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Keywords = vitreous/lens

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9 pages, 766 KiB  
Article
Comparison of Aqueous Depth Changes Following Cataract Surgery in Vitrectomized and Non-Vitrectomized Fellow Eyes
by Mercè Guarro, Laura Sararols, Elena López, Meritxell Vázquez, Sergi Ruiz and Marc Biarnés
Diagnostics 2025, 15(11), 1429; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics15111429 - 4 Jun 2025
Viewed by 419
Abstract
Background/Objectives: The role of the vitreous in the effective lens position (ELP) is controversial in patients undergoing phacovitrectomy. The aim of this study was to compare the change in aqueous depth (AD), a surrogate of the ELP, in non-vitrectomized and vitrectomized fellow [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: The role of the vitreous in the effective lens position (ELP) is controversial in patients undergoing phacovitrectomy. The aim of this study was to compare the change in aqueous depth (AD), a surrogate of the ELP, in non-vitrectomized and vitrectomized fellow eyes. Methods: Post-hoc analysis of a prospective study conducted in OMIQ facilities (Barcelona, Spain) between 2021 and 2023. Patients with bilateral cataracts and a unilateral grade 2/3 epiretinal membrane underwent phacoemulsification in one eye and phacovitrectomy without endotamponade in the fellow eye. All eyes were implanted with an extended depth-of-focus intraocular lens after power calculation using the same biometer, technicians, formula, and surgeon. We compared the change in AD (mm and percentage) from baseline, and the role of vitrectomy without endotamponade on AD with a mixed-effects models. Results: We included 40 eyes (20 patients) with a mean age of 71.6 years, with 55% females. The mean change in AD was +1.51 (vitrectomized) and +1.42 mm (non-vitrectomized eyes), p = 0.33. The percent of change in AD was not different between groups (p ≥ 0.38) and phacovitrectomy had no effect on the change in AD on mixed-effects models (p > 0.10). Conclusions: The absence of the vitreous had a minimal influence on AD in these patients undergoing standard phacoemulsification or phacovitrectomy. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Clinical Diagnosis and Prognosis)
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16 pages, 1719 KiB  
Article
Finite Element Analysis of Ocular Impact Forces and Potential Complications in Pickleball-Related Eye Injuries
by Cezary Rydz, Jose A. Colmenarez, Kourosh Shahraki, Pengfei Dong, Linxia Gu and Donny W. Suh
Bioengineering 2025, 12(6), 570; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering12060570 - 26 May 2025
Viewed by 517
Abstract
Purpose: Pickleball, the fastest-growing sport in the United States, has seen a rapid increase in participation across all age groups, particularly among older adults. However, the sport introduces specific risks for ocular injuries due to the unique dynamics of gameplay and the physical [...] Read more.
