Sustainable Integration of Solar Energy, Behavior Change, and Recycling Practices in Educational Institutions: A Holistic Framework for Environmental Conservation and Quality Education

: Environmental sustainability in educational institutions is a critical concern for addressing global challenges. This research presents a comprehensive framework for sustainable energy conservation, behavior change, and recycling practices in schools, with the aim of fostering environmental consciousness among students and enhancing overall educational quality. The framework integrates solar photovoltaic (PV) systems, encouraging students’ participation in their maintenance while repurposing collected water for plant irrigation and using organic waste as a natural fertilizer. By creating a micro-ecosystem within schools, the approach cultivates a generation of environmentally aware individuals who actively contribute to environmental stewardship. The framework aligns with Saudi Arabia’s 2030 vision of improving quality of life and increasing green surfaces. It promotes environmental awareness, facilitates clean energy adoption, and reduces operational costs. The role of municipalities and recycling bodies is crucial for its successful execution, involving waste management support, educational programs, and regulatory compliance. Through collaboration between schools, municipalities, and recycling bodies, the framework aims to create a culture of sustainability. It envisions students as advocates, gaining experiential knowledge in renewable energy technologies and waste management. This research offers a roadmap for schools to integrate solar energy, behavior change, and recycling practices, positioning them as leaders in environmental stewardship. The framework underscores the importance of collaborative efforts, ﬁnancial support, and awareness campaigns. By embracing this comprehensive approach, schools can play a pivotal role in mitigating climate change, promoting sustainable living, and inspiring a brighter future for generations to come.


Introduction
In the face of escalating global environmental challenges, educational institutions play a pivotal role in shaping environmentally conscious individuals and fostering sustainable practices.This paper presents a comprehensive framework designed to address the pressing issue of declining environmental sustainability, with a specific focus on schools.The proposed framework integrates solar photovoltaic (PV) systems, behavior change initiatives, and recycling practices to create a micro-ecosystem within schools.Through this holistic approach, schools are transformed into educational platforms that actively promote environmental stewardship and renewable energy adoption.
The framework's core components interact synergistically.Solar PV systems not only reduce schools' dependence on conventional energy sources but also become learning tools for students engaged in their maintenance.Collected water from cleaning activities is harnessed for plant irrigation, reinforcing the concept of resource efficiency.Additionally, theoretical frameworks that informed the proposed comprehensive framework.
Simulation and Economic Analysis: To assess the economic viability of solar PV sy tem integration, a virtual simulation was executed.Data from the PVWatts Calculator a related sources were utilized to model the energy output, cost savings, and return on vestment over a 25-year period.This quantitative approach enabled an estimation of t potential financial benefits and supported the economic feasibility of the proposed fram work.By employing this multifaceted research methodology, this study presents a robu foundation for the comprehensive framework's conceptualization, development, a practical implementation to enhance energy conservation and environmental sustainab ity in educational institutions.

Literature Review
The literature review explores previous studies and research related to energy co servation in schools, focusing on the utilization of solar photovoltaic systems and susta able practices.Several studies have emphasized the importance of energy-efficie measures in educational institutions, highlighting the significant impact they can have reducing energy consumption and promoting sustainability.
According to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency [1], schools are consider key contributors to energy consumption due to their large building footprints and inte sive energy requirements.This has prompted researchers and educators to explore va ous strategies for optimizing energy use in schools.In their study, Bae and colleagu found that implementing energy-saving measures, such as efficient lighting systems a smart HVAC controls, can lead to significant energy reduction and cost savings [2].
Buildings and construction industries account for 27% of all energy sector emissio and 30% of the total world final energy consumption [3].Buildings continue to use mo energy as a result of increased energy access in developing nations, rising air conditioni demand in tropical regions, increased ownership and use of energy-intensive applianc and the rapid increase in the area of buildings around the world [4].Within this sect school buildings carry a social responsibility, serving as educational platforms to ra awareness and promote energy-efficient practices among students, teachers, and famili Studies have demonstrated that energy education can effectively contribute to policy go Field Study and Observations: A comprehensive field study was conducted in various educational institutions to assess the existing energy consumption patterns, waste management practices, and environmental awareness levels.Observations were made to identify areas of excessive energy usage, potential for solar PV system integration, and current waste management challenges.This qualitative approach provided insights into the practical context of schools' environmental practices.
Literature Review: A thorough literature review was conducted to explore the existing body of knowledge on energy conservation, renewable energy integration, behavioral change strategies, and waste management practices in educational settings.This qualitative analysis facilitated the identification of best practices, success stories, and relevant theoretical frameworks that informed the proposed comprehensive framework.
Simulation and Economic Analysis: To assess the economic viability of solar PV system integration, a virtual simulation was executed.Data from the PVWatts Calculator and related sources were utilized to model the energy output, cost savings, and return on investment over a 25-year period.This quantitative approach enabled an estimation of the potential financial benefits and supported the economic feasibility of the proposed framework.
By employing this multifaceted research methodology, this study presents a robust foundation for the comprehensive framework's conceptualization, development, and practical implementation to enhance energy conservation and environmental sustainability in educational institutions.

