Search Results (420)

Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a common condition among intensive care unit patients and is associated with high mortality. Currently, there are no unified therapeutic strategies, including for the use of systemic glucocorticosteroid (GCS) therapy, in the management of ARDS of various etiologies. Using our previously developed non-surgical and reproducible model of unilateral total diffuse alveolar damage (ARDS/DAD) in the left lung of ICR mice, we investigated the effects of GCS with different durations of action and administration regimens on lung function recovery. Our data show that repeated-course administration of dexamethasone promoted complete normalization of respiratory function, as well as restoration of aeration and perfusion of the left lung in mice following ARDS/DAD induction. In contrast, a single administration of the same drug or the use of a prolonged-release formulation, despite exhibiting anti-inflammatory effects, did not provide adequate lung tissue recovery and, in some cases, even exacerbated injury. These results underscore that in ARDS therapy, not just the use but the specific dosing regimen of glucocorticoids is critically important for driving complete functional and structural lung repair. Full article

Background: Manual dexterity (MD) impairment is a frequent and disabling feature in patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD) and paranoid schizophrenia (PS), significantly affecting functional independence and activities of daily living. However, rehabilitation strategies specifically targeting fine motor control remain insufficiently integrated into routine physiotherapy (PT). Objective: This study investigated the effects of a structured, progressive PT program incorporating targeted MD training on upper limb function in patients with PD and PS. Methods: A prospective, exploratory, interventional study was conducted in 30 patients, allocated to either an experimental group (EG, n = 20) or a control group (CG, n = 10). Participants had PD (Hoehn and Yahr stages II–III) or chronic, clinically stable PS. MD was assessed using the Purdue Pegboard Test, Coin Rotation Task, and Kapandji opposition score. The EG completed a four-phase, 40-week dexterity-oriented rehabilitation program, while the CG received standard disease-specific PT. Between-group differences in change scores were analyzed using one-way ANOVA. Results: The EG showed significantly greater improvements than the CG in thumb opposition, psychomotor processing speed, and unilateral and bilateral fine motor performance (p < 0.001 for all), with large to very large effect sizes (η² = 0.45–0.76). No significant between-group differences were observed for complex sequential assembly tasks. Conclusions: Integrating targeted MD training into structured PT programs significantly improves fine motor performance in patients with PD and PS, supporting its inclusion in rehabilitation protocols for residential and outpatient care settings. Full article

Background: No Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy studies have directly evaluated adrenalectomy vessels, the technique’s established ability to probe collagen/elastin-associated spectral features and lipid peroxidation-related signatures, and protein structural damage. Stable gastric pentadecapeptide BPC 157 therapy was found to maintain the vascular function under severe stress, as FTIR spectroscopy recently demonstrated rapid peptide-induced molecular changes in healthy rat blood vessels, particularly in lipid content and protein secondary structure. Methods: To extend these findings and highlight the BPC 157 vascular background in the special circumstances of the course following unilateral adrenalectomy, abdominal aortas were collected at 15 min, 5 h, and 24 h after unilateral adrenalectomy for the FTIR spectroscopy assessment. Results: FTIR spectra were acquired, preprocessed, and analyzed using principal component analysis (PCA), support vector machine discriminant analysis (SVMDA), and band-specific statistics. BPC 157 (10 ng/kg intragatrically immediately after unilateral adrenalectomy) produced a clear, reproducible separation of aortic spectra from control samples at all time points. The main discriminatory spectral signatures were observed in three regions, including amide I and amide II (protein-related bands, consistent with collagen/elastin contributions) and lipid C–H stretching bands. These spectral signatures are consistent with early extracellular matrix reinforcement and membrane preservation in the vascular wall and align with the recovering effect on the lesions in counteraction of the severe vascular and multiorgan failure, attenuation/elimination of thrombosis and blood pressure disturbances in various occlusion/occlusion-like syndromes. Conclusions: Together, after unilateral adrenalectomy, the FTIR data provide molecular-level spectral signatures consistent with rapid remodeling of the aortic wall toward a more structurally stable and functionally favorable state. Full article