Purpose: Pickleball, the fastest-growing sport in the United States, has seen a rapid increase in participation across all age groups, particularly among older adults. However, the sport introduces specific risks for ocular injuries due to the unique dynamics of gameplay and the physical properties of the pickleball. This study aims to explore the mechanisms of pickleball-related eye injuries, utilizing finite element modeling (FEM) to simulate ocular trauma and better understand injury mechanisms. Methods: A multi-modal approach was employed to investigate pickleball-related ocular injuries. Finite element modeling (FEM) was used to simulate blunt trauma to the eye caused by a pickleball. The FEM incorporated detailed anatomical models of the periorbital structures, cornea, sclera, and vitreous body, using hyperelastic material properties derived from experimental data. The simulations evaluated various impact scenarios, including changes in ball velocity, angle of impact, and material stiffness, to determine the stress distribution, peak strain, and deformation in ocular structures. The FEM outputs were correlated with clinical findings to validate the injury mechanisms. Results: The FE analysis revealed that the rigid, hard-plastic construction of a pickleball results in concentrated stress and strain transfer to ocular structures upon impact. At velocities exceeding 30 mph, simulations showed significant corneal deformation, with peak stresses localized at the limbus and anterior sclera. Moreover, our results show a significant stress applied to lens zonules (as high as 0.35 MPa), leading to potential lens dislocation. Posterior segment deformation was also observed, with high strain levels in the retina and vitreous, consistent with clinical observations of retinal tears and vitreous hemorrhage. Validation against reported injuries confirmed the model’s accuracy in predicting both mild injuries (e.g., corneal abrasions) and severe outcomes (e.g., hyphema, globe rupture). Conclusions: Finite element analysis provides critical insights into the biomechanical mechanisms underlying pickleball-related ocular injuries. The findings underscore the need for preventive measures, particularly among older adults, who exhibit age-related vulnerabilities. Education on the importance of wearing protective eyewear and optimizing game rules to minimize high-risk scenarios, such as close-range volleys, is essential. Further refinement of the FEM, including parametric studies and integration of protective eyewear, can guide the development of safety standards and reduce the socio-economic burden of these injuries. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomechanics Studies in Ophthalmology)
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14 pages, 3488 KiB  
Article
The Distribution of Ocular Normative Parameters in a Spanish School Population
by Rut González-Jiménez, F. Javier Povedano-Montero, Ricardo Bernárdez-Vilaboa, Rosario Gomez-de-Liano, Noemí Guemes-Villahoz and Juan E. Cedrún-Sánchez
J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14(7), 2507; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14072507 - 7 Apr 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 867
Abstract
Background/Objectives: The prevalence of myopia is increasing globally, including in Spain. The early detection of ocular biometric parameters associated with myopia development is crucial for implementing control strategies. This study aims to describe the normative biometric values in a Spanish school-aged population [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: The prevalence of myopia is increasing globally, including in Spain. The early detection of ocular biometric parameters associated with myopia development is crucial for implementing control strategies. This study aims to describe the normative biometric values in a Spanish school-aged population and compare them with previously established reference data. Methods: A cross-sectional, observational, and analytical study was conducted on 558 students aged 6 to 12 years from the Educare Valdefuentes School in Madrid. Ocular biometric parameters, including axial length (AL), corneal curvature (CR), anterior chamber depth (ACD), crystalline lens thickness (LT), corneal thickness (CCT), and posterior vitreous depth (PVD), were measured using IOLMaster 700. The axial length/corneal radius (AL/CR) ratio was calculated. Percentile growth curves were generated, and the results were statistically analyzed using IBM SPSS 29. Results: AL significantly increased with age (p < 0.001), and boys had longer AL than girls. The AL/CR ratio showed a moderate correlation with myopia risk (ρ = 0.647, p < 0.001). Compared to previous European studies, no significant differences were found, except for minor variations in AL and CR. Conclusions: These percentile-based biometric values provide a useful reference for monitoring ocular growth and assessing myopia risk in Spanish children. The AL/CR ratio remains a strong predictor of myopia development, supporting its role in early detection strategies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Ophthalmology)
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11 pages, 2239 KiB  
Article
Relationship Between Ocular Trauma Score and Computed Tomography Findings in Eyes with Penetrating Globe Injuries: A Preliminary Study