Literature Review
The literature review explores previous studies and research related to energy conservation in schools, focusing on the utilization of solar photovoltaic systems and sustainable practices.Several studies have emphasized the importance of energy-efficient measures in educational institutions, highlighting the significant impact they can have on reducing energy consumption and promoting sustainability.
According to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency [1], schools are considered key contributors to energy consumption due to their large building footprints and intensive energy requirements.This has prompted researchers and educators to explore various strategies for optimizing energy use in schools.In their study, Bae and colleagues found that implementing energy-saving measures, such as efficient lighting systems and smart HVAC controls, can lead to significant energy reduction and cost savings [2].
Buildings and construction industries account for 27% of all energy sector emissions and 30% of the total world final energy consumption [3].Buildings continue to use more energy as a result of increased energy access in developing nations, rising air conditioning demand in tropical regions, increased ownership and use of energy-intensive appliances, and the rapid increase in the area of buildings around the world [4].Within this sector, school buildings carry a social responsibility, serving as educational platforms to raise awareness and promote energy-efficient practices among students, teachers, and families.Studies have demonstrated that energy education can effectively contribute to policy goals for energy conservation and efficiency.For instance, Gill and Lang observed an 8% reduction in home electricity consumption among school students exposed to environmental education [5].Altuntaş and Turan found that students had an intermediate level of aware-ness about renewable energy sources, highlighting the importance of providing education on renewables [6].
Air-conditioning and lighting represent the primary energy consumption areas [5,7].Cauchi and colleagues developed a model-based dynamic algorithm for optimal system adjustment and maintenance to reduce this excess consumption [8].Chen and colleagues introduced a passive design approach considering lighting quality and multi-objective optimization [9].Ventilation systems, which are crucial for maintaining indoor air quality, represent areas for improvement to avoid excessive GHG emissions in schools.Gil-Baez and colleagues demonstrated the inefficiency of mechanical ventilation systems in Mediterranean schools [10].Yang and Li proposed a stack-based hybrid ventilation system as an alternative to reduce the energy consumption of active ventilation systems [11].Wang and colleagues achieved significant energy savings by implementing heat recovery ventilators in air conditioning systems [12].Efficient energy management and usage have also been identified as important factors, as variations in primary consumption were observed in schools with similar characteristics.
In previous studies, researchers have proposed various methodologies and models to assess energy consumption, evaluate performance, and promote energy savings in schools.Kipping and Tromborg developed a simulation model to analyze electricity and district heat consumption in a school building [13].Zanni and colleagues presented a methodology to assess the energy consumption and GHG emissions associated with heating in Italian school buildings [14].Pereira and colleagues proposed using school buildings as communication media to raise awareness about low-carbon energy use [15].The Educa-RUE Project introduced specific measures and tools to enhance energy efficiency in educational buildings and engage local stakeholders [16].Calibrated building simulations using reliable engines such as DOE 2.2 or EnergyPlus have been employed to analyze energy consumption in school buildings in a short time step; however, these simulations require extensive input data and can be time-consuming, introducing uncertainties when data are lacking [17].
The urgency to reduce GHG emissions and combat global warming is evident in the increasing reduction targets set worldwide.The European Union (EU) achieved a 31% reduction in GHG emissions compared to the 1990 levels by 2020, marking a significant milestone in its sustainability efforts [18].In line with the objectives of the Paris Agreement, the European Commission introduced the European Green Deal in 2019, presenting an ambitious roadmap to accelerate the transition to a low-carbon economy.The European Green Deal encompasses a comprehensive set of actions aimed at further strengthening GHG emission reduction targets to 55% by 2030 and achieving full decarbonization of the EU's economy by 2050.
To facilitate the transition to low-carbon energy schools, the European Commission has encouraged strategies for renovating educational buildings, implementing passive and active strategies, and optimizing energy consumption management [17].The European Energy Performance in Buildings Directive (EPBD) promotes evaluation methods for energy performance to achieve rational energy use and reduce environmental impacts [19].Energy Performance Certificates (EPCs) are commonly used to assess energy performance and inform end-users about potential energy savings [20].However, the calculation of EPCs often relies on standard values, default assumptions, and simplified procedures, which can lead to discrepancies between simulated and actual energy use [15].This limitation hinders the accurate evaluation of energy savings and the effectiveness of low-carbon energy retrofitting [20].
The development of low-carbon energy schools aligns with the European Commission's strategies, aiming for a significant reduction in energy consumption.However, challenges remain in obtaining realistic values for energy assessments without increasing data collection costs.The use of calibrated simulations and the development of accurate assessment methods are crucial for supporting a sustainable energy transition and achieving realistic energy saving calculations [20].
Research suggests that schools can achieve substantial energy savings by efficiently adjusting their energy demand and implementing low-carbon strategies, leading to significant GHG emission reductions.UK schools, for example, could achieve GBP 44 million in savings and a reduction of 625,000 tons of GHG emissions [21].Gil-Baez and colleagues achieved primary energy savings of 18-33% in Mediterranean schools through the passive implementation of natural ventilation systems [10].Berardi and colleagues evaluated energy retrofit solutions in a Barcelona school and identified effective strategies based on passive design solutions, including improved insulation to reduce heat losses [22].Lou and colleagues demonstrated the potential for zero-energy school buildings in Hong Kong through high-performance building envelopes, efficient air-conditioning systems, lighting fixtures, and integrated photovoltaic panels [23].
Furthermore, the integration of renewable energy sources, particularly solar photovoltaic systems, has gained considerable attention in recent years.Incorporating solar panels on school rooftops can generate clean energy, reduce reliance on fossil fuels, contribute to the overall sustainability of educational institutions, engage students in environmental education, and promote a sense of environmental responsibility [24].
Solar photovoltaic technology traces back to the 19th century, and over time, significant advancements have been made in terms of its efficiency, cost-effectiveness, and application diversity.The current state of the art involves the use of advanced materials, improved module designs, energy storage integration, and a continuous reduction in production costs, leading to the widespread deployment of solar PV systems.
The development of solar photovoltaic technology dates back to the 19th century, when the photovoltaic effect was first discovered by Alexandre-Edmond Becquerel in 1839 [25].However, it was not until several decades later that significant advancements in solar cell technology were made.In the 1950s, scientists at Bell Laboratories, namely Daryl Chapin, Calvin Fuller, and Gerald Pearson, invented the first practical silicon solar cell, marking a major milestone in the history of solar PV technology.
Since then, research and development efforts have focused on improving the efficiency and cost-effectiveness of solar PV technology.The introduction of new materials, such as thin-film solar cells using materials such as cadmium telluride (CdTe) and copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS), has expanded the possibilities for solar PV applications [26].
In recent years, significant progress has been made in solar PV technology, leading to its increased efficiency, reduced costs, and widespread adoption.One notable advancement is the development of multi-junction solar cells, which utilize multiple layers of semiconducting materials to capture a broader spectrum of sunlight and achieve higher conversion efficiencies [27].Moreover, research has focused on improving the performance and durability of solar panels.Innovations such as anti-reflective coatings, improved cell interconnection techniques, and enhanced module designs have contributed to higher energy yields and increased system reliability [28].
The integration of PV systems with energy storage technologies, such as lithium-ion batteries, has also gained prominence, enabling the utilization of solar energy even during periods of low sunlight or at night [29].Furthermore, advancements in manufacturing processes, such as the use of advanced printing techniques and roll-to-roll production, have helped reduce production costs and make solar PV more economically viable [30].
In terms of market growth, the solar PV industry has experienced remarkable expansion globally.Falling module prices, government incentives, and increased public awareness of environmental issues have contributed to the widespread adoption of solar PV systems in residential, commercial, and utility-scale applications [31].
This rise in solar photovoltaic generation has made it the fastest-growing technology and the most accepted, contributing to cumulative energy capacity among renewable technologies [4] (Figure 2).This rise in solar photovoltaic generation has made it the fastest-growing technology and the most accepted, contributing to cumulative energy capacity among renewable technologies [4] (Figure 2).Despite the temporary higher investment costs associated with elevated commodity prices, a utility-scale solar PV system remains the most cost-effective option for new electricity generation in the majority of countries worldwide.Furthermore, distributed solar PV applications, such as rooftop installations, are expected to experience accelerated growth driven by higher retail electricity prices and growing policy support.This presents an opportunity for consumers to actively participate in energy conservation efforts and save money on their energy bills while contributing to the overall sustainability of the energy sector.However, this rapid growth necessitates enhanced policy, collaborative efforts from both public and private stakeholders, and a particular focus on grid integration and the mitigation of policy, regulation, and financing challenges.These challenges are particularly pronounced in emerging and developing economies, where additional support and concerted actions are crucial to realize the full potential of solar PV technology.
The literature reveals the growing concern for reducing greenhouse gas emissions and achieving sustainable energy consumption.Schools, as educational institutions and large energy consumers, have the potential to play a significant role in energy conservation efforts.By harnessing solar PVs' benefits and integrating them effectively into the energy management systems of educational institutions, schools can significantly contribute to reducing their carbon footprint, saving energy costs, promoting sustainable practices for students through providing educational platforms, instilling eco-friendly habits, and engaging in renewable energy initiatives.Raising awareness and changing students' behavior toward the environment will help foster a sustainable future.
Utilizing PVs as a clean source of energy has been the subject of many studies in Saudi Arabia.For example, Awan et al. analyzed solar energy resources and the performance of photovoltaic systems in various regions of Saudi Arabia [32].The study collected data on the solar radiation and energy output from 100 kW PV systems at 44 different locations across the country.The results show that several factors, including solar radiation, temperature, and load profile influence the performance of a photovoltaic system in Saudi Arabia.As a result, the coastal areas have lower solar radiation due to cloudy and Despite the temporary higher investment costs associated with elevated commodity prices, a utility-scale solar PV system remains the most cost-effective option for new electricity generation in the majority of countries worldwide.Furthermore, distributed solar PV applications, such as rooftop installations, are expected to experience accelerated growth driven by higher retail electricity prices and growing policy support.This presents an opportunity for consumers to actively participate in energy conservation efforts and save money on their energy bills while contributing to the overall sustainability of the energy sector.However, this rapid growth necessitates enhanced policy, collaborative efforts from both public and private stakeholders, and a particular focus on grid integration and the mitigation of policy, regulation, and financing challenges.These challenges are particularly pronounced in emerging and developing economies, where additional support and concerted actions are crucial to realize the full potential of solar PV technology.
The literature reveals the growing concern for reducing greenhouse gas emissions and achieving sustainable energy consumption.Schools, as educational institutions and large energy consumers, have the potential to play a significant role in energy conservation efforts.By harnessing solar PVs' benefits and integrating them effectively into the energy management systems of educational institutions, schools can significantly contribute to reducing their carbon footprint, saving energy costs, promoting sustainable practices for students through providing educational platforms, instilling eco-friendly habits, and engaging in renewable energy initiatives.Raising awareness and changing students' behavior toward the environment will help foster a sustainable future.
Utilizing PVs as a clean source of energy has been the subject of many studies in Saudi Arabia.For example, Awan et al. analyzed solar energy resources and the performance of photovoltaic systems in various regions of Saudi Arabia [32].The study collected data on the solar radiation and energy output from 100 kW PV systems at 44 different locations across the country.The results show that several factors, including solar radiation, temperature, and load profile influence the performance of a photovoltaic system in Saudi Arabia.As a result, the coastal areas have lower solar radiation due to cloudy and humid weather, while dry areas have higher solar radiation.The study identifies the most feasible region for solar PV generation and recommends selecting a site based on the country's load profile.
Alfaraidy and Sulieman examined the economic viability of using PV energy in school buildings in Arar City, Saudi Arabia [33].The researchers collected data on energy consumption through interviews in school buildings and conducted a detailed analysis of a base-case school building.The study concluded that PV energy is economically feasible in school buildings but suggests the need for additional government incentives to encourage its wider adoption.The study also recommended considering PV energy for long-term power generation in educational institutions, urging governments to promote its widespread use through incentives and support.They also emphasize the need for thorough research on the benefits and challenges of PV energy integration.
While the literature demonstrates the positive outcomes of energy conservation efforts in schools, it also acknowledges the existence of barriers and challenges.For instance, research by Carlander and Thollander highlighted financial constraints as a common obstacle for schools seeking to implement energy-saving measures [34].Limited budgets and funding options often hinder the adoption of renewable energy technologies.Additionally, organizational and administrative complexities, lack of awareness, and resistance to change among stakeholders can impede the successful implementation of energy conservation initiatives in schools.
Behavioral aspects play a crucial role in achieving energy conservation goals in schools.A study by Pietrapertosa and colleagues emphasized the significance of behavioral change programs, involving students, teachers, and staff, in promoting energy-saving habits and creating a sustainable school culture [35].By raising awareness, providing education on energy conservation, and encouraging responsible energy use, schools can empower individuals to actively contribute to reducing energy consumption.
Efficient waste management strategies are integral to schools' sustainability.Composting not only reduces waste but also enhances soil quality [36].Recycling initiatives can minimize landfill contributions and inculcate responsible waste practices among students [37].
A team at the Earth Way Center, located within the Missouri Botanic Garden, has crafted an insightful and comprehensive teacher reference guide (The Earthways Center.Strategies for Waste Reduction Projects in Schools: A Resource Guide for Educators.Missouri Botanical Garden.Missouri Department for Natural Resources.(https://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/Portals/0/Sustainability/Sustainable%20Learning/ResourceGuide_newlogos.pdf?ver= 2019-02-13-125528-283) (accessed on 13 May 2023)).This guide serves as a valuable resource, offering a wealth of strategies tailored to facilitate waste reduction initiatives within educational institutions.These strategies are outlined, providing detailed explanations of how to integrate waste reduction practices seamlessly into the curriculum and daily operations of schools.The guide aims to empower educators with the knowledge and confidence to take tangible steps towards waste reduction, transforming their institutions into hubs of eco-consciousness.By offering practical advice, real-world examples, and insightful case studies, the guide supports educators in fostering a culture of environmental responsibility among students, staff, and the broader community.
The literature emphasizes the value of energy efficiency in schools and the range of methods for enhancing it.To improve energy efficiency in educational institutions, studies have concentrated on both technological and social modifications.There are not any comprehensive frameworks that include all the many facets of energy efficiency in schools, though.Existing frameworks frequently place insufficient emphasis on energy literacy, adopt inconsistent stances toward user behavior, and give little thought to stakeholder collaboration and networking.
Brychkov and colleagues conducted an extensive investigation encompassing the experiences of six European nations, subsequently presenting a comprehensive systemic framework for enhancing energy efficiency in educational institutions, which they aptly named ENERGE [38].The ENERGE framework is a comprehensive strategy for raising energy efficiency in educational institutions all around Europe.The framework comprises initiatives and education campaigns to spread awareness of sustainable energy sources and cut carbon emissions.It focuses on how energy service companies, energy performance contracting, energy literacy, and digital transformation in education all play essential roles.In order to create energy-saving programs in schools, the ENERGE project employed various research techniques, including stakeholder analyses and surveys.Additionally, it attempts to provide energy literacy lessons for kids and emphasizes the value of multidisciplinary research and teamwork.The framework prioritizes stakeholder cooperation and value co-creation, but it was faced with issues such as the COVID-19 pandemic and differences in national educational frameworks.
The ENERGE framework suggests a holistic strategy that includes eight critical components to increase energy efficiency in schools throughout Europe.These components consist of the following: 1. Context analysis: examining the ownership and governance, physical characteristics, heating and cooling systems, and energy usage of the school.2. Stakeholder analysis: identifying and evaluating the network of parties with an interest in or bearing an impact on energy efficiency in schools.3. Energy literacy: improving students' and teachers' understanding of energy issues via the use of instructional resources, energy-monitoring activities, and the ENERGE Digital Platform.4. Energy management: using techniques such as energy monitoring, data analyses, and energy-saving measures to control energy usage in schools to the greatest possible extent.5. Building design and retrofitting: enhancing the energy performance of school buildings, taking into account energy-efficient building design concepts and retrofitting techniques.6. Integrating renewable energy sources to provide clean energy and lessen dependency on fossil fuels.Examples of such sources are solar panels and wind turbines.7. Behavior change: encouraging students, instructors, and staff to adopt energy-efficient behaviors through awareness campaigns, contests for conserving energy, and financial rewards.8. Policy and regulation: promoting favorable regional and federal policies and regulations to encourage and enable energy efficiency projects in schools.
The study states that these components could help to improve energy knowledge and efficiency in schools.The context analysis identifies areas for development and allows for the customization of energy efficiency plans to meet the unique requirements of each school.The stakeholder analysis ensures that all pertinent parties are included and working together, promoting a feeling of shared ownership and accountability.Initiatives to promote energy literacy provide instructors and students with the information and abilities they need to make wise energy decisions.By using energy management techniques, schools can keep an eye on and reduce their energy usage.The energy efficiency of educational facilities is increased through architectural design and retrofitting techniques.Utilizing renewable energy resources lessens the need for fossil fuels.Initiatives to modify behavior support a culture of sustainability and energy-saving behaviors.Finally, promoting favorable laws and rules fosters a climate that is conducive to energy-saving programs in schools.
The ENERGE case study offers a wealth of information and lessons that may be used in future work.The first the significance of approaching energy efficiency in schools holistically.Future approaches can create thorough methods that meet the complexity of energy management in educational institutions by taking a variety of factors into account.
The second is the requirement for an ongoing assessment and development of energy efficiency programs.Future procedures should include systems for monitoring and evaluation to judge the success of adopted policies and pinpoint areas for development.
The final lesson is the significance of adaptation and flexibility in putting energysaving measures into practice.In order to maintain long-term sustainability, future practices should be adaptable to evolving technology, regulations, and educational demands.
The literature underscores the urgent need for comprehensive frameworks that encompass renewable energy integration, behavioral change strategies, and waste management practices in schools.This study builds upon these insights to propose a holistic approach that leverages solar PV systems, fosters behavioral change, and promotes recycling, aiming to create environmentally conscious individuals and contribute to a sustainable future.

