Search Results (22)

Wildlife–vehicle collisions (WVCs) remain a significant cause of animal mortality worldwide, particularly in regions experiencing rapid road network expansion. During the COVID-19 pandemic, a number of studies reported decreased WVC rates, attributing this trend to reduced traffic volumes. However, the validity of the simplified assumption that “fewer vehicles means fewer collisions” remains underexplored from a mechanistic perspective. This study aims to reevaluate that assumption using two simulation-based models that incorporate both the physics of vehicle movement and behavioral parameters of road-crossing animals. Employing an inverse modeling approach with quasi-realistic traffic scenarios, we quantify how vehicle speed, spacing, and animal hesitation affect collision likelihood. The results indicate that approximately 10% of modeled cases contradict the prevailing assumption, with collision risk peaking at intermediate traffic densities. These findings challenge common interpretations of WVC dynamics and underscore the need for more refined, behaviorally informed mitigation strategies. We suggest that integrating such approaches into road planning and conservation policy—particularly under the European Union’s ‘Vision Zero’ framework—could help reduce wildlife mortality more effectively in future scenarios, including potential pandemics or mobility disruptions. Full article

Wildlife–vehicle collisions (WVCs) pose a growing threat to road safety and wildlife conservation. This research explores the relationship between the moon phases and the occurrence of nighttime WVCs in Serbia from 2015 to 2023. A total of 2767 nighttime incidents were analyzed to assess whether the full moon is associated with an increased collision frequency. The results revealed a statistically significant rise in the average annual number of WVCs during full moon nights compared to other nights, indicating that increased lunar illumination may affect animal movement and impact collision rates. However, no statistically significant differences were observed when comparing the frequency of WVCs across all four lunar phases. Spatial analysis identified the South Bačka and Podunavlje districts as the most at-risk regions for WVCs during full moon periods. As the first study of its kind in Serbia, this research provides new insights into the spatial and temporal patterns of WVCs. The findings can assist in developing focused mitigation strategies, such as improved signage, speed control strategies, and awareness campaigns, especially in regions with increased risk during full moon nights. Full article

Wildlife-vehicle collisions (WVCs) threaten biodiversity, particularly in the Gulf of Mexico, where road expansion increases habitat fragmentation. This research analyzes WVC patterns in southeastern Mexico, estimating collision rates across road types and assessing environmental factors influencing roadkill frequency. Field monitoring in 2016 and 2023 recorded vertebrate roadkills along roads in Campeche, Chiapas, and Tabasco. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Generalized Additive Models (GAM) evaluated landscape influences on WVC occurrences. A total of 354 roadkill incidents involving 73 species of vertebrates were recorded, with mammals accounting for the highest mortality rate. Hotspots were identified along Federal Highway 259 and State Highways Balancán, Frontera-Jonuta, and Salto de Agua. Road type showed no significant effect. Land cover influenced WVCs, with cultivated forests, grasslands, and savannas showing the highest incidences. PCA identified temperature and elevation as key environmental drivers, while GAM suggested elevation had a weak but notable effect. These findings highlight the risks of road expansion in biodiversity-rich areas, where habitat fragmentation and increasing traffic intensify WVCs. Without targeted mitigation strategies, such as wildlife corridors, underpasses, and road signs, expanding infrastructure could further threaten wildlife populations by increasing roadkill rates and fragmenting habitats, particularly in ecologically sensitive landscapes like wetlands, forests, and coastal areas. Full article

The conservation of biodiversity and the balance between ecological and societal needs are critical but often contested global issues. Wildlife-vehicle collision (WVC) on vital infrastructure, especially linear infrastructure, remains a persistent challenge from policy to practice and poses a serious life-threatening implication to humans and other non-human lives. Addressing this issue effectively requires solutions that provide win-win outcomes from both ecological and societal perspectives. This study critically analyzes a decade of roadkill incidents along Nepal’s longest East-West national highway, which passes through a biologically diverse national park in the western Terai Arc Landscape Area (TAL). Findings are drawn from field-based primary data collection of the period 2012–2022, secondary literature review, key informant interviews, and spatial analysis. The study reveals significant variations in roadkill incidence across areas and years. Despite Bardia National Park being larger and having a higher wildlife density, Banke National Park recorded higher roadkill rates. This is attributed to insufficient mitigation measures and law enforcement, more straight highway segments, and the absence of buffer zones between the core park and adjacent forest areas—only a road separates them. Wild boars (Sus scrofa) and spotted deer (Axis axis), the primary prey of Bengal tigers (Panthera tigris tigris), were the most frequently road-killed species. This may contribute to human-tiger conflicts, as observed in the study areas. Seasonal trends showed that reptiles were at higher risk during the wet season and mammals during winter. Hotspots were often located near checkpoints and water bodies, highlighting the need for targeted mitigation efforts such as wildlife crossings and provisioning wildlife requirements such as water, grassland, and shelter away from the regular traffic roads. Roadkill frequency was also influenced by forest cover and time of day, with more incidents occurring at dawn and dusk when most of the herbivores become more active in search of food, shelter, water, and their herds. The findings underscore the importance of road characteristics, animal behavior, and landscape features in roadkill occurrences. Effective mitigation strategies include wildlife crossings, speed limits, warning signs, and public education campaigns. Further research is needed to understand the factors in driving variations between parks and to assess the effectiveness of mitigation measures. Full article