by Berire Şeyma Durmuş Ece, Zübeyir Yozgat, Yusuf İnançlı, Bunyamin Ece and Sonay Aydin
Diagnostics 2025, 15(7), 830; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics15070830 - 25 Mar 2025
Viewed by 505
Abstract
Background/Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate computed tomography (CT) findings in penetrating globe injuries and their relationship with ocular trauma scores (OTSs). Methods: Patients with penetrating globe injuries who had orbital CT images were included in this study. [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate computed tomography (CT) findings in penetrating globe injuries and their relationship with ocular trauma scores (OTSs). Methods: Patients with penetrating globe injuries who had orbital CT images were included in this study. Demographics, injury zone, and ophthalmologic exam data were collected retrospectively. OTSs and categories were determined. Orbital CT images were evaluated by a radiologist to determine decreased globe volume, globe wall irregularity, chorioretinal layer thickening, lens dislocation, asymmetric anterior chamber depth (ACD), abnormal vitreous density, and intraocular air presence. Results: This study included 30 eyes of 30 patients. The majority of patients (n = 20, 66.7%) had Zone I injuries. The most common CT findings were globe wall irregularity (53.3%) and asymmetric ACD (53.3%). No CT findings were observed in 10 patients (33.3%). Globe wall irregularity was the most frequent CT finding in the OTS II category, while asymmetric ACD was most frequent in the OTS IV category. All patients with decreased globe volume, lens dislocation, abnormal vitreous density, and ≥3 CT findings were in the OTS II category. A significant negative correlation was found between the number of CT findings and OTS (r = −0.644, p < 0.001), and a significant positive correlation was found between the number of CT findings and clinically measured wound size (r = 0.600, p < 0.001). Conclusions: CT findings help assess ocular trauma severity, but clinical examination remains essential for accurate diagnosis. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Computed Tomography Imaging for Clinical Diagnosis)
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10 pages, 2192 KiB  
Article
Combined Surgically Induced Macular Detachment and Autologous Internal Limiting Membrane Transplantation for Refractory Full Thickness Macular Hole
by Rino Frisina, Laura Di Leo, Ilenia Gallo Afflitto, Andrea Vulpetti, Lorenzo Motta and Gabriella De Salvo
J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14(6), 2123; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14062123 - 20 Mar 2025
Viewed by 495
Abstract
Background/Objectives: To propose a combined surgery of surgically induced macular detachment (MD) and autologous internal limiting membrane (ILM) transplantation to treat refractory full thickness macular holes (FTMHs). Methods: A series of patients affected by refractory FTMHs underwent a combined surgery. The [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: To propose a combined surgery of surgically induced macular detachment (MD) and autologous internal limiting membrane (ILM) transplantation to treat refractory full thickness macular holes (FTMHs). Methods: A series of patients affected by refractory FTMHs underwent a combined surgery. The following demographic and clinical data were collected: age, gender, eye, lens status, and best corrected visual acuity (BCVA). The tomographic pre- and post-operative parameters were the following: pre-operative FTMH diameter, refractory FTMH morphology (flat/with cuff), FTMH closure, foveal profile (regular/flat/inverted), flap displacement, and outer retinal layers restoration. Results: The study included a total of 14 pseudophakic eyes (14 patients). In all of the patients, surgical FTMH closure was reached. The mean BCVA improved after surgery from 1.1 ± 0.14 to 0.48 ± 03 logMAR (p < 0.0001). Statistical analysis demonstrated that the larger the FTMH, the poorer the post-operative gain in BCVA (p −0.5). The post-operative regular foveal profile was obtained in 50% of the eyes with a mean post-operative BCVA of 0.3 logMAR. A negative correlation between the time interval from diagnosis to surgery and post-operative BCVA gain was highlighted (p −0.8). Conclusions: The proposed combined surgical technique led to encouraging anatomical and functional results. Surgically induced MD increased the elasticity of the retina, and the free flap isolated the macular hole from the vitreous chamber favoring its closure. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Clinical Treatment of Refractory Full Thickness Macular Hole (FTMH))
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10 pages, 1465 KiB  
Case Report
Posterior Dislocation of Descemet Stripping Automated Endothelial Keratoplasty—A Case Report and Review
by Valentino de Ruvo, Alfonso Strianese, Lily Chacra, Luca Rossetti, Fabio Patelli and Paolo Fogagnolo
Complications 2025, 2(1), 1; https://doi.org/10.3390/complications2010001 - 3 Jan 2025
Viewed by 831
Abstract
In this study, we describe a case of graft dislocation into the vitreous cavity after Descemet stripping automated endothelial keratoplasty (DSAEK), and review the risk factors and complications of posterior dislocation. A 70-year-old female with disruption of the iris–lens diaphragm experienced DSAEK graft [...] Read more.