Framework Description
The proposed framework for energy conservation in schools encapsulates a holistic approach that amalgamates the integration of solar PV systems, behavior change initiatives, and recycling practices.This comprehensive strategy seeks to instill environmental consciousness among students, teachers, and the school community, while simultaneously addressing the pressing challenges of energy consumption and waste management.
1. Solar photovoltaic integration: At the core of the framework lies the strategic integration of solar PV systems within school premises.This entails the installation of PV panels on rooftops and available outdoor spaces to harness solar energy for electricity generation.These distributed energy systems not only serve as practical sources of clean energy but also offer educational opportunities for students to comprehend the principles of solar energy conversion.By actively engaging students in the maintenance and cleaning of PV panels, the framework fosters experiential learning and empowers them as advocates of renewable energy technologies.
2. Behavioral change initiatives: Recognizing the influential role of behavioral change in energy conservation, the framework emphasizes educational programs and campaigns.Students are educated about energy-saving habits, the significance of turning off lights and electronics when not in use, and the importance of prudent water consumption.This educational engagement extends beyond the school environment, impacting families and communities.As students internalize eco-friendly behaviors, they contribute to a cultural shift towards sustainable practices, influencing a wider societal paradigm.
3. Recycling and waste management: The framework incorporates recycling practices as integral components of environmental stewardship.Recycling stations are established within schools to facilitate the proper disposal of recyclable materials, including paper, plastic, and organic waste.Waste reduction is further promoted through composting initiatives, converting organic waste from student feeding activities into nutrient-rich fertilizer.This circular waste management approach minimizes landfill contributions, mitigates greenhouse gas emissions, and introduces students to responsible resource utilization.
4. Micro-ecosystem creation: The framework nurtures the creation of a micro-ecosystem within schools, where interconnected sustainability practices flourish.Collected water from PV panel cleaning activities is repurposed to irrigate plants beneath the panels, fostering an environmentally conscious approach to water management.Additionally, the organic waste generated by students serves as a natural fertilizer, enriching the soil and nurturing plants.This cyclical relationship highlights the symbiotic connection between renewable energy, waste reduction, and ecological well-being.
The proposed framework encapsulates a synergy of solar energy integration, behavioral change initiatives, and recycling practices to establish a culture of sustainability within educational institutions.By engaging students as active participants in these endeavors, the framework molds environmentally conscious individuals poised to drive positive change.As educational institutions undertake the mantle of environmental stewardship, they emerge as transformative agents, fostering a sustainable and resilient future.

