Search Results (49)

In wine production, technology influences its chemical composition, which in turn affects its organoleptic properties. As a result, innovative production techniques play a crucial role on the competitive wine market. Underwater wine aging has gained increasing popularity in recent years as an innovative method that can expand the variety of products available and bring engaging story telling. Some companies now offer this service to wine producers, although there is still limited knowledge about its effects on different wine types. This preliminary study investigated the impact of underwater aging by examining a well-structured red wine that was submerged for several months in spring water, comparing them to the same wine aged in a cellar for the same period. The chemical properties of the wines were analyzed after both the first (12 months of underwater and cellar aging), second (another 12 months), and third aging periods (further 12 months), to determine if there were any significant differences between them. The results revealed that underwater aging had a significant impact on the wines’ chemical composition. The dissolved oxygen level and total anthocyanin content were most notably affected by the different aging methods, while the phenolic profile and color compounds showed less influence from the treatments. The sensory test indicated that the wines aged under water and in the cellar were perceived differently, depending on the aging method and the time of evaluation (after 12, 24 or 36 months). The results of the organoleptic tests underline how the effect of the conservation environment on the sensory properties is of greater impact in the early stages of post-bottling refinement, while the differences tend to disappear when the post-bottling refinement is extended up to 36 months. The first results of a second experimental campaign seem to confirm the trends detected in the first one, although with less evidence. Further investigation is required to gain a comprehensive understanding of the complexities of underwater aging and its wider impact on wine production. Full article

The conservation of biodiversity and the balance between ecological and societal needs are critical but often contested global issues. Wildlife-vehicle collision (WVC) on vital infrastructure, especially linear infrastructure, remains a persistent challenge from policy to practice and poses a serious life-threatening implication to humans and other non-human lives. Addressing this issue effectively requires solutions that provide win-win outcomes from both ecological and societal perspectives. This study critically analyzes a decade of roadkill incidents along Nepal’s longest East-West national highway, which passes through a biologically diverse national park in the western Terai Arc Landscape Area (TAL). Findings are drawn from field-based primary data collection of the period 2012–2022, secondary literature review, key informant interviews, and spatial analysis. The study reveals significant variations in roadkill incidence across areas and years. Despite Bardia National Park being larger and having a higher wildlife density, Banke National Park recorded higher roadkill rates. This is attributed to insufficient mitigation measures and law enforcement, more straight highway segments, and the absence of buffer zones between the core park and adjacent forest areas—only a road separates them. Wild boars (Sus scrofa) and spotted deer (Axis axis), the primary prey of Bengal tigers (Panthera tigris tigris), were the most frequently road-killed species. This may contribute to human-tiger conflicts, as observed in the study areas. Seasonal trends showed that reptiles were at higher risk during the wet season and mammals during winter. Hotspots were often located near checkpoints and water bodies, highlighting the need for targeted mitigation efforts such as wildlife crossings and provisioning wildlife requirements such as water, grassland, and shelter away from the regular traffic roads. Roadkill frequency was also influenced by forest cover and time of day, with more incidents occurring at dawn and dusk when most of the herbivores become more active in search of food, shelter, water, and their herds. The findings underscore the importance of road characteristics, animal behavior, and landscape features in roadkill occurrences. Effective mitigation strategies include wildlife crossings, speed limits, warning signs, and public education campaigns. Further research is needed to understand the factors in driving variations between parks and to assess the effectiveness of mitigation measures. Full article