In this study, we describe a case of graft dislocation into the vitreous cavity after Descemet stripping automated endothelial keratoplasty (DSAEK), and review the risk factors and complications of posterior dislocation. A 70-year-old female with disruption of the iris–lens diaphragm experienced DSAEK graft dislocation into the vitreous cavity during air re-bubbling at 1 week postoperatively. The corneal opacity hindered adequate visualization of the vitreous cavity for the immediate retrieval of the graft. Five days after re-bubbling, vitrectomy and corneal tissue removal was performed using a temporary Eckardt keratoprosthesis, and penetrating keratoplasty was subsequently performed. Two weeks after graft removal, a retinal detachment occurred. Silicon oil was used as a tamponade to reattach the retina. Three months after the last procedure, the retina was attached, and the cornea was clear. Posterior dislocation of DSAEK graft is a rare complication. A disrupted iris–lens diaphragm and previous vitrectomy are the main risk factors. Severe vision loss is more likely to occur when corneal tissue removal is delayed. In cases of delayed removal, it is advisable to take precautions to prevent possible retinal detachment. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Complications in Ophthalmology)
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17 pages, 1804 KiB  
Review
Zonulopathies as Genetic Disorders of the Extracellular Matrix
by Chimwemwe Chipeta, Jose Aragon-Martin and Aman Chandra
Genes 2024, 15(12), 1632; https://doi.org/10.3390/genes15121632 - 20 Dec 2024
Viewed by 1247
Abstract
The zonular fibres are formed primarily of fibrillin-1, a large extracellular matrix (ECM) glycoprotein, and also contain other constituents such as LTBP-2, ADAMTSL6, MFAP-2 and EMILIN-1, amongst others. They are critical for sight, holding the crystalline lens in place and being necessary for [...] Read more.
The zonular fibres are formed primarily of fibrillin-1, a large extracellular matrix (ECM) glycoprotein, and also contain other constituents such as LTBP-2, ADAMTSL6, MFAP-2 and EMILIN-1, amongst others. They are critical for sight, holding the crystalline lens in place and being necessary for accommodation. Zonulopathies refer to conditions in which there is a lack or disruption of zonular support to the lens and may clinically be manifested as ectopia lens (EL)—defined as subluxation of the lens outside of the pupillary plane or frank displacement (dislocation) into the vitreous or anterior segment. Genes implicated in EL include those intimately involved in the formation and function of these glycoproteins as well as other genes involved in the extracellular matrix (ECM). As such, genetic pathogenic variants causing EL are primarily disorders of the ECM, causing zonular weakness by (1) directly affecting the protein components of the zonule, (2) affecting proteins involved in the regulation of zonular formation and (3) causing the dysregulation of ECM components leading to progressive zonular weakness. Herein, we discuss the clinical manifestations of zonulopathy and the underlying pathogenetic mechanisms. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Human Genomics and Genetic Diseases)
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21 pages, 9756 KiB  
Article
Experimental Myopia Results in Peripapillary Ganglion Cell and Astrocyte Reorganization with No Functional Implications During Early Development
by Reynolds Kwame Ablordeppey, Carol Ren Lin, Miduturu Srinivas and Alexandra Benavente-Perez
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25(24), 13484; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms252413484 - 16 Dec 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1452
Abstract
Myopic eye growth induces mechanical stretch, which can lead to structural and functional retinal alterations. Here, we investigated the effect of lens-induced myopic growth on the distribution of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) expression and intensity, and peripapillary retinal [...] Read more.