Framework and Saudi 2030 Vision
The conceptual framework proposed in this research paper is interwoven with the overarching objectives of Vision 2030, amplifying its significance through a comprehensive approach that encompasses both environmental sustainability and community engagement.This innovative framework derives its essence from the core principles of Vision 2030, converging into a synergistic platform for students to catalyze transformative change.
At its essence, the framework converges on two fundamental pillars, each emblematic of Vision 2030's multi-dimensional ambitions.The first pillar pertains to the enhancement of environmental sustainability, encapsulating a spectrum of vital aspects that include but are not limited to renewable energy, recycling and waste management, judicious water consumption, afforestation, and the expansion of green spaces.The framework ingeniously mirrors the multifaceted environmental pursuits of Vision 2030, offering a structured pathway for students to play a pivotal role in realizing these objectives.
Renewable energy, a cornerstone of sustainable development, finds its place within the framework.It aligns seamlessly with Vision 2030's commitment to harnessing alternative energy sources and reducing dependency on conventional fossil fuels.Simultaneously, the framework champions the cause of recycling and waste management, mirroring the Vision's aspiration to transform waste into resources and cultivate a culture of responsible consumption.
The framework's inclination towards rationalizing water consumption echoes Vision 2030's drive for efficient water management.Embracing water sustainability aligns with the larger ambition of conserving this precious resource, crucial for the nation's future prosperity.Likewise, the emphasis on afforestation and the augmentation of green spaces resonates deeply with Vision 2030 s goal of countering desertification and bolstering urban greenery.
The second pillar of the framework underscores the promotion of the third sector and the fostering of volunteer activities.Here, the framework mirrors Vision 2030's emphasis on community engagement and empowerment.By facilitating student engagement in volunteer endeavors, the framework seeks to actualize the Vision's ambitions of activating a dynamic volunteer culture that supports societal progress.
In a nutshell, the framework acts as a conduit for students to channel their energies into manifesting the goals of Vision 2030 within their immediate contexts.It forms a dynamic bridge between the Vision's overarching ambitions and the actionable steps that students can undertake.By encompassing environmental sustainability and community engagement, the framework embodies Vision 2030's holistic vision for a prosperous and sustainable future.As we delve into the following sections, a more profound exploration of the framework's intricacies and its potential to foster meaningful change unfolds.
The proposed framework establishes a bedrock for nurturing a sustainable environmental consciousness among students.This forward-thinking framework amalgamates technical proficiency in engineering with the dynamics of behavioral change, cultivating a resolute dedication to voluntary environmental stewardship.The proposal strategically resonates with Vision 2030's aspirations, extending its scope to encompass educational realms.By forging a connection between students' present choices and their forthcoming well-being, it underscores the inherent relationship between current actions and the future quality of life.
Within the engineering realm, the framework capitalizes on school rooftops to accommodate solar energy systems, perfectly aligning with the renewable energy agenda set forth by Vision 2030.This innovative step not only generates energy but also symbolizes an architectural embodiment of sustainable practices.The behavioral facet propels resourcefulness, epitomized by the recycling of water used to clean solar panels for irrigation and the transformation of organic waste into nourishment for plants.This approach actively reshapes behaviors and seamlessly embeds the natural world into daily existence.
The fusion of engineering and behavioral elements in this proposal initiates a paradigmatic shift towards student-driven environmental sustainability.The framework bridges students' actions with the very goals outlined in Vision 2030, fostering an unwavering sense of responsibility towards an eco-friendlier future.Figure 3 illustrates the core concept of the proposed framework.
gation and the transformation of organic waste into nourishment for plants.This approach actively reshapes behaviors and seamlessly embeds the natural world into daily existence.
The fusion of engineering and behavioral elements in this proposal initiates a paradigmatic shift towards student-driven environmental sustainability.The framework bridges students' actions with the very goals outlined in Vision 2030, fostering an unwavering sense of responsibility towards an eco-friendlier future.Figure 3 illustrates the core concept of the proposed framework.

Simulation and Economic Analysis
Within the context of this research endeavor, the forthcoming section delineates an exploration of diverse strategies encompassing the deployment of PV panels on school rooftops, water rationalization, waste management, and afforestation.The next section is devoted to an in-depth examination of the potentiality inherent in integrating PV panels atop educational institutions, particularly with regards to their economic viability.The subsequent sections will delve into the dynamics of waste management, afforestation initiatives, and further strategies that collectively contribute to the overarching goal of enhancing sustainability within educational ecosystems.

Data Collection
Ten schools were specifically chosen as a representative sample from within the city of Riyadh's districts.Diversity was taken into account during the selection process, taking into account both the traits and dimensions of the selected educational institutions.In order to obtain firsthand knowledge of the behaviors displayed by the schools' occupants within each school's setting, on-site field visits were undertaken at these institutions.In addition, a qualitative approach was implemented, including interviewing a teacher and a student's guardian from each of the chosen schools informally and individually.These interviews were set up in a way that would help us learn more about how the schools' occupants behaved.

Simulation and Economic Analysis
Within the context of this research endeavor, the forthcoming section delineates an exploration of diverse strategies encompassing the deployment of PV panels on school rooftops, water rationalization, waste management, and afforestation.The next section is devoted to an in-depth examination of the potentiality inherent in integrating PV panels atop educational institutions, particularly with regards to their economic viability.The subsequent sections will delve into the dynamics of waste management, afforestation initiatives, and further strategies that collectively contribute to the overarching goal of enhancing sustainability within educational ecosystems.

Data Collection
Ten schools were specifically chosen as a representative sample from within the city of Riyadh's districts.Diversity was taken into account during the selection process, taking into account both the traits and dimensions of the selected educational institutions.In order to obtain firsthand knowledge of the behaviors displayed by the schools' occupants within each school's setting, on-site field visits were undertaken at these institutions.In addition, a qualitative approach was implemented, including interviewing a teacher and a student's guardian from each of the chosen schools informally and individually.These interviews were set up in a way that would help us learn more about how the schools' occupants behaved.