Brazil is among the four largest global food producers and is a significant consumer of pesticides. However, the current management of pesticide residues in Brazil faces substantial challenges, including fragmented data, limited access to reliable information, and weak inter-institutional coordination. These shortcomings hinder effective monitoring and enforcement. This study evaluates the existing framework for managing pesticide residues in food, water, and soil in Brazil, identifying gaps and proposing strategies for improvement. Key recommendations include the establishment of an inter-institutional steering committee, the development of a unified digital platform for data sharing, and the implementation of a National Pesticide Residue Management Programme (NPRMP). The NPRMP would define measurable targets to reduce contamination in food and the environment, promote sustainable agricultural practices, and enhance the monitoring of pesticide residues. Capacity-building through continuous professional training and public education campaigns is essential to ensure the programme’s successful implementation. Financial resources may be drawn from various sources, including budgetary allocations by the federal government; donations from individuals or legal entities, whether public or private, domestic or international; funds from the National Fund for Scientific and Technological Development (FNDCT); and contributions from the National Environmental Fund. This integrated approach aims to reinforce regulatory mechanisms, safeguard public health, and ensure environmental conservation within the context of Brazil’s expanding agricultural sector. Full article

As water scarcity and environmental sustainability become increasingly critical global concerns, there is a growing need to identify alternative water resources. This study investigates public acceptance of Rainwater Harvesting (RWH) systems in Brunei Darussalam for non-potable uses and ablution purposes. Using an extended Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) framework, the research evaluates key factors influencing public perceptions, including Perceived Ease of Use (PEU), Perceived Usefulness (PU), Attitude Towards Use (ATU), Intentions to Use (ITU), and external factors such as Perceived Cost (PC), Subjective Knowledge (SK), and Technical Requirements (TR). Survey data were analyzed through regression techniques to assess these relationships. The results validate the TAM framework for understanding acceptance of RWH systems and highlight strong positive relationships between PEU, PU, and ATU, with ATU emerging as the strongest predictor of behavioral intentions (ITU). External factors like PC and TR were identified as barriers to adoption, emphasizing the need for financial incentives and technical support. Additionally, subjective knowledge was found to positively influence PU and ITU, underscoring the importance of public awareness campaigns. While concerns about the safety and quality of recycled rainwater were present, they were not significant deterrents to acceptance. The findings also reveal broad support for initiatives such as education, technical guidance, and maintenance services to enhance adoption. Muslim respondents expressed positive attitudes toward using rainwater for ablution, aligning with religious principles of water conservation. This study provides valuable insights for policymakers and relevant agencies to promote RWH systems as a sustainable water management solution, aligning with global Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 6 (Clean Water and Sanitation), 12 (Responsible Consumption and Production), and 13 (Climate Action). Full article

Background: Proteolytic cleavage of inactive pathogen proteins by furin is critical for their entry into human cells, and thus furin cleavage of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein was identified as a prerequisite for virus binding and the subsequent infection of human cells in the recent COVID-19 pandemic. We report a water-aware structure-based protease inhibitor design study. Methods: Our efforts focused on the biological evaluation of small molecule inhibitors that emerged from a conserved water-aware virtual screening campaign of a library of compounds that shared structural or physicochemical properties with known furin inhibitors exhibiting newly recognized binding modes. Results: We identified a novel small-molecule furin protease inhibitor with a 1,3-thiazol-2-ylaminosulfonyl scaffold. Namely, the compound N-[4-(1,3-thiazol-2-ylaminosulfonyl)phenyl]-3-{(E)-5-[(2-methoxyphenyl)methylene]-4-oxo-2-thioxo-1,3-thiazolidin-3-yl}propionamide showed an IC₅₀ value of 17.58 μM, comparable to other published inhibitors. Conclusions: This compound could represent a starting point for the further design and development of non-peptidic, small-molecule furin inhibitors that could assist in furin cleavage studies and coronaviral pathogenesis. Full article

Wetlands are among the world’s valuable ecosystems for biodiversity conservation, but they are also among the most threatened habitats, heavily impacted by human pressures and threats. The Mediterranean basin features numerous small lakes, ponds, and pools, whose number and quality are decreasing at an alarming rate, and whose biodiversity is often little or not at all known. As a better knowledge of the biotic components of these minor water bodies is necessary, with this aim a phytosociological survey campaign was carried out in southern Tuscany (central Italy), an area where little information is available on the vegetation of aquatic and palustrine biotopes. Numerous previously unknown water bodies were located and surveyed in this work, while others already known were resurveyed. These investigations allowed us to identify 28 plant communities which can be classified into seven syntaxonomic classes. A new subassociation (Ranunculo ophioglossifolii-Callitrichetum stagnalis subass. ranunculetosum peltati) is described. The identification of the site-associated Natura2000 habitats led to the recognition of five habitats of conservation interest at the national and European level. The results of these investigations will improve the knowledge of the flora and vegetation of these small but valuable natural areas, providing a basis for their conservation. Full article