Myopic eye growth induces mechanical stretch, which can lead to structural and functional retinal alterations. Here, we investigated the effect of lens-induced myopic growth on the distribution of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) expression and intensity, and peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (ppRNFL) thickness in common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) induced with myopia continuously for six months, using immunohistochemistry and spectral-domain optical coherence tomography. We also explored the relationship between cellular structural parameters and the photopic negative response (PhNR) using full-field electroretinography. Marmosets induced with myopia for six months developed axial myopia, had a thinner ppRNFL, reduced peripapillary ganglion cell (≈20%) and astrocyte density (≈42%), increased panretinal GFAP expression (≈42%) and nasal mid-periphery staining intensity (≈81%) compared to age-matched controls. Greater degrees of myopia and vitreous elongation were associated with reduced peripapillary RGCs and astrocyte density, and increased GFAP expression and intensity. These cellular structural changes did not show a significant relationship with the features of the PhNR, which remained unchanged. The outcomes of this study suggest that myopia induces a reorganization of the peripapillary inner retina at the cellular level that may not result in measurable functional repercussions at this stage of myopia development. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Studies of Refractive Error)
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9 pages, 2645 KiB  
Article
A Comparative Analysis of Carlevale IOL Versus Artisan IOL Implantation Using a Scleral Tunnel Incision Technique
by Justus Obergassel, Peter Heiduschka, Florian Alten, Nicole Eter and Christoph R. Clemens
J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13(22), 6964; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13226964 - 19 Nov 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1453
Abstract
Background: The aim of this retrospective study was to compare the surgical and refractive outcomes using the Carlevale IOL (FIL SSF; SOLEKO) with those of the retropupillary-fixated Artisan IOL (Aphakia Model 205; OPHTEC), implanted through a 6 mm sclerocorneal tunnel incision in both [...] Read more.
Background: The aim of this retrospective study was to compare the surgical and refractive outcomes using the Carlevale IOL (FIL SSF; SOLEKO) with those of the retropupillary-fixated Artisan IOL (Aphakia Model 205; OPHTEC), implanted through a 6 mm sclerocorneal tunnel incision in both groups. Methods: This study included 51 consecutive eyes (25 Carlevale and 26 Artisan IOLs). Due to complex preoperative conditions (e.g., dislocated polymethylmethacrylat IOL, luxated Cataracta rubra), all patients underwent lens explantation using a standardized 6 mm sclerocorneal tunnel incision and a 23 G or 25 G pars plana vitrectomy. Visual acuity (VA), spherical equivalent, refractive prediction error (PE), incision-suture time, and complication rates were recorded preoperatively and during the follow-up period. Results: The average follow-up period was 40.9 ± 5.7 days. VA improved by 0.28 ± 0.39 logMAR (p < 0.0001) in the Carlevale group and by 0.36 ± 0.47 logMAR (p < 0.0001) in the Artisan group. The improvement was comparable between both groups (p = 0.921). The deviation of the PE was −0.67 ± 0.56 in the Carlevale group and 0.34 ± 0.71 in the Artisan group (p < 0.0001). The mean incision-suture time was 42.5 ± 5.8 min in the Carlevale group and 28.2 ± 6.4 min in the Artisan group. Anterior chamber and vitreous hemorrhages were the most common complications, occurring in 12% in the Carlevale group and 17.2% in the Artisan group. Conclusions: The use of the Carlevale IOL, implanted using a sclerocorneal tunnel technique, presents a valid option for treating complex lens dislocations. The scleral fixation of the Carlevale IOL minimizes risks associated with iris fixation, such as chronic inflammation and pupil distortion, making it particularly suitable for patients with damaged irises. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Ophthalmology)
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8 pages, 457 KiB  
Article
Examination of Vitreolenticular Interface in Relation to Different Phacoemulsification Parameters in Early and Late Postoperative Period
by Ágnes Elekes and Péter Vámosi
J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13(16), 4855; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13164855 - 17 Aug 2024
Viewed by 931
Abstract
Background: The surgical parameters of phacoemulsification can significantly impact the behavior of the anterior hyaloid membrane (AHM). Methods: In this prospective study, anterior segment optical coherence tomography was used to examine the attachment or detachment of the AHM of 82 eyes [...] Read more.