Identifying Users' Behaviors
The current situation in schools was studied through observations, personal interviews, and estimations of electrical loads.A field visit was conducted to the schools to monitor the behaviors of students and teachers regarding energy and water usage, including the operation of air conditioning and lighting, as well as to assess the cleanliness of spaces and schoolyards.Concerning energy usage, it was observed that students and teachers did not consistently turn off air conditioning and lighting when classrooms and offices were not in use.Furthermore, students consume much water for ablution in preparing for "dhuhr salat".The observations also revealed a rapid deterioration in the cleanliness of classrooms and recreational areas during school hours.
Consequently, interviews were conducted with some students, parents, and teachers to discuss the issue and identify causes and influencing factors.It seems that there is a lack of awareness from the school administration and parents about the importance of resource conservation.Additionally, teachers and students rely heavily on the maintenance and cleaning team to operate electrical devices, observe water faucets, and clean the school's classes, offices, and yards before and after the school day.Unfortunately, these behaviors are not limited to the school environment but extend to homes as well, where there is a dependence on homes' maids to organize rooms and manage energy, water, and food usage efficiently in addition to waste management.This is clearly demonstrated through a survey of parents about their children's behaviors in dealing with rooms, using devices, and managing energy, water, and waste.
Based on this, the field study and interview results concluded the importance of changing these behaviors through providing positive examples and increasing awareness efforts, in addition to fostering a sense of responsibility among individuals.

Estimating Electrical Loads
The process of estimating electrical loads for schools was employed due to the unavailability of actual electrical consumption records.The estimation was based on the following data: The electrical loads for various appliances are presented in Table 1, which includes appliances such as lights, personal computers (PCs), projectors, and air conditioners (ACs).The power consumption values for each appliance are as follows: Based on these data, the electrical load for a single classroom is estimated at 6.82 kilowatt-hours.Consequently, the total load for the entire school reaches 1636.8 kilowatts per day after accounting for the electrical loads of offices and service areas.The calculated monthly cost is approximately USD 4137.83 (equivalent to 15,516.86Saudi Riyals).(The average price for the government sector was 0.32 SAR/kWh (0.0853 USD/kWh) in the year 2018 [39]).The details of these estimations are illustrated in Table 2: The dataset analysis provides a clear and compelling insight into the energy consumption patterns within the studied environment.Specifically, the findings underscore the significant role played by two major contributors: air conditioners and lighting systems.Together, these two elements account for a substantial portion, exceeding 94% of the overall monthly energy consumption.
The data illustrate the distribution of this energy consumption between air conditioning and lighting, as highlighted in the table marked as Table 3.Air conditioning emerges as the predominant consumer, responsible for 65.98% of the total energy usage.Furthermore, the analysis sheds light on the notable impact of lighting systems on energy consumption, which accounts for 28.15% of the total energy expenditure.This emphasizes the critical influence of climate control and lighting solutions on driving energy demand within the examined context.The robustness of these findings underscores the necessity for proactive measures targeting energy optimization, particularly in the realms of air conditioning and lighting systems.By addressing these high-consumption areas, stakeholders can unlock opportunities for substantial energy savings and align with broader sustainability goals.As such, this analysis serves as a pivotal reference point for devising tailored interventions that harmonize with both energy conservation objectives and operational efficiency enhancements.
Incorporating retrofitting measures can yield substantial energy savings, further bolstering the argument.For example, the replacement of air-conditioning units, the enhancement of building insulation, and the implementation of advanced control systems have the potential to significantly reduce buildings' electricity consumption by over 50% [39].In a preceding investigation that employed the tenets of energy value engineering, an endeavor was made to optimize the energy performance of a prototypical educational institution by focusing on its electrical load profile.The outcomes of this endeavor were substantial, witnessing a notable reduction in energy consumption that exceeded fifty percent.
This accomplishment was notably facilitated through a strategic intervention targeting two pivotal components of the energy framework.Firstly, the replacement of the outdated window-type air-conditioning system with a modern multi-unit air-conditioning system (MultiV) proved to be transformative.This transition to an energy-efficient air-conditioning system, characterized by enhanced thermal management mechanisms, resulted in a significant curtailment of energy demand.
Additionally, the integration of advanced illumination technology played a pivotal role in achieving the observed reduction in energy consumption.This endeavor encompassed the replacement of conventional lighting units with contemporary Light Emitting Diode (LED) units.The adoption of LED lighting is acclaimed for its heightened luminous efficiency and reduced power requirements, thereby contributing to the overall energy conservation paradigm.
The collective impact of these strategic interventions on the school's electrical load profile underscores the potential of energy value engineering as a robust approach for energy consumption mitigation.The success achieved through the replacement of antiquated air-conditioning systems and conventional lighting fixtures with their energy-efficient counterparts exemplifies the tangible benefits of such focused interventions in achieving substantial energy savings within educational facilities.

Availability and Feasibility
In Saudi Arabia, the number of schools has been consistently increasing due to the substantial youth population, which comprises over two-thirds of the total population [40].As of the academic year 2016-2017, the total number of schools in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia was recorded as 30,625, as shown in Table 4.This upward trend is expected to continue in the coming years.In consideration of the Riyadh educational region, it is noteworthy that during the academic year 2020-2021, this region comprised 2141 schools, underscoring its significance as a prominent educational hub [41].These schools exhibit varying natures, physical dimensions, and attributes.Table 5 shows the classifications of the public schools in the Riyadh educational region according to academic levels and genders.To ascertain the average size, a random sample of 10 public schools was selected, and their respective areas were surveyed.The findings revealed that the average net area of these schools in the sample amounted to approximately 12,725 square meters.After accounting for the building coefficient (40%) and the roof's efficiency coefficient (25%), the estimated gross surface area of these schools was calculated at 5726.25 square meters.
The substantial total surface area of government schools solely in Riyadh amounts to 12,259,901.25 square meters, presenting a remarkable opportunity for the implementation of solar PV systems.These expansive roof areas can be effectively utilized for installing solar panels and harnessing solar energy to partially meet the schools' electricity demands.By optimizing the utilization of these rooftops, schools can actively contribute to sustainable energy generation, reducing their reliance on conventional energy sources and mitigating greenhouse gas emissions.This highlights the immense potential for integrating renewable energy solutions into the educational sector, particularly in Riyadh, as a pivotal stride toward achieving a more sustainable and environmentally responsible future.

Virtual Simulation
Evaluations were carried out using the Solar Cost Calculator, developed by the US Department of Energy's National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL).The NREL is focused on developing original answers to the world's current energy problems.The NREL offers the expertise needed to improve renewable energy technologies while integrating and optimizing energy systems.The NREL has developed many tools and models in this regard, such as the PVWatts Calculator and Distributed Generation Market Demand (dGen).The PVWatts Calculator is a simple tool used to assess the performance and feasibility of possible PV systems by calculating the energy output and cost of grid connections and installations, while dGen is a model that simulates the client adoption of distributed energy resources in the United States through 2050.
The PVWatts Calculator indicates that the standard direct radiation rate in the Riyadh region is 6.68 kWh, while it rises to 7.99 kWh in the vast open terrain south of the city.Notably, the average direct natural radiation along the Kingdom's coast bordering the Red Sea, north of Jeddah, the country's second-largest city, is 8.60 kWh.This coastal region ranks as the second most sunlit area in the world, after the Chilean Atacama Desert, which has a standard direct radiation rate of 9.77 kilowatt-hours per square meter, according to PVWatts Calculator measurements per day [42].
There are a number of wattage calculators for PV solar energy systems that are all based on the PVWatts Calculator paradigm.Two PVWatts calculators have been explored; the first calculator was developed by the Saudi Electricity and Cogeneration Regulatory Authority, and the other is affiliated with the Arabian Power Company.Due to its userfriendliness and capacity to produce thorough results, including system size, cost analysis, and economic and environmental ramifications, the latter choice was chosen.
A virtual simulation was conducted to assess the economic viability of implementing a solar energy system on school rooftops.These rooftops experience substantial solar radiation in Riyadh, with an average solar insolation of 6.58 kilowatt-hours.The simulation was executed as follows: 1. Total area calculation for school roofs: a random sample of 10 schools spanning various categories was surveyed to compute the area for each school, followed by determining the average.2. Net area calculation for school roofs: the total area was multiplied by a factor of 0.75 to account for the assumption that 25% of the space could not be utilized effectively.3. Utilization of the Arabian power calculator (https://www.arabian-power.com/calculator,accessed on 13 June 2023) with the following data as shown in Table 6: The determination of the optimal solar system capacity was carried out alongside the computation of projected savings.These calculations were executed using the provided input data, the outcomes of which are delineated in Table 7.The outcomes of the calculation demonstrate the feasibility of employing PV systems on school rooftops, encompassing spatial, economic, and environmental dimensions.The spatial analysis reveals the compatibility of PV system installation with the available rooftop areas in schools.From an economic perspective, the implementation of PV systems is deemed viable, as it is projected to yield annual savings exceeding USD 5000.
Furthermore, the environmental assessment underscores the environmental merits of integrating PV systems within school premises.The calculated reduction of approximately 15 tons of carbon dioxide emissions annually signifies a substantial contribution towards mitigating greenhouse gas emissions and advancing sustainable practices.
The spatial feasibility analysis considers the physical layout of school rooftops and the area required for the installation of PV panels.Through systematic spatial mapping and assessment, it was determined that the available rooftop space is well-suited for accommodating the proposed PV systems without compromising the structural integrity of the buildings or the functional requirements of the school facilities.
On the economic front, a comprehensive cost-benefit analysis was conducted, encompassing initial installation costs, operational and maintenance expenses, as well as projected energy savings over the system's lifespan.The resultant financial evaluation demonstrated a positive return on investment, with the anticipated annual savings surpassing USD 5000.This economic viability further underscores the attractiveness of PV system implementation from a financial standpoint.
In terms of environmental impact, the reduction in carbon dioxide emissions by approximately 15 tons per year presents a noteworthy contribution to sustainability efforts.This reduction aligns with global commitments to reduce carbon emissions and mitigate climate change.By adopting PV systems, schools can play a pivotal role in fostering environmental responsibility and advancing towards low-carbon operations.
The irradiation for the 8th day of the month of October is depicted in Figure 4 along with Figure 5, which shows the load curve for that day, serving as an illustration of how much electrical and solar power was used during each time period of the day.The simulation's findings underscore the potential for schools to embrace renewable energy sources, not only for financial savings but also for contributing to broader sustainability goals and fostering environmentally conscious behaviors among students, educators, and the broader community.