Severe habitat loss and fragmentation due to extensive road development have escalated wildlife–vehicle collisions (WVCs) as one of the major causes of wildlife mortality. This study, spanning 9 years from 2009 to 2017, presents comprehensive WVC data in South Korea, including species composition, seasonal and regional patterns, and road factors influencing WVCs, aiming to analyze their impact and propose effective mitigation strategies. We collected WVC data with road variables for 9 years from 4561 km of nationwide monitoring road sections and analyzed the data to understand the relationship between WVCs and road characteristics, as well as species-specific patterns. A nationwide survey identified 13,606 WVCs involving 143 terrestrial vertebrate species, and patterns and models of the top seven mammal species (raccoon dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides), Siberian chipmunk (Eutamias sibiricus), Siberian weasel (Mustela sibirica), water deer (Hydropotes inermis), red squirrel (Sciurus vulgaris), Korean hare (Lepus coreanus), and leopard cat (Prionailurus bengalensis)) were presented. Patterns revealed declines in WVCs overall, except for water deer. Although spatial differences in WVCs seemed linked more to wildlife habitats, certain road features correlated both positively or negatively with WVC frequency, highlighting complexities in the effectiveness of preventative measures. For effective mitigation and prevention of WVCs, comprehensive strategies considering species traits, seasonality, and road types should be implemented Full article

This paper uses virtual simulations to examine the interaction between autonomous vehicles (AVs) and their surrounding environment. A framework was developed to estimate the environment’s complexity by calculating the real-time data processing requirements for AVs to navigate effectively. The VISTA simulator was used to synthesize viewpoints to replicate the captured environment accurately. With an emphasis on static physical features, roadways were dissected into relevant road features (RRFs) and full environment (FE) to study the impact of roadside features on the scene complexity and demonstrate the gravity of wildlife–vehicle collisions (WVCs) on AVs. The results indicate that roadside features substantially increase environmental complexity by up to 400%. Increasing a single lane to the road was observed to increase the processing requirements by 12.3–16.5%. Crest vertical curves decrease data rates due to occlusion challenges, with a reported average of 4.2% data loss, while sag curves can increase the complexity by 7%. In horizontal curves, roadside occlusion contributed to severe loss in road information, leading to a decrease in data rate requirements by as much as 19%. As for weather conditions, heavy rain increased the AV’s processing demands by a staggering 240% when compared to normal weather conditions. AV developers and government agencies can exploit the findings of this study to better tailor AV designs and meet the necessary infrastructure requirements. Full article

In this study, the use of an ecological bridge installed as a wildlife overpass and constructed in the Zeytinler neighborhood in 2020 was analyzed as a mitigating factor in wild-boar–vehicle collisions (WVCs) on the Izmir-Çeşme motorway. In this context, this study aimed to assess the use of the Zeytinler Ecological Bridge by wild boars (Sus scrofa Linnaeus, 1758). To this end, wildlife crossings were monitored, analyzed, and modeled with Bayesian networks. Between August 2020 and December 2022, a total of 686 instances of movement were observed among six medium to large wild mammal species. Wild boars accounted for approximately 87.5% of the recorded wildlife crossings, with foxes comprising 10%. The findings showed that the highest frequency of wildlife crossings occurred during the autumn season, particularly between 22:00 (10 p.m.) and 02:00 (2 a.m.), coinciding with the Waxing Gibbous and Waxing Crescent phases of the moon. The model outcomes highlighted that during the autumn season with a full pond, wild boar crossings increased by one and a half times in comparison to regular herd crossings. Throughout the observation period, there were no instances of wild boar fatalities subsequent to the completion of the bridge. Full article