Estuary perch (Percalates colonorum) are a long-lived and slow-growing species which are distributed throughout southeastern Australian estuaries. In Tasmania, only one known population remains which is located in the Arthur River, on the remote northwest coast. Tasmania is the only Australian state to list estuary perch as a wholly protected species (recreational and commercial), while other populations across their mainland distribution appear to be robust. A survey undertaken on estuary perch in the Arthur River in 2014–2015 indicated that the population was small (825–2375 fish) and dominated by three age classes between 12 and 14 years old. This population also has extremely low genetic diversity and is genetically distinct to mainland populations due to its geographic isolation. During a re-survey in December 2023, 378 estuary perch were captured, with 191 tagged and released, and 31 fish retained for age and gonad analysis. Although three strong age classes were detected (five, eight and twenty-three years), numerous weak and missing cohorts were apparent. This study also confirms this population has a delayed spawning season in comparison to mainland populations, with growth models and tag recaptures (32 fish) demonstrating a very slow but sexually dimorphic growth rate. By combining the datasets of the 2014/15 and 2023 survey, we present an updated understanding of the biology and population dynamics of this unique Tasmanian population, which has previously never been published. The results confirm the population is still reproductively active and stable; however, due to their restricted distribution, variable recruitment, slow growth, and small population, further conservation efforts are still required. Further legislative listings at both the state and federal levels are possible, which if progressed could provide additional protection and assist in applications for external funding and resources. This will support the development of a recovery plan which will consider re-stocking efforts and re-establishment of previously inhabited waters and investigate potential actions to improve the genetics of the Tasmanian population. Additionally, educational campaigns to inform the public and recreational fishers on the status of estuary perch in Tasmania will be undertaken. Full article

On the surface of the Cave of Altamira’s prehistoric paintings, a series of active deterioration processes are evident, leading to significant alterations of this invaluable heritage. This study proposes a comprehensive methodology for the systematic recording and management of these alterations. To achieve this, advanced microphotogrammetric monitoring techniques are employed, allowing for the acquisition of very high-resolution images that provide objective and quantifiable data that let us determine the evolution of the alterations. By comparing these images with those from earlier campaigns, the study tracks changes. The data collected through this protocol has helped with the development of new research avenues to understand, among the many alteration processes that impact paintings, the dynamics of water and fluid mechanics affecting the conservation of Cave of Altamira. These investigations help clarify how, why, and at what rate degradation processes such as pigment migration, washing, and bacterial colonization occur. The insights gained from these techniques inform indirect conservation measures aimed at reducing the deterioration of the cave art, located both on the Polychrome ceiling and throughout the rest of the Cave of Altamira. The results underline the importance of regular monitoring and the application of precise, non-invasive techniques to protect rock art from continued degradation. This research provides a model for similar conservation initiatives at other vulnerable heritage sites. Full article

This study evaluates the habitat of the Bocachico fish (Prochilodus magdalenae) in the Ciénaga de Betancí, Colombia, using a habitat suitability index (HSI) model. Wetlands like the Ciénaga de Betancí are under significant pressure from anthropogenic activities, affecting biodiversity and ecosystem health. The Bocachico, a species of immense cultural and economic importance, faces habitat degradation and fragmentation. Using hydrodynamic and water quality data, a numerical model (EFDC+ Explorer 11.5), and field data collected from multiple sampling campaigns, we assessed habitat suitability based on five key parameters: water temperature, dissolved oxygen, ammonia nitrogen, velocity, and depth. The model results indicated that environmental conditions in the wetland remained relatively stable during the dry season, with an average HSI score of 0.67, where 9% of the wetland area displayed acceptable conditions, and the remaining 91% displayed medium conditions. The wet season, on the other hand, had an average HSI score of 0.64, with 7.2% of the area in the acceptable suitability range, and the remaining 92.8% in the medium category. Variations in HSI were primarily driven by ammonia nitrogen levels, water velocity, and depth. Despite limited fluctuations in the HSI, areas of low suitability were identified, particularly in regions impacted by human activities. These findings have practical implications for conservation strategies, providing valuable insights for the sustainable management and conservation of the Ciénaga de Betancí, informing strategies for improving habitat conditions for the Bocachico, and supporting wetland restoration efforts. Full article