Waste Management
Waste management represents a challenge for municipalities all over the world, as it, in addition to occupying large areas of land, poses a real threat to the quality of the environment, as represented by polluting groundwater and emitting greenhouse gases.
Composting helps mitigate the effects of climate change because it prevents the formation of methane, which results from the anaerobic decomposition of organic waste in municipal waste dumps.Methane and carbon dioxide are greenhouse gases responsible for the greenhouse effect.It has been estimated that human-generated methane is responsible for at least 25% of current global warming [36].
Composting may hasten this natural process and provide the landscape with a consistent supply of major and minor nutrients required for plant development.Furthermore, compost lessens the quantity of waste that ends up in landfills.According to the Center for Sustainable Systems, in 2018, compostable materials accounted for nearly two-thirds of all municipal solid waste in the United States (21.6% food, 23.1% paper, and 18.3% wood and agricultural waste) [43].
According to the General Authority for Statistics, the daily per capita waste generation in Saudi Arabia has exhibited a consistent increase from 1.15 kg in 2010 to 2.06 kg in 2017, representing a substantial surge of 177.39% [44].Despite a decline to 1.72 kg in 2018,

Waste Management
Waste management represents a challenge for municipalities all over the world, as it, in addition to occupying large areas of land, poses a real threat to the quality of the environment, as represented by polluting groundwater and emitting greenhouse gases.
Composting helps mitigate the effects of climate change because it prevents the formation of methane, which results from the anaerobic decomposition of organic waste in municipal waste dumps.Methane and carbon dioxide are greenhouse gases responsible for the greenhouse effect.It has been estimated that human-generated methane is responsible for at least 25% of current global warming [36].
Composting may hasten this natural process and provide the landscape with a consistent supply of major and minor nutrients required for plant development.Furthermore, compost lessens the quantity of waste that ends up in landfills.According to the Center for Sustainable Systems, in 2018, compostable materials accounted for nearly two-thirds of all municipal solid waste in the United States (21.6% food, 23.1% paper, and 18.3% wood and agricultural waste) [43].
According to the General Authority for Statistics, the daily per capita waste generation in Saudi Arabia has exhibited a consistent increase from 1.15 kg in 2010 to 2.06 kg in 2017, representing a substantial surge of 177.39% [44].Despite a decline to 1.72 kg in 2018, the value remains notably higher than the global average.Table 8 illustrates the intricate dynamics of waste volume rates per household and individual for the period of 2010 to 2018.This pronounced increase underscores the urgency of addressing waste management strategies to ensure a sustainable environmental future.Currently, Saudi Arabia generates about 53 million tons of waste annually, polluting its soil and groundwater.This amount is expected to reach more than 106 million tons of waste by 2035.According to the Saudi National Center for Waste Management, the environmental degradation from solid waste in 2021 is estimated to be around USD 1.3 billion, despite the allocation of USD 50 billion for municipal services and waste management for that year [45].According to Kwai'a, organic waste represents 60%, of which 40% comprises food remains and 20% comprises papers and cartoons [46].
In order to instill a sense of environmental responsibility and equip students with the skills to actively contribute to waste reduction, an effective approach involves training them in recycling techniques and strategies for mitigating the impact of solid waste.One compelling method is educating students on the conversion of organic waste into nutrientrich fertilizers suitable for nurturing school plants.This not only offers a practical solution for managing organic waste within the school premises but also establishes a connection between waste reduction and ecological improvement.
Furthermore, fostering a culture of composting goes beyond the boundaries of the school environment.It serves as an avenue for encouraging students to extend this practice to their households.By doing so, they become catalysts for change within their families and communities, promoting sustainable waste management practices on a larger scale.The introduction of composting practices at home can be facilitated through the utilization of readily available organic waste bins, purposefully designed for home composting.The market offers a of options, enabling households to select a compost bin tailored to their organic waste output.
Crucially, the chosen compost bin should align with the typical quantity of organic waste generated in a household.Adequate sizing ensures optimal composting conditions and the efficient breakdown of organic materials.Ventilation and odor control mechanisms are also pivotal features to consider when selecting a compost bin.Proper ventilation promotes essential aeration within the compost, expediting the decomposition process, while effective odor control measures mitigate any potential unpleasantness associated with composting.
Empowering students to embrace composting practices not only equips them with valuable waste reduction skills but also fosters a mindset shift towards sustainable living.By actively participating in the transformation of organic waste into valuable resources, students become integral players in environmental stewardship, both within their school and in the broader community.

Water Rationalization
According to Bradbury, the water consumption rate in Saudi Arabia stands at 263 L per capita daily, a figure twice the global mean [47].This statistical depiction underscores the notable phenomenon wherein the Kingdom's water utilization surpasses the replenishment capacity by more than fourfold.This striking revelation accentuates the critical significance of addressing the issue of water rationalization in Saudi Arabia.Therefore, it is not strange that one of the objectives of Saudi Vision 2030 is to slash water consumption by about 43%, to 150 L per capita per day by 2030 [48].
One efficacious strategy for water rationalization involves the adoption of the "3R" paradigm, encompassing the principles of reduce, reuse, and recycle.Within the context of schools, a reduction in water consumption can be achieved by implementing waterconserving mechanisms, exemplified by the installation of water-saving devices on taps and toilet cisterns.Such engineering interventions should be complemented by an educational initiative and behavioral adjustments aimed at fostering prudent water utilization.It is noteworthy to emphasize that this endeavor aligns with the teachings of Islam, underscoring its significance as per the tenets of the faith and the Sunnah of the revered Prophet: may peace and blessings be upon him and his family.
Likewise, the strategy of reduction can be facilitated through the reuse of clean water collected from various sources, such as the cleaning of solar panels or seasonal rainwater.This reclaimed water can be judiciously employed for diverse activities, including floor cleaning and tree irrigation, thereby effectively optimizing resource utilization.
However, the facet of reuse is more intricate in nature, necessitating the establishment of greywater systems.These systems involve the treatment of utilized water to render it suitable for subsequent applications in lesser-demand contexts, such as supplying septic tanks or other non-potable uses within bathrooms.This approach, while technically more involved, presents a viable avenue for further water conservation within a school environment.