Road mortalities caused by wildlife–vehicle collisions (WVCs) are the most obvious negative effect of roads on wildlife. Identifying the influencing factors and summarizing the spatial-temporal patterns of WVCs have been important research trends in recent decades. However, most studies have only considered a portion of the factors, and there remains a lack of a relatively complete framework, including the numerous factors of WVCs, as well as the underlying transmission mechanisms between factors. In this study, an analytical framework incorporating a wide range of previously discussed factors is constructed. The framework not only displays the possible direction of the influence of each factor on WVCs, but also summarizes some important potential explanations under some circumstances and reveals the main interactions between certain types of factors. From one perspective, the factors affecting WVCs can be divided into four categories: species characteristics, road and traffic characteristics, landscape and environmental characteristics, and driver-related factors and specific human activities. From another perspective, the factors affecting WVCs can be mainly categorized as those related to entering roads and those related to leaving roads safely. The study begins with a discussion of three important sub-frameworks: factors promoting road crossing, factors related to barriers to movement, and factors related to safe crossing. Finally, a suggestion is provided to promote the research on WVCs globally. Full article

As road infrastructure networks rapidly expand globally, especially in the tropics, previously continuous habitats are being fragmented, resulting in more frequent wildlife–vehicle collisions (WVC). Primates are widespread throughout many sub-/tropical countries, and as their habitats are fragmented, they are increasingly at risk of WVC. We created the Global Primate Roadkill Database (GPRD), the largest available standardized database of primate roadkill incidents. We obtained data from published papers, un-published and citizen science databases, anecdotal reports, news reports, and social media posts. Here, we describe the collection methods for the GPRD and present the most up-to-date version of the database in full. For each primate roadkill incident, we recorded the species killed, the exact location, and the year and month the roadkill was observed. At the time of publication, the GPRD includes 2862 individual primate roadkill records from 41 countries. As primates range in more than twice as many countries, the absence of data from these countries is not necessarily indicative of a lack of primate vehicular collisions. Given the value of these data for addressing both local and global research questions, we encourage conservationists and citizen scientists to contribute to the GPRD so that, together, we can better understand the impact road infrastructure has on primates and evaluate measures which may help mitigate risk-prone areas or species. Full article

Roadkill has been one of the most problematic issues with wildlife under urbanization. South Korea, one of the fastest industrializing countries in the world, has been affected by the same roadkill issues and has researched how to mitigate wildlife–vehicle collisions (WVCs). In the present study, we aimed to (i) review scientific studies concerning roadkill conducted in South Korea (51 domestic, 15 international papers, 19 reports, and 1 thesis), (ii) compare bibliographic networks between international and South Korean roadkill studies, and (iii) discuss future challenges. From a search in the core collection of Web of Science peer-reviewed papers published from 1992 to 2022, keywords were extracted to create a bibliometric visualization map, using VOSviewer. Among the 85 articles related to WVCs, those about eco-corridors have steadily increased since 1998, while mitigation system and roadkill articles have been published since the mid-2000s. With increased awareness, more systems have been established, and research related to WVCs has been increasingly established. Currently, there are two systematic roadkill monitoring systems in South Korea, and an increasing number of modeling studies have suggested where roadkill hotspots are located. How to mitigate roadkill incidents has also been explored. A comparison of associations between international and Korean research shows that the network structures of Korean society were more disconnected and less dispersed. In addition, the keywords were narrower than those used in studies from the international community. Although studies on landscape connectivity and road ecology are few, their number and scope in South Korea have increased and broadened. These studies could be more rapidly developed in the future as some systems are equipped. Full article

Wildlife–vehicle collisions (WVCs) in many places have a significant impact on wildlife management and road safety. The COVID-19 lockdown enabled the study of the specific impact that traffic has on these events. WVC variation in the Asturias and Cantabria regions (NW of Spain) because of the COVID-19 lockdown reached a maximum reduction of −64.77% during strict confinement but it was minimal or nonexistent during “soft” confinement. The global average value was −30.22% compared with the WVCs registered in the same period in 2019, but only −4.69% considering the average throughout the period 2010–2019. There are huge differences between conventional roads, where the traffic reduction was greater, and highways, where the traffic reduction was lesser during the COVID-19 lockdown. The results depend on the season, the day of the week and the time of day, but mainly on the traffic reduction occurring. The results obtained highlight the need to include the traffic factor in WVC reduction strategies. Full article

Worldwide, the persistent trend of human and animal life losses, as well as damage to properties due to wildlife–vehicle collisions (WVCs) remains a significant source of concerns for a broad range of stakeholders. To mitigate their occurrences and impact, many approaches are being adopted, with varying successes. Because of their increased versatility and increasing efficiency, Artificial Intelligence-based methods have been experiencing a significant level of adoption. The present work extensively reviews the literature on intelligent systems incorporating sensor technologies and/or machine learning methods to mitigate WVCs. Included in our review is an investigation of key factors contributing to human–wildlife conflicts, as well as a discussion of dominant state-of-the-art datasets used in the mitigation of WVCs. Our study combines a systematic review with bibliometric analysis. We find that most animal detection systems (excluding autonomous vehicles) are relying neither on state-of-the-art datasets nor on recent breakthrough machine learning approaches. We, therefore, argue that the use of the latest datasets and machine learning techniques will minimize false detection and improve model performance. In addition, the present work covers a comprehensive list of associated challenges ranging from failure to detect hotspot areas to limitations in training datasets. Future research directions identified include the design and development of algorithms for real-time animal detection systems. The latter provides a rationale for the applicability of our proposed solutions, for which we designed a continuous product development lifecycle to determine their feasibility. Full article