Background: The surgical parameters of phacoemulsification can significantly impact the behavior of the anterior hyaloid membrane (AHM). Methods: In this prospective study, anterior segment optical coherence tomography was used to examine the attachment or detachment of the AHM of 82 eyes after uneventful phacoemulsification preoperatively and postoperatively over 1 year. The impacts of the capsulorhexis’ size, number of hydrodissections, nuclear sclerosis grade, cumulative dissipated energy (CDE), ultrasonic time, total surgical time, weakness of zonular fibers, presence of lens materials in Berger’s space (LM-BS), and fluid usage were investigated in relation to the behavior of the AHM. Results: A significant linear trend regarding anterior vitreous detachment (AVD) was observed in the presence of zonular weakness and high CDE at all postoperative times (p ≤ 0.024 and p ≤ 0.005, respectively). Similarly, AVD was observed at 1-month, 3-month, and 1-year follow-ups in cases of high nuclear sclerosis grades (p ≤ 0.044) and high fluid usage (p ≤ 0.021). A significant correlation was observed in the group of LM-BS as the zonular weakness value increased (OR: 0.085; 95% CI: 0.017 to 0.420; p = 0.002), and the fluid usage was also significantly higher (OR: 1.049; 95% CI: 1.003–1.096; p = 0.037). Conclusions: Zonular weakness, high CDE, a hard nucleus, and high fluid usage are risk factors for postoperative AVD. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Ophthalmology)
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25 pages, 4291 KiB  
Article
A Transcriptomics Analysis of the Regulation of Lens Fiber Cell Differentiation in the Absence of FGFRs and PTEN
by Anil Upreti, Stephanie L. Padula, Jacob M. Weaver, Brad D. Wagner, Allison M. Kneller, Anthony L. Petulla, Salil A. Lachke and Michael L. Robinson
Cells 2024, 13(14), 1222; https://doi.org/10.3390/cells13141222 - 19 Jul 2024
Viewed by 1442
Abstract
Adding 50% vitreous humor to the media surrounding lens explants induces fiber cell differentiation and a significant immune/inflammatory response. While Fgfr loss blocks differentiation in lens epithelial explants, this blockage is partially reversed by deleting Pten. To investigate the functions of the [...] Read more.
Adding 50% vitreous humor to the media surrounding lens explants induces fiber cell differentiation and a significant immune/inflammatory response. While Fgfr loss blocks differentiation in lens epithelial explants, this blockage is partially reversed by deleting Pten. To investigate the functions of the Fgfrs and Pten during lens fiber cell differentiation, we utilized a lens epithelial explant system and conducted RNA sequencing on vitreous humor-exposed explants lacking Fgfrs, or Pten or both Fgfrs and Pten. We found that Fgfr loss impairs both vitreous-induced differentiation and inflammation while the additional loss of Pten restores these responses. Furthermore, transcriptomic analysis suggested that PDGFR-signaling in FGFR-deficient explants is required to mediate the rescue of vitreous-induced fiber differentiation in explants lacking both Fgfrs and Pten. The blockage of β-crystallin induction in explants lacking both Fgfrs and Pten in the presence of a PDGFR inhibitor supports this hypothesis. Our findings demonstrate that a wide array of genes associated with fiber cell differentiation are downstream of FGFR-signaling and that the vitreous-induced immune responses also depend on FGFR-signaling. Our data also demonstrate that many of the vitreous-induced gene-expression changes in Fgfr-deficient explants are rescued in explants lacking both Fgfrs and Pten. Full article
(This article belongs to the Collection Fibroblast Growth Factors: Pathophysiology and Therapeutics)
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13 pages, 1049 KiB  
Systematic Review
Current Evidence for a New Surgical Technique for Scleral Fixation: The Implantation of a Carlevale Lens, a Systematic Review
by Francesca Barbieri, Maria Novella Maglionico, Giamberto Casini, Gianluca Guidi, Michele Figus and Chiara Posarelli
J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13(11), 3287; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13113287 - 3 Jun 2024
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2800
Abstract
Background: The Carlevale lens (FIL SSF, Soleko IOL Division, Italy) is a new lens for suture-less scleral fixation. This paper aimed to systematically review articles on this lens, the surgical techniques used for its implantation, complications and outcomes. Methods: This systematic [...] Read more.