In the central region of Chile, the Mega-Drought together with the demographic increase near the coast threatens groundwater availability and the hydrogeological functioning of coastal wetlands. To understand the hydric relationship between an aquifer and a wetland in a semi-arid coastal region of Central Chile (Valparaíso, Chile), as well as its geoenvironmental effects, four data collection campaigns were conducted in the wetland–estuary hydric system and surroundings, between 2021 and 2022, including physical, hydrochemical, and isotopic analyses in groundwater (n = 16 sites) and surface water (n = 8 sites). The results generated a conceptual model that indicates a hydraulic connection between the wetland and the aquifer, where the water use in one affects the availability in the other. With an average precipitation of 400 mm per year, the main recharge for both systems is rainwater. Three specific sources of pollution were identified from anthropic discharges that affect the water quality of the wetland and the estuary (flow from sanitary landfill, agricultural and livestock industry, and septic tank discharges in populated areas), exacerbated by the infiltration of seawater laterally and superficially through sandy sediments and the estuary, increasing salinity and electrical conductivity in the coastal zone (i.e., 3694 µS/cm). The Del Sauce subbasin faces strong hydric stress triggered by the poor conservation state of the riparian–coastal wetland and groundwater in the same area. This study provides a detailed understanding of hydrological interactions and serves as a model for understanding the possible effects on similar ecosystems, highlighting the need for integrated and appropriate environmental management. Full article

Mediterranean Temporary Ponds (MTPs) represent a priority habitat according to Directive 92/43/EEC (Natura 2000 code: 3170*). These are very shallow water habitats only seasonally flooded, with a flora mainly composed of Mediterranean therophytic and geophytic species. Its extreme seasonality and small size make this habitat highly vulnerable and hard to manage. In recent Italian monitoring campaigns, the conservation status of MTP 3170* was considered inadequate. In Apulia, where the habitat is considered as “the most vulnerable type”, 73 sites were censused, with a total coverage of about 10,000 m². The present work refers to the monitoring for three years of a total of 16 habitat 3170* sites, with the aim of better describing faunal indicator species for this priority habitat. A total of 158 taxa of flora and 103 of fauna were identified from 54 floristic and 44 faunistic samplings in total, with a robust updating of the listed biodiversity. For the first time a group of faunal species is proposed as an indicator of the habitat MTP 3170*. The conservation status, assessed on the basis of structural and functional criteria, gave a satisfactory status for seven sites and an unsatisfactory one (variously rated as inadequate or bad) for nine. Full article

As part of a long-term campaign to document, study, and conserve the Heroes tapestries from The Cloisters collection at The Metropolitan Museum of Art, organic colorant analysis of Julius Caesar (accession number 47.101.3) was performed. Analysis with liquid chromatography–quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-qToF-MS) revealed the presence of several multiply chlorinated xanthones produced only by certain species of lichen. Various lichen dye sources have been documented in the literature for centuries and are classified as either ammonia fermentation method (AFM) or boiling water method (BWM) dyes based on their method of production. However, none of these known sources produce the distinctive metabolites present in the tapestry. LC-qToF-MS was also used to compare the chemical composition of the dyes in the tapestry with that of several species of crustose lichen. Lichen metabolites, including thiophanic acid and arthothelin, were definitively identified in the tapestry based on comparison with lichen xanthone standards and a reference of Lecanora sulphurata, confirming the presence of a lichen source. This finding marks the first time that lichen xanthones have been identified in a historic object and the first evidence that BWM lichen dyes may have been used prior to the eighteenth century. Full article