This article describes the issue of the influences of the time factor and wildlife populations on road animal–vehicle crashes. The article presents problems associated with animal–vehicle crashes in Poland. They are the subject of many court disputes. For the purposes of the study, data on animal–vehicle road crashes were obtained from the SEWiK database, as well as data on the numbers of animals in hunting districts from 2016–2020. The relationship between the number of road crashes and time was analysed, and the relationships between the numbers of road crashes and the animal populations, as well as the locations, types, and categories of the hunting districts, were analysed as well. The factors related to changes in the wildlife populations, road crashes in previous years, and the lengths of the road networks were also analysed. The research shows no relationship between the abundance of a particular species and the number of road crashes. Instead, there is a correlation between the number of crashes in previous years and the road network length. Full article

Vehicle collisions with animals pose serious issues in countries with well-developed highway networks. Both expanding wildlife populations and the development of urbanised areas reduce the potential contact distance between wildlife species and vehicles. Many recent studies have been conducted to better understand the factors that influence wildlife–vehicle collisions (WVCs) and provide mitigation methods. Most of these studies examined road density, traffic volume, seasonal fluctuations, etc. However, in analysing the distribution of WVC, few studies have considered a spatial and significant distance geostatistical analysis approach that includes how different land-use categories are associated with the distance to WVCs. Our study investigated the spatial distribution of agricultural land, meadows and pastures, forests, built-up areas, rivers, lakes, and ponds, to highlight the most dangerous sections of roadways where WVCs occur. We examined six potential ‘hot spot’ distances (5–10–25–50–100–200 m) to evaluate the role different landscape elements play in the occurrence of WVC. The near analysis tool showed that a distance of 10–25 m to different landscape elements provided the most sensitive results. Hot spots associated with agricultural land, forests, as well as meadows and pastures, peaked on roadways in close proximity (10 m), while hot spots associated with built-up areas, rivers, lakes, and ponds peaked on roadways farther (200 m) from these land-use types. We found that the order of habitat importance in WVC hot spots was agricultural land < forests < meadows and pastures < built-up areas < rivers < lakes and ponds. This methodological approach includes general hot-spot analysis as well as differentiated distance analysis which helps to better reveal the influence of landscape structure on WVCs. Full article

In recent decades, rapid industrial growth has accelerated the construction of new roads, which has led to the destruction and isolation of wildlife habitats. Newly constructed roads affect wildlife in many ways. In particular, fatal wildlife-vehicle collisions (WVCs) have a direct impact on wildlife. A substantial number of WVCs occur every year on expressways, where vehicle speeds and vehicle traffic are significant. However, our understanding of the relative importance of the factors associated with areas in which large numbers of WVCs occur on the expressway remains poor. Therefore, herein, we analyze the spatial characteristics of WVCs. The effect of spatial distribution on the occurrence of WVCs was analyzed using the types of land cover in the areas where water deer appear (Cheongju, Boeun, and Sangju) and the areas in which WVCs occur along the Cheongju–Sangju Expressway (CSE). We identified the WVC hotspots by using CSE patrol data recorded between January 2008 and December 2019, and we analyzed the corresponding distribution patterns and land cover characteristics. Along the CSE, a total of 1082 WVCs occurred, out of which collisions involving water deer (Hydropotes inermis argyropus) accounted for 91%. Water deer appear frequently in Forested Areas and Agricultural Land, but the WVC distribution in the Hotspots followed a highly clustered pattern, with a higher proportion of WVCs occurring in Used Areas (areas including buildings such as residential facilities, commercial and industrial facilities, and transportation facilities). Used Areas have a smaller cut slope compared to Forested Areas, and Used Areas are open terrains. Therefore, the occurrence of WVCs will be high given that wildlife can easily access the expressway. Based on these results, we can infer that the landscapes near the expressway influence the occurrence of WVCs. To establish an effective policy for reducing WVCs on a road, the WVC characteristics and spatial distribution of the road should be considered together. Further research on the wildlife ecology and land-use status of WVC hotspots is required to mitigate WVCs on expressways and protect human and animal life. Therefore, if the characteristics of WVC hotspots are analyzed considering the characteristics of various ecosystems, an appropriate WVC reduction plan can be established. Full article