Background: The Carlevale lens (FIL SSF, Soleko IOL Division, Italy) is a new lens for suture-less scleral fixation. This paper aimed to systematically review articles on this lens, the surgical techniques used for its implantation, complications and outcomes. Methods: This systematic review was performed following the PRISMA guidelines. The search string used was “Carlevale” AND “scleral fixation” from inception until March 2024. For completeness, either case-control studies, case reports or case series written in English were included. The authors used the Newcastle–Ottawa scale for the case-control studies and the JBI Critical Appraisal Checklist for case reports and case series. Results: Twenty-nine articles were included. Scleral fixation with Carlevale lens can be performed by creating scleral flaps or, alternatively, by using scleral pockets. The two sclerotomies must be diametrically opposed, and are preferably created by 25-gauge trocars. A pars plana vitrectomy should be performed every time, and the design of the lens should be suitable for self-anchoring to the sclera; the most accredited strategy to achieve this is to avoid scleral sutures. There were only a few intraoperative and postoperative complications reported; vitreous hemorrhages were the most frequent intraoperative events, while the most relevant postoperative complications were vitreous hemorrhages, cystoid macular oedema and transient variations in the intraocular pressure. Excellent results have been obtained in terms of BCVA, IOL centration and stability, mean intraocular pressure, postoperative spherical equivalent, separation between anterior and posterior chamber and the distance of the IOL from anterior chamber structures. Conclusions: The foldable hydrophilic design of the Carlevale lens has shown good effectiveness, IOL stability and few intra and post-operative complications. Full article
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11 pages, 1019 KiB  
Review
Emulsification of Silicone Oils: Altering Factors and Possible Complications—A Narrative Review
by Małgorzata Łątkowska, Małgorzata Gajdzis and Radosław Kaczmarek
J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13(8), 2407; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13082407 - 20 Apr 2024
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2634
Abstract
Background: Endotamponade of the vitreous body with silicone oil is a common procedure, being the basis of many vitreoretinal surgeries. However, emulsification may happen, which is a clinically relevant adverse event of silicone oil use. Methods: This review provides a thorough [...] Read more.
Background: Endotamponade of the vitreous body with silicone oil is a common procedure, being the basis of many vitreoretinal surgeries. However, emulsification may happen, which is a clinically relevant adverse event of silicone oil use. Methods: This review provides a thorough analysis of the emulsification process. It focuses on describing factors affecting this event as well as its possible subsequent complications. Results: The viscosity of silicone oil, the duration of emulsification, the status of the lens and many other factors have an influence on the onset and intensity of emulsification. This phenomenon carries several risks for operated eyes such as increased intraocular pressure, keratopathy or structural changes to the retina. Conclusions: The use of modern imaging techniques, especially optical coherence tomography, enables faster detection of the emulsification process. This allows for an adequate clinical response and more accurate follow-up of the patient. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Ophthalmology)
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11 pages, 6862 KiB  
Communication
Ultrasonography and Postmortem Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Bilateral Ocular Disease in a Heifer
by Takeshi Tsuka, Yuji Sunden, Takehito Morita, Md Shafiqul Islam and Osamu Yamato
Ruminants 2024, 4(1), 125-135; https://doi.org/10.3390/ruminants4010008 - 8 Mar 2024
Viewed by 1819
Abstract
Bovine ocular diseases are typically characterized by the concurrent appearances of both macroscopic and intraocular abnormalities. This study examines the diagnostic efficacy of a combination of ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for the bilateral ocular disease observed in a 9-month-old Japanese Black [...] Read more.