Afforestation
The implementation of a small tree nursery within the school premises serves as a synergistic complement to water rationalization initiatives and the transformation of waste into fertilizers.The activation of the modest agricultural nursery holds the potential to not only bolster the Green Riyadh project but also enhance the school's volunteer-centric program aimed at fostering environmental awareness.Notably, a mature tree is estimated to mitigate 10-20 kg of carbon dioxide annually, thereby affirming the ecological advantages of such an endeavor.
The cultivation of a tree nursery within the school's purview resonates harmoniously with the broader goals of the initiative of instilling a robust culture of volunteering among students, which the Ministry of Education has introduced via a requirement for students to engage in volunteer activities during the 2023 academic year, in congruence with the overarching aims of Saudi Vision 2030 [49].Simultaneously, it contributes to both environmental enhancement and community engagement through the Green Riyadh project, which is considered a prominent environmental endeavor.
The Green Riyadh project stands out as one of the most ambitious afforestation initiatives globally, aligning seamlessly with one of the pivotal objectives of Saudi Vision 2030.This undertaking centers on combatting desertification while elevating the city's green spaces to 9% through the planting of a substantial 7.5 million trees [50].

Implementation of the Framework
The successful implementation of the proposed energy conservation framework in schools necessitates a systematic and collaborative approach involving various stakeholders, resources, and strategic measures.The following outlines the procedural steps to effectively implement the framework: The implementation of the proposed framework involves a structured approach encompassing solar PV integration, behavioral change initiatives, and recycling practices.By strategically collaborating with various stakeholders, fostering student engagement, and maintaining a continuous cycle of evaluation and improvement, educational institutions can effectively embed sustainability principles into their culture and contribute to a greener and more sustainable future.

Critical Success Factors for the Proposed Framework
The successful implementation of the proposed energy conservation framework in schools hinges on several crucial factors that collectively contribute to its effectiveness and sustainability.These factors are integral to achieving the desired outcomes and fostering a culture of environmental responsibility within educational institutions: Communicating the school's sustainability initiatives to a wider audience fosters a sense of community pride and encourages broader participation.
The success of the proposed framework relies on a synergy of stakeholder engagement, resource allocation, tailored education, incentives, continuous monitoring, student leadership, strategic partnerships, adaptability, comprehensive training, and public support.These critical success factors collectively drive the framework's effectiveness and its potential to create environmentally responsible educational institutions.

Risks and Challenges
However, the implementation of the framework may give rise to several ethical and social issues, including privacy, security, equity, and cultural diversity.The use of energy monitoring systems and digital platforms to track energy consumption in schools may raise concerns about privacy.Therefore, data collection and analyses should adhere to privacy regulations to ensure that personal information is protected.
The integration of digital technologies and data management systems into the framework may introduce cybersecurity risks and hence threaten security.Safeguards should be in place to protect against unauthorized access, data breaches, and potential disruptions to the energy management systems.
There is a need to ensure equity so that energy efficiency initiatives in schools do not exacerbate existing inequalities.It is important to consider the socio-economic disparities among schools and ensure that all schools, regardless of their resources, have access to the necessary support and resources to improve energy efficiency.
The framework should be sensitive to cultural diversity and consider the unique needs and perspectives of different communities.Cultural factors may influence energy consumption patterns, attitudes towards energy efficiency, and the effectiveness of behavior change strategies.It is important to tailor the framework to accommodate cultural diversity and promote inclusivity.
Furthermore, the implementation of the framework may face several potential risks and challenges that could hinder its sustainability and scalability.These include technical malfunctions, vandalism, policy change, lack of funding, and resistance to change.
The framework relies on the use of digital platforms, energy monitoring systems, and other technological tools.Technical malfunctions or system failures could disrupt the implementation and effectiveness of the framework.
School premises and equipment may be vulnerable to vandalism, which could damage energy-efficient infrastructure, monitoring devices, or renewable energy installations.Vandalism can undermine the sustainability of the framework and require additional resources for repairs and security measures.
Changes in government policies or regulations related to energy efficiency and education could impact the implementation of the framework.Shifts in funding priorities or policy directions may affect the availability of resources and support for energy efficiency initiatives in schools.
Insufficient funding or budget constraints may pose a challenge to the sustainability and scalability of the framework.Adequate financial resources are necessary to implement energy-saving measures, conduct energy audits, provide training, and maintain the infrastructure.
Resistance from school administrators, teachers, or students, could hinder the adoption and implementation of energy efficiency measures.Overcoming resistance to change and fostering a culture of energy efficiency may require additional efforts in communication, training, and participant engagement.
Addressing these risks and challenges requires proactive planning and continuous monitoring and evaluation.It is important to have contingency plans in place to address technical issues, vandalism, or policy changes.Additionally, securing adequate funding and addressing resistance to change through awareness campaigns and capacity-building initiatives can contribute to the sustainability and scalability of the framework.

Evaluation Criteria
To evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed sustainability framework in schools, a multifaceted approach can be used, involving various key performance indicators (KPIs) and evaluation methods.The following strategies can be employed to assess the framework's success: 1. Energy efficiency metrics: by monitoring energy consumption before and after implementing solar PV systems and other energy-efficient measures, we can calculate the energy cost savings, reductions in greenhouse gas emissions, and improvements in energy performance.2. Behavior change surveys: Conduct surveys or interviews with students and staff to gauge changes in environmental awareness and sustainability-related behaviors.Assess whether the framework has succeeded in fostering eco-consciousness and encouraging positive behavioral changes.3. Recycling rates: Track the volume of recyclable materials collected and recycled within the school premises.Measure the recycling rate as a percentage of the total waste generated.An increase in recycling rates indicates progress in waste management practices.4. Student participation: Evaluate the level of student engagement in maintaining PV systems, managing collected water for plant irrigation, and contributing to organic waste recycling.Higher student involvement suggests the framework's success in promoting active participation.
5. Environmental impact assessment: Conduct periodic assessments of the environmental impact, such as improved air quality, reduced water consumption, and enhanced green spaces within schools.These assessments can provide tangible evidence of the framework's positive effects on the environment.6. Cost savings analysis: Analyze cost savings resulting from reduced energy consumption, waste reduction, and efficient resource utilization.Determine whether the framework has helped in optimizing the operational costs for the school.7. Collaboration and partnerships: Evaluate the extent of collaboration between schools, municipalities, and recycling bodies.Measure the success of educational programs, waste management support, and regulatory compliance in achieving sustainability goals.8. Student advocacy and knowledge: Assess students' knowledge and awareness of renewable energy technologies and waste management practices through quizzes, projects, or presentations.Determine if students are becoming advocates for sustainability within and beyond the school.9. Long-term sustainability: Monitor the framework's sustainability over time.Evaluate its continued effectiveness in maintaining environmental consciousness and reducing resource consumption.10.Community awareness: measure the broader impact of the framework on the local community's awareness and engagement in sustainable practices, as this can be a significant indicator of success.
By collecting data and feedback related to these aspects, school administrators, policymakers, and stakeholders can evaluate the framework's success and make necessary adjustments for ongoing improvements.Regular assessments and reporting will help ensure that the framework aligns with sustainability goals and contributes to a brighter future, as envisioned in the passage.