Introduction: Massage therapy delivers structured mechanosensory input that can influence brain function, yet the central mechanisms and potential for neuroplastic change have not been synthesized across neuroimaging modalities. This mechanistic review integrates evidence from electroencephalography (EEG), functional MRI (fMRI), and functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) to map how massage alters human brain activity acutely and over time and to identify signals of longitudinal adaptation. Materials and Methods: We conducted a scoping, mechanistic review informed by PRISMA/PRISMA-ScR principles. PubMed/MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, Google Scholar, and ResearchGate were queried for English-language human trials (January 1990–July 2025) that (1) delivered a practitioner-applied manual massage (e.g., Swedish, Thai, shiatsu, tuina, reflexology, myofascial techniques) and (2) measured brain activity with EEG, fMRI, or fNIRS pre/post or between groups. Non-manual stimulation, structural-only imaging, protocols, and non-English reports were excluded. Two reviewers independently screened and extracted study, intervention, and neuroimaging details; heterogeneity precluded meta-analysis, so results were narratively synthesized by modality and linked to putative mechanisms and longitudinal effects. Results: Forty-seven studies met the criteria: 30 EEG, 12 fMRI, and 5 fNIRS. Results: Regarding EEG, massage commonly increased alpha across single sessions with reductions in beta/gamma, alongside pressure-dependent autonomic shifts; moderate pressure favored a parasympathetic/relaxation profile. Connectivity effects were state- and modality-specific (e.g., reduced inter-occipital alpha coherence after facial massage, preserved or reorganized coupling with hands-on vs. mechanical delivery). Frontal alpha asymmetry frequently shifted leftward (approach/positive affect). Pain cohorts showed decreased cortical entropy and a shift toward slower rhythms, which tracked analgesia. Somatotopy emerged during unilateral treatments (contralateral central beta suppression). Adjuncts (e.g., binaural beats) enhanced anti-fatigue indices. Longitudinally, repeated programs showed attenuation of acute EEG/cortisol responses yet improvements in stress and performance; in one program, BDNF increased across weeks. In preterm infants, twice-daily massage accelerated EEG maturation (higher alpha/beta, lower delta) in a dose-responsive fashion; the EEG background was more continuous. In fMRI studies, in-scanner touch and reflexology engaged the insula, anterior cingulate, striatum, and periaqueductal gray; somatotopic specificity was observed for mapped foot areas. Resting-state studies in chronic pain reported normalization of regional homogeneity and/or connectivity within default-mode and salience/interoceptive networks after multi-session tuina or osteopathic interventions, paralleling symptom improvement; some task-based effects persisted at delayed follow-up. fNIRS studies generally showed increased prefrontal oxygenation during/after massage; in motor-impaired cohorts, acupressure/massage enhanced lateralized sensorimotor activation, consistent with use-dependent plasticity. Some reports paired hemodynamic changes with oxytocin and autonomic markers. Conclusions: Across modalities, massage reliably modulates central activity acutely and shows convergent signals of neuroplastic adaptation with repeated dosing and in developmental windows. Evidence supports (i) rapid induction of relaxed/analgesic states (alpha increases, network rebalancing) and (ii) longer-horizon changes—network normalization in chronic pain, EEG maturation in preterm infants, and neurotrophic up-shifts—consistent with trait-level recalibration of stress, interoception, and pain circuits. These findings justify integrating massage into rehabilitation, pain management, mental health, and neonatal care and motivate larger, standardized, multimodal longitudinal trials to define dose–response relationships, durability, and mechanistic mediators (e.g., connectivity targets, neuropeptides). Full article

This study aims to assess the energy efficiency of LED luminaires used in public road lighting by comparing manufacturer-declared photometric and electrical parameters with laboratory simulation results. The research also evaluates the performance of these luminaires across various road types and installation configurations to determine compliance with national and international standards. Eleven LED luminaires were tested using a rotating mirror goniophotometer in an ISO/IEC 17025-accredited laboratory. Simulations were conducted using Dialux Evo software across six road types (M1–M6) and three installation configurations (unilateral, bilateral, and staggered). Key parameters analyzed included brog (L_m), overall uniformity (U₀), longitudinal uniformity (U_l), luminous efficacy (lm/W), power factor, and total harmonic distortion (THD) in voltage and current. Discrepancies were found between manufacturer-declared and simulation results, especially in higher-class roads (M1–M3), where up to 28.57% of luminaires failed to meet the minimum luminance requirements when tested. The study highlights the importance of validating manufacturer specifications through accredited laboratory testing. Overall, LED technology improves energy efficiency in public lighting, and inconsistencies in the power factor and luminance performance suggest the need for stricter regulatory oversight and more rigorous quality control. Simulation tools like Dialux Evo prove essential for optimizing lighting designs tailored to specific road types and traffic conditions. Full article

The purpose of this study was to examine morphological asymmetries in male youth judokas using an integrated assessment combining three-dimensional (3D) body scanning and bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA), and to determine how these asymmetries relate to judo-specific performance. Twenty-seven competitive male youth judokas were evaluated for bilateral girth, segmental length, and lean mass asymmetries across upper- and lower-limb segments. The Absolute Asymmetry index, expressed as a percentage for individual body segments, and the average body symmetry across all variables were calculated, and associations with performance were assessed using the Special Judo Fitness Test (SJFT). Significant right-dominant asymmetries were found in elbow girth p < 0.001, forearm girth p < 0.001, thigh girth p = 0.028, and leg muscle mass p = 0.008. Upper-limb asymmetries were the primary contributors to total-body asymmetry, reflecting the unilateral gripping and rotational demands typical in judo. Only calf girth asymmetry was significantly associated with SJFT performance, with greater asymmetry linked to poorer outcomes, indicating a specific rather than general asymmetry–performance relationship (r = 0.405; p = 0.037). These findings underscore the importance of early detection of segment-specific asymmetries and suggest that rapid digital anthropometry is a practical tool for monitoring morphological development in youth judokas. Early targeted interventions may support balanced technical execution, enhance performance, and reduce the risk of uneven loading patterns as athletes progress to higher age categories and competition levels. Full article

Age-related differences in temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis (TMJ OA) have been suggested; however, age-specific patterns of functional recovery following occlusal splint therapy remain insufficiently characterized. This retrospective observational study evaluated longitudinal changes in bite force across different age groups in patients with unilateral TMJ OA undergoing stabilization splint therapy. Thirty-two patients diagnosed according to the Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (DC/TMD) were categorized into three age groups (20–39, 40–59, and ≥60 years). Maximum bite force was measured repeatedly from baseline to 2 weeks and up to 6 months during the observation period following splint application. Patients aged 60 years and older exhibited significantly lower baseline maximum bite force compared with younger groups (p = 0.011), but demonstrated a gradual and statistically significant increase over the observation period (p = 0.011). In contrast, patients aged 20–39 years showed a significant improvement in bite force asymmetry after 2 weeks of treatment (p = 0.047), which was maintained throughout follow-up. These findings suggest that functional recovery patterns in unilateral TMJ OA may vary according to age, with younger patients showing earlier improvement and older patients demonstrating slower but progressive functional gains. Bite force assessment may serve as a complementary functional parameter for characterizing age-related differences in functional change in patients with unilateral TMJ OA. Full article

With the rapid expansion of high-speed railway (HSR) networks, the vibration impact on adjacent energy infrastructure has become a critical safety concern. However, existing research lacks a comprehensive evaluation of buried sour gas pipelines specifically in tunnel-undercrossing scenarios. This research investigates the dynamic response characteristics of a sour natural gas pipeline under train-induced vibration loads using a case study in Chongqing. A three-dimensional dynamic coupling model of the track lining soil pipeline system was established based on FLAC-3D. The study innovatively quantifies the vibration superposition effect during bidirectional train encounters and assesses safety using fatigue life and velocity thresholds. Results indicate that pipeline vibration is predominantly vertical. As train speed increases from 250 km/h to 350 km/h, the response exhibits a non-linear rapid growth within the 300–350 km/h range. Under bidirectional encounters, the peak displacement reaches 2.00 times that of unilateral passage, representing the most critical load condition. The maximum peak vibration velocity is 0.1 mm/s, far below the 2 mm/s safety threshold, ensuring structural integrity under current operational standards. Full article

Nitrogen (N) fertilizers can promote soybean growth, nodulation, and nitrogen fixation to a certain extent. However, excessive nitrogen application inhibits the nitrogen fixation capacity of soybean nodules. In this study, three experimental materials were used to investigate the direct and indirect effects of localized exogenous nitrogen (Ammonium Nitrate, NH₄NO₃) on nodule nitrogen fixation in soybean. Three nitrogen supply methods were applied: bilateral nodulation dual-root soybeans, unilateral nodulation dual-root soybeans, and upper- and lower-layered soybeans. The root nitrogen accumulation of direct contact with exogenous nitrogen reached 72.61 mg/plant, 30.59 mg/plant, and 88.48 mg/plant, respectively, and its nitrogen accumulation ability was higher. Exogenous nitrogen inhibited nodule growth and nitrogen accumulation. Nodule development and nitrogenase activity were regulated both directly and indirectly by exogenous nitrogen, with a more pronounced inhibitory effect observed in the roots directly exposed to nitrogen. Experiment I demonstrated that the number and dry weight of nodules on the nitrogen supply side decreased by 35.04% and 40.00%, respectively, while the difference was not significant on the non-nitrogen supply side. Furthermore, the nodule system exhibited a substantial buffering effect on exogenous nitrogen. In Experiment I, no significant differences were observed in the number, dry weight, or nitrogenase activity of nodules on the non-nitrogen-supplying side. The number and dry weight of nodules in Experiment II decreased by 61.55% and 35.91%, respectively. The specific nitrogenase activity (SNA) and acetylene reduction assay (ARA) also decreased by 32.28% and 67.20%, respectively, showing significant differences. In Experiment III, the number and dry weight of nodules in the upper layers decreased by 23.70% and 15.12%, respectively. Furthermore, significant differences in nitrogenase activity were detected, indicating that the nodules exposed to exogenous nitrogen spontaneously initiated the nitrogen regulation mechanism. This partially offsets the inhibitory effect on the nitrogen fixation function of nodules on the indirectly exposed side. This study revealed that exogenous nitrogen supply significantly affected the growth efficiency and nodule nitrogen fixation function of soybean plants by regulating nitrogen absorption and resource allocation. The use of deep unilateral fertilization can ensure the nitrogen fixation capacity of nodules and nitrogen accumulation in soybean plants and provide theoretical support for improving nitrogen use efficiency and realizing scientific fertilization. Full article

Background/Objectives: Accurate plantar pressure assessment is essential for injury prevention and rehabilitation monitoring in sports. Wearable sensor technologies, such as DAid^® Smart Socks, offer portable, real-time biomechanical feedback and enable data collection in field conditions. However, there is limited evidence on their level of agreement with a gold standard in measuring the foot plantar center of pressure (CoP) in football-specific tasks. This study aimed to determine the preliminary validity of DAid^® Smart Socks compared with a gold-standard force platform in measuring plantar center of pressure (CoP) during functional football FIFA 11+ Part 2 exercises. Methods: Ten male volunteer youth football players (mean age 12.2 ± 0.42 years; height 158.7 ± 7.72 cm; weight 46.46 ± 8.78 kg; shoe size EU 39.8 ± 2.68) from the Latvian Football Federation Youth League participated. Eight players had right-leg dominance, two had left-leg dominance; three reported past lower-limb injuries. Plantar pressure was measured simultaneously using DAid^® Smart Socks and a 1.5 m entry-level force platform with a calibration factor of 3.2. Center of pressure (CoP) data from the force platform were recorded using Footscan software version 9.10.4. Participants performed two selected FIFA 11+ Part 2 exercises—a single-leg squat (unilateral) and a squat with heel raise, performed bilaterally—under standardized conditions. Each exercise was performed twice, with sock removal and reapplication between trials. Agreement between the DAid^® Smart Socks and the force platform was examined using waveform synchronization, root mean square error (RMSE), Bland–Altman analysis, and Lin’s Concordance Correlation Coefficient (CCC) to quantify both relative waveform correspondence and absolute CoP measurement accuracy. Results: Across 160 paired recordings, the DAid^® Smart Socks showed moderate-to-high correlation with the force platform for relative CoP dynamics, with 79% of waveforms demonstrating CCC ≥ 0.60. Absolute agreement was limited, with only 16% of recordings reaching CCC ≥ 0.90, and RMSE values ranging from 2.1 to 18.9 mm (X) and 4.3–34.2 mm (Y). Conclusions: DAid^® Smart Socks showed moderate-to-high correspondence with the force platform in capturing the directional and temporal characteristics of plantar CoP during functional football tasks, with agreement varying across