Bovine ocular diseases are typically characterized by the concurrent appearances of both macroscopic and intraocular abnormalities. This study examines the diagnostic efficacy of a combination of ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for the bilateral ocular disease observed in a 9-month-old Japanese Black heifer. This case presented with bilateral strabismus and a white-colored lens structure in the right eye. A combination of ultrasonography and MRI revealed formations of corn-like and V-shaped membranous structures within the vitreous cavities of the left and right eyeballs, respectively. In the right eye, a cataract was suspected on both ultrasonogram and MRI. This case involved bilateral retinal detachments and strabismus similar to the signs of an autosomal recessive hereditary ocular disease; however, the cataract in the right eye differed from that hereditary disease. Finally, in genetic analysis, a known mutation of the WFDC1 gene was not detected. Ultrasonography is superior to MRI in demonstrating intraocular pathological changes. On the other hand, MRI is helpful for evaluating invasiveness of the ocular lesions to the peripheral structures. Thus, the combined use of these imaging modalities is recommended for diagnosing various bovine ocular diseases. Full article
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25 pages, 3813 KiB  
Article
The Sleep Quality- and Myopia-Linked PDE11A-Y727C Variant Impacts Neural Physiology by Reducing Catalytic Activity and Altering Subcellular Compartmentalization of the Enzyme
by Irina Sbornova, Emilie van der Sande, Snezana Milosavljevic, Elvis Amurrio, Steven D. Burbano, Prosun K. Das, Helen H. Do, Janet L. Fisher, Porschderek Kargbo, Janvi Patel, Latarsha Porcher, Chris I. De Zeeuw, Magda A. Meester-Smoor, Beerend H. J. Winkelman, Caroline C. W. Klaver, Ana Pocivavsek and Michy P. Kelly
Cells 2023, 12(24), 2839; https://doi.org/10.3390/cells12242839 - 14 Dec 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2294
Abstract
Recently, a Y727C variant in the dual-specific 3′,5′-cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase 11A (PDE11A-Y727C) was linked to increased sleep quality and reduced myopia risk in humans. Given the well-established role that the PDE11 substrates cAMP and cGMP play in eye physiology and sleep, we determined [...] Read more.
Recently, a Y727C variant in the dual-specific 3′,5′-cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase 11A (PDE11A-Y727C) was linked to increased sleep quality and reduced myopia risk in humans. Given the well-established role that the PDE11 substrates cAMP and cGMP play in eye physiology and sleep, we determined if (1) PDE11A protein is expressed in the retina or other eye segments in mice, (2) PDE11A-Y7272C affects catalytic activity and/or subcellular compartmentalization more so than the nearby suicide-associated PDE11A-M878V variant, and (3) Pde11a deletion alters eye growth or sleep quality in male and female mice. Western blots show distinct protein expression of PDE11A4, but not PDE11A1-3, in eyes of Pde11a WT, but not KO mice, that vary by eye segment and age. In HT22 and COS-1 cells, PDE11A4-Y727C reduces PDE11A4 catalytic activity far more than PDE11A4-M878V, with both variants reducing PDE11A4-cAMP more so than PDE11A4-cGMP activity. Despite this, Pde11a deletion does not alter age-related changes in retinal or lens thickness or axial length, nor vitreous or anterior chamber depth. Further, Pde11a deletion only minimally changes refractive error and sleep quality. That said, both variants also dramatically alter the subcellular compartmentalization of human and mouse PDE11A4, an effect occurring independently of dephosphorylating PDE11A4-S117/S124 or phosphorylating PDE11A4-S162. Rather, re-compartmentalization of PDE11A4-Y727C is due to the loss of the tyrosine changing how PDE11A4 is packaged/repackaged via the trans-Golgi network. Therefore, the protective impact of the Y727C variant may reflect a gain-of-function (e.g., PDE11A4 displacing another PDE) that warrants further investigation in the context of reversing/preventing sleep disturbances or myopia. Full article
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