Conclusions
This research paper introduces a comprehensive framework for energy conservation and sustainability in educational institutions, addressing the pressing global challenge of environmental deterioration.The proposed framework integrates solar PV systems, behavior change initiatives, and recycling practices to create a holistic approach that empowers schools to become agents of positive change.Through the synthesis of these components, the framework aims to cultivate a generation of environmentally conscious individuals while reducing the carbon footprint of schools.
The primary objective of the framework is to foster a culture of sustainability within educational institutions.By engaging students, teachers, and the wider school community, the framework empowers participants to actively contribute to environmental stewardship.Behavior change initiatives encourage eco-friendly practices, resulting in reduced energy consumption, improved waste management, and enhanced resource efficiency.The integration of solar PV systems enables schools to harness renewable energy sources, reducing their reliance on fossil fuels and mitigating greenhouse gas emissions.
Moreover, the proposed framework extends its impact beyond the school environment.By inspiring students to embrace sustainability practices, schools influence families, communities, and the broader society.This ripple effect is crucial in achieving a more sustainable future and aligns with global efforts to combat climate change and enhance environmental preservation.
However, the successful implementation of the framework hinges on several key factors.Adequate funding, collaboration between stakeholders, technical expertise, and supportive policies are critical for realizing the framework's potential.The engagement of educational institutions, municipalities, recycling bodies, and government agencies is essential for creating an enabling environment that supports sustainable practices.
Acknowledging the limitations and challenges inherent in such initiatives, the proposed framework provides a roadmap for overcoming obstacles and fostering a lasting impact.By addressing financial constraints, technical hurdles, and cultural variations, schools can effectively navigate the complexities of sustainability implementation.
In conclusion, this research paper underscores the pivotal role of educational institutions in shaping a sustainable future.By adopting the proposed framework, schools can play a significant part in combating climate change, reducing waste, and promoting environmentally responsible behaviors.Through collaborative efforts and collective commitment, we can usher in a greener, more sustainable world, driven by the actions of the students of today and the leaders of tomorrow.

Figure 3 .
Figure 3.The core concept of the proposed framework.

Figure 3 .
Figure 3.The core concept of the proposed framework.

Figure 4 .
Figure 4.The solar irradiation for the 8th day of the month of October for Riyadh.

Figure 5 .
Figure 5.An example of the hourly electrical load curve for daily use.2.4.5.Waste Management Waste management represents a challenge for municipalities all over the world, as it,

Figure 4 .
Figure 4.The solar irradiation for the 8th day of the month of October for Riyadh.

Figure 4 .
Figure 4.The solar irradiation for the 8th day of the month of October for Riyadh.

Figure 5 .
Figure 5.An example of the hourly electrical load curve for daily use.

Figure 5 .
Figure 5.An example of the hourly electrical load curve for daily use.

Table 1 .
Electrical appliances in the classroom.

Table 2 .
The details calculation of energy consumption and cost estimates.

Table 3 .
The distribution of energy consumption percentages among the appliances.

Table 4 .
The number of schools in Saudi Arabia.

Table 5 .
The public schools' classifications of the Riyadh educational region.

Table 6 .
Data Utilized in the Arabian Power Calculator.

Table 7 .
Optimal Solar System Capacity and Projected Savings Analysis.

1 .
Preliminary assessment and planning: Initiate the implementation process with a comprehensive assessment of the school's energy consumption patterns, waste management practices, and available spaces for solar PV installation.Collaborate with school administrators, teachers, and local authorities to gain insights into specific needs, challenges, and opportunities.Develop an implementation plan that outlines the allocation of resources, timelines, and responsibilities.2.Solar PV system installation: Engage with reputable solar energy providers and technical experts to design and install solar PV systems.Consider factors such as available roof space, solar irradiance levels, and system configuration.Prioritize safety standards and regulatory compliance during installation.Involve students and staff in the installation process to enhance their understanding of renewable energy technologies.3.Educational programs and awareness campaigns: Develop educational programs and awareness campaigns tailored to different age groups within the school.Collaborate with teachers and environmental experts to create engaging materials that emphasize energy-saving habits, waste-reduction practices, and the significance of solar energy.Organize workshops, seminars, and interactive sessions to disseminate knowledge and foster a culture of environmental responsibility.4.Behavioral change initiatives: Integrate energy-saving practices into daily school routines.Encourage teachers to incorporate eco-friendly habits into their lessons and reward students for demonstrating responsible behavior.Display informative signage throughout the school premises to remind students and staff to turn off lights, electronics, and taps when not in use.Regularly monitor energy consumption data and share progress with the school community.5.Recycling and waste management: Establish dedicated recycling stations equipped with separate bins for paper, plastic, and organic waste.Educate students on proper waste segregation techniques and the benefits of recycling.Implement composting initiatives by placing compost bins in designated areas.Involve students in the collection and processing of organic waste, creating a sense of ownership and responsibility.6.Maintenance and monitoring: Institute a maintenance schedule for solar PV systems, including regular cleaning and inspection.Involve students in the upkeep of PV panels and teach them basic maintenance skills.Continuously monitor energy consumption data and waste generation rates to assess the effectiveness of the implemented measures.Identify areas for improvement and adapt strategies accordingly.7.Collaboration with municipalities and recycling bodies: Forge partnerships with local municipalities and recycling organizations.Seek their expertise in waste management practices, recycling infrastructure, and regulatory compliance.Collaborate on waste collection and processing initiatives to ensure efficient recycling practices.Leverage their resources to enhance the impact of sustainability efforts within the school community.8. Student engagement and empowerment: Empower students by involving them in decision-making processes and sustainability initiatives.Establish student-led environmental clubs or committees responsible for organizing eco-friendly events, workshops, and awareness campaigns.Encourage students to take ownership of solar PV maintenance, waste management, and recycling projects, fostering a sense of pride and responsibility.9. Continuous evaluation and improvement: Regularly assess the effectiveness of the implemented framework through data analyses, student feedback, and energy consumption trends.Identify challenges and successes and adjust strategies accordingly.Continuously update educational materials, workshops, and campaigns to ensure relevance and engagement.

1 .
Stakeholder collaboration and engagement: Active participation and collaboration among stakeholders, including school administrators, teachers, students, local authorities, and relevant organizations, are essential.Their shared commitment and engagement facilitate the smooth execution of various framework components, such as solar PV installation, waste management, and behavior change initiatives.2. Adequate resource allocation: Sufficient financial, technical, and human resources are fundamental to the framework's success.Adequate funding is necessary for the installation and maintenance of solar PV systems, educational programs, waste management infrastructure, and recycling initiatives.The allocation of skilled personnel and experts further ensures proper implementation and ongoing support.3. Tailored educational programs: Customized educational programs that target different age groups, student demographics, and cultural backgrounds are imperative.Educational materials, workshops, and campaigns must be designed to effectively communicate the importance of energy conservation, renewable energy, and waste reduction.Tailoring the content to resonate with students' interests and concerns enhances engagement and understanding.4. Behavioral incentives and recognition: Providing incentives, recognition, and rewards for energy-saving behaviors and active participation can significantly motivate students and staff.Recognizing exemplary behavior through certificates, competitions, and acknowledgment ceremonies fosters a sense of achievement and encourages sustained involvement in sustainability initiatives.5. Continuous monitoring and data Analysis: The regular monitoring of energy consumption, waste generation rates, and the performance of solar PV systems is essential.Data analyses offer insights into the framework's impact and effectiveness.Monitoring allows for the timely identification of challenges, adjustments to strategies, and evidence-based decision making.6. Student empowerment and leadership: Empowering students by involving them in leadership roles, decision-making processes, and hands-on activities increases their ownership of sustainability initiatives.Student-led clubs or committees responsible for organizing events, workshops, and campaigns amplify student engagement, encouraging peer-to-peer learning and advocacy.7. Strong municipal and organizational partnerships: Collaboration with local municipalities, recycling bodies, and environmental organizations enhances the framework's impact.Their expertise, resources, and support contribute to effective waste management, recycling infrastructure, and regulatory compliance.Partnerships amplify the success of sustainability initiatives and create a network of support.8. Flexibility and adaptability: A flexible approach that allows for adaptations based on feedback, changing circumstances, and emerging technologies is essential.The framework should be responsive to evolving needs, challenges, and opportunities, ensuring its relevance and long-term viability.9. Comprehensive training and capacity building: Equipping teachers, students, and staff with the necessary knowledge and skills is critical.Providing training on solar PV maintenance, waste management practices, and behavior change strategies enhances the framework's implementation.Capacity building empowers individuals to actively contribute to sustainability efforts.10.Public awareness and support: Generating public awareness and garnering support from parents, community members, and local media amplify the framework's impact.