Environmental sustainability in educational institutions is a critical concern for addressing global challenges. This research presents a comprehensive framework for sustainable energy conservation, behavior change, and recycling practices in schools, with the aim of fostering environmental consciousness among students and enhancing overall educational quality. The framework integrates solar photovoltaic (PV) systems, encouraging students’ participation in their maintenance while repurposing collected water for plant irrigation and using organic waste as a natural fertilizer. By creating a micro-ecosystem within schools, the approach cultivates a generation of environmentally aware individuals who actively contribute to environmental stewardship. The framework aligns with Saudi Arabia’s 2030 vision of improving quality of life and increasing green surfaces. It promotes environmental awareness, facilitates clean energy adoption, and reduces operational costs. The role of municipalities and recycling bodies is crucial for its successful execution, involving waste management support, educational programs, and regulatory compliance. Through collaboration between schools, municipalities, and recycling bodies, the framework aims to create a culture of sustainability. It envisions students as advocates, gaining experiential knowledge in renewable energy technologies and waste management. This research offers a roadmap for schools to integrate solar energy, behavior change, and recycling practices, positioning them as leaders in environmental stewardship. The framework underscores the importance of collaborative efforts, financial support, and awareness campaigns. By embracing this comprehensive approach, schools can play a pivotal role in mitigating climate change, promoting sustainable living, and inspiring a brighter future for generations to come. Full article

Microplastic pollution has emerged as a global environmental concern, exhibiting wide distribution within marine ecosystems, including the Arctic Ocean. Limited Arctic microplastic data exist from beached plastics, seabed sediments, floating plastics, and sea ice. However, no studies have examined microplastics in the sea ice of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago and Tallurutiup Imanga National Marine Conservation Area, and few have explored Arctic marginal seas’ water column. The majority of the microplastic data originates from the Eurasian Arctic, with limited data available from other regions of the Arctic Ocean. This study presents data from two distinct campaigns in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago and Western Arctic marginal seas in 2019 and 2020. These campaigns involved sampling from different regions and matrices, making direct comparisons inappropriate. The study’s primary objective is to provide insights into the spatial and vertical distribution of microplastics. The results reveal elevated microplastic concentrations within the upper 50 m of the water column and significant accumulation in the sea ice, providing evidence to support the designation of sea ice as a microplastic sink. Surface seawater exhibits a gradient of microplastic counts, decreasing from the Chukchi Sea towards the Beaufort Sea. Polyvinyl chloride polymer (~60%) dominated microplastic composition in both sea ice and seawater. This study highlights the need for further investigations in this region to enhance our understanding of microplastic sources, distribution, and transport. Full article

In this study, we combined machine learning and remote sensing techniques to estimate the value of chlorophyll-a concentration in a freshwater ecosystem in the South American continent (lake in Southern Chile). In a previous study, nine artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms were tested to predict water quality data from measurements during monitoring campaigns. In this study, in addition to field data (Case A), meteorological variables (Case B) and satellite data (Case C) were used to predict chlorophyll-a in Lake Llanquihue. The models used were SARIMAX, LSTM, and RNN, all of which showed generally good statistics for the prediction of the chlorophyll-a variable. Model validation metrics showed that all three models effectively predicted chlorophyll as an indicator of the presence of algae in water bodies. Coefficient of determination values ranging from 0.64 to 0.93 were obtained, with the LSTM model showing the best statistics in any of the cases tested. The LSTM model generally performed well across most stations, with lower values for MSE (<0.260 (μg/L)²), RMSE (<0.510 ug/L), MaxError (<0.730 μg/L), and MAE (<0.442 μg/L). This model, which combines machine learning and remote sensing techniques, is applicable to other Chilean and world lakes that have similar characteristics. In addition, it is a starting point for decision-makers in the protection and conservation of water resource quality. Full article