime camera with a 52 mm f/1.5 large-aperture low-light full-color night-vision camera into a single, co-registered 26 cm housing. By employing a sixth-order aspheric surface to reduce the element count and weight, our system achieves near-diffraction-limited MTF (>0.5 at 90.9 lp/mm) in daylight and sub-pixel RMS blur < 7 μm at 38.5 lp/mm under low-light conditions. Field validation at 0.0009 lux confirms high-SNR, full-color capture from bright noon to the darkest nights, enabling seamless switching between long-range, high-resolution surveillance and sensitive, low-light color imaging. This compact, robust design promises to elevate applications in security monitoring, autonomous navigation, wildlife observation, and disaster response by providing uninterrupted, color-faithful vision in all lighting regimes. Full article

Sound source localization represents one of the major challenges for soundscapes due to the dynamicity of a large variety of signals. Many applications are found related to ecosystems to study the migration process of birds and animals other than other terrestrial environments to survey wildlife. Other applications on sound recording are supported by sensors to detect animal movement. This paper deals with the immersive 3D soundscape by using a multi-channel spherical microphone probe, in combination with a 360° camera. The soundscape has been carried out in three Italian squares across the city of Parma. The acoustic maps obtained from the data processing detect the directivity of dynamic sound sources as typical of an urban environment. The analysis of the objective environmental parameters (like loudness, roughness, sharpness, and prominence) was conducted alongside the investigations on the historical importance of Italian squares as places for social inclusivity. A dedicated listening playback is provided by the AGORA project with a portable listening room characterized by modular unit of soundbars. Full article

Previous studies have consistently reported the detrimental impact of dam construction on natural populations of softshell turtles across East and Southeast Asia, with particularly severe effects on large-bodied species. The Wattle-necked Softshell Turtle (Palea steindachneri), a large-sized and Critically Endangered member of the family Trionychidae, remains poorly documented throughout much of its native range in Southeast Asia. In this study, we present new field data from the Đà River basin in northern Vietnam, encompassing areas both upstream and downstream of the Sơn La Dam. Data were obtained through a combination of direct field observations, camera trap monitoring, and semi-structured interviews with local fishers and traders. Two individuals of P. steindachneri—including a juvenile—were recorded, providing the first confirmed evidence of ongoing natural reproduction in the region. Additionally, we documented 102 individuals of Pelodiscus sp., encompassing all life stages and indicating a stable, reproducing local population. Despite overlapping in macrohabitat use along the river, the two species were spatially segregated, with a minimum interspecific distance of 8.2 km, suggesting broad sympatry without syntopy, potentially due to microhabitat partitioning. These findings underscore the persistence and likely reproductive viability of P. steindachneri in modified riverine systems affected by dams, and have broader conservation implications for other threatened taxa with similar ecologies, such as Rafetus swinhoei. Urgent conservation actions, including habitat protection, community-based monitoring, and strengthened regulation of the wildlife trade, are essential to ensure the survival of remaining wild populations. Full article

Zoos and aquariums house a wide range of species, yet research remains heavily skewed toward mammals and camera-based technologies. This systematic literature review examines the use of computing technologies to monitor or interact with animals in zoos, aquariums, or wildlife parks, with a focus on taxonomic representation and technological diversity. A total of 125 studies published between 2014 and 2024 met the inclusion criteria, encompassing 151 recorded instances of technology use. Cameras and video systems were the most frequently used tools, appearing alone in 40% of studies and in combination with other technologies in an additional 18.4%, accounting for 48.3% of all technology instances. Most studies focused on only mammals (73.5%), and behavioral monitoring was the most common research aim (40.9%). These findings suggest an uneven distribution of research shaped more by convenience and familiarity than by welfare need, highlighting a critical opportunity to diversify both species focus and technological application. Increased investment in underrepresented species and underutilized tools will help ensure that research better reflects the full spectrum of animal needs and experiences. Full article

Conserving biodiversity in mixed-land-use areas is essential, as nearly 80% of South Africa’s wild species exist outside protected areas. This study investigated mammalian diversity within the Baviaanskloof catchment, a mixed-use landscape in the Eastern Cape, South Africa. It also evaluated how camera setup parameters impact species detectability. Using 131 camera traps over four survey sessions from January 2020 to April 2022, 34 mammalian species were recorded over 21,020 trap days. Biodiversity indices revealed high species diversity with substantial variability across camera locations. Species discovery reached an asymptote at approximately 153 sampling days, though extended monitoring detected rarer species. Cameras positioned at heights of 40–70 cm improved detection rates, while heights above 100 cm reduced captures. However, elevation effects varied across species, highlighting the need for species-specific optimization. Optimal detection angles ranged from 50 to 90°, with extreme angles decreasing capture frequency. North- and south-facing cameras yielded better detection rates, while west-facing orientations introduced glare and reduced visibility. These findings underscore the biodiversity significance of the Baviaanskloof and emphasize the need to optimize camera configurations to enhance wildlife monitoring and conservation strategies in complex, mixed-use landscapes. Full article

The growing population of wild boars (Sus scrofa) in all highly anthropized countries represents a current challenge for the protection of ecosystems, agriculture and urban environments. This study introduces an innovative capture solution based on IoT systems designed to enable the selective capture of sub-adult wild boars in an ethical manner and minimize stress and bycatch. Conducted over five years in a Natura 2000 area in Campania, Italy, the research integrates advanced technologies, including AI-based infrared cameras, LoRa communication and autonomous feeding systems, to monitor, control and operate a specially designed selective cage trap. The results obtained demonstrate how technological innovation improves wildlife and hunting management by selecting younger animals without interfering with group dynamics. Selective capture ensures healthy population control, does not conflict with hunting and reduces pressure on habitats, especially if these fall within areas of particular importance for European biodiversity. Full article

Human activities impact ecosystems globally, and understanding human–wildlife coexistence is crucial for species conservation. This study analyzed trends in local wildlife populations before and during the COVID-19 pandemic to assess their response to human disturbance. From 2017 to 2022, 60 camera sites were monitored, and seven species with the largest population size—excluding rodents—were selected for analysis. The results revealed that the presence of humans (p = 0.025) and domesticated animals (cats and dogs, p = 0.002) significantly decreased during the pandemic. Conversely, five species (except the Tibetan macaque and mainland serow) showed habitat expansion and population growth (p < 0.05), which may be related to their avoidance of human presence or artificial structures such as roads and tourism facilities. In addition, the analysis showed that most species, except the Tibetan macaque and wild boar, adjusted their activity patterns, showing increased diurnal activity when human disturbances were reduced (RR > 0). These findings suggest that species may adapt their behaviors to avoid human presence. This study highlights the negative impacts of human activities on local wildlife and emphasizes the need for stronger conservation and management efforts to mitigate human disturbances in scenic areas. Full article

In ecosystems where multiple carnivores coexist, interspecific interactions are crucial in shaping behavioral adaptations and resource utilization strategies. This study examines the competitive dynamics between Indian leopards (Panthera pardus fusca) and striped hyenas (Hyaena hyaena) in the Jhalana Reserve Forest, an urban-enclosed wildlife habitat in Jaipur, India. Using direct observations, citizen science contributions, and camera-trap data, we document kleptoparasitism and competitive exclusion instances where hyenas successfully outnumber leopards to gain access to food. Our findings indicate that hyenas exhibit an acute ability to locate leopard kills, often arriving within minutes of a leopard beginning to feed. Additionally, spatial constraints imposed by the reserve’s fencing create an ecological imbalance, as leopards can access external food sources while hyenas remain confined. We also discuss the potential consequences of supplementary feeding practices, which may influence predator behavior and interspecific interactions. This study highlights the importance of understanding competitive dynamics in fragmented landscapes to inform conservation strategies that promote coexistence. Full article

Avian scavengers, particularly vultures, play a crucial role in ecosystem health by efficiently consuming carcasses, thereby reducing pathogen abundance and limiting disease transmission to wildlife, livestock, and humans. In addition to the indispensable role of vultures, they are a particularly threatened group of birds. This study investigates the environmental factors that optimize this ecosystem service by examining the scavenging dynamics of vultures and other species at deer carcasses in a hunting area in Sierra Madrona, Ciudad Real, Spain. Carcasses were placed in habitats with different vegetation densities (open vs. dense) and altitudes (high vs. low) and were monitored for 30 days using camera traps. Data on scavenger diversity, arrival times, and carcass persistence were analyzed using Bayesian multilevel models. Results reveal that vegetation density and altitude significantly influence vulture arrival times and carcass duration, with dense vegetation and low altitudes delaying scavenger access. These findings provide actionable insights for game management to enhance vulture conservation and improve both public and ecosystem health through timely and effective carcass removal. Full article

Effective monitoring of wildlife is critical for assessing biodiversity and ecosystem health as declines in key species often signal significant environmental changes. Birds, particularly ground-nesting species, serve as important ecological indicators due to their sensitivity to environmental pressures. Camera traps have become indispensable tools for monitoring nesting bird populations, enabling data collection across diverse habitats. However, the manual processing and analysis of such data are resource-intensive, often delaying the delivery of actionable conservation insights. This study presents an AI-driven approach for real-time species detection, focusing on the curlew (Numenius arquata), a ground-nesting bird experiencing significant population declines. A custom-trained YOLOv10 model was developed to detect and classify curlews and their chicks using 3/4G-enabled cameras linked to the Conservation AI platform. The system processes camera trap data in real time, significantly enhancing monitoring efficiency. Across 11 nesting sites in Wales, the model achieved high performance, with a sensitivity of 90.56%, specificity of 100%, and F1-score of 95.05% for curlew detections and a sensitivity of 92.35%, specificity of 100%, and F1-score of 96.03% for curlew chick detections. These results demonstrate the capability of AI-driven monitoring systems to deliver accurate, timely data for biodiversity assessments, facilitating early conservation interventions and advancing the use of technology in ecological research. Full article

Hainan tropical rainforest is the largest contiguous tropical rainforest in China, but it has experienced increasing disturbances from anthropogenic activities in recent decades due to economic and social development. However, the current status of wildlife habitats within the rainforest remains insufficiently studied, lacking systematic and scientific assessments necessary to guide effective biodiversity conservation strategies. This study focuses on Jianfengling area of Hainan tropical rainforest, using wildlife infrared camera monitoring data and habitat environmental factor data collected through multi-source monitoring in 2020–2021. By applying the Ensemble Species Distribution Model (ESDM), we assessed the spatial distribution of habitat suitability and its influencing factors for seven representative wildlife species, as well as the overall spatial distribution of multi-species habitat suitability. The results indicate that wildlife habitat suitability in Jianfengling study area exhibits a spatial pattern of high suitability in the central regions and low suitability in surrounding areas. Anthropogenic activities and DEM were identified as the most significant factors influencing habitat selection, with most species favoring mid and high altitude areas (500–1000 m) where human activities are less prevalent. This study provides scientific support for tropical rainforest management authorities to optimize resource allocation, develop dynamic monitoring strategies, and implement effective conservation measures. Full article

The nine-banded armadillo (Dasypus novemcinctus: hereafter armadillo) was first recorded in the United States (U.S.) in the state of Texas in 1849 and has been expanding its range northward and eastward since then. With the widespread adoption of participatory science as well as the proliferation of nationwide wildlife game camera studies, occurrence data of armadillos can be compiled more rapidly and thoroughly than at any time in the past. Here, we use disparate data sources to update the current geographic distribution of the armadillo in the United States and use occurrence data from the leading edge of its range expansion to create a species distribution model to understand their relationship with landscape and bioclimatic factors. Since the last report on the geographic distribution of the armadillo in 2014, we show that armadillos have expanded to cover the entirety of Missouri and established in southern Iowa, expanded modestly within Kansas and Illinois, expanded northward and eastward in Indiana, expanded eastward in both Kentucky and Tennessee, established throughout the entirety of South Carolina and Georgia and established in the western third of North Carolina. Our species distribution model indicates that there is substantial opportunity for the species to continue to expand its geographic range, particularly in the Eastern United States. These results provide information to managers who are now or might soon be co-existing with the armadillo to proactively manage the species or inform the public regarding potential conflicts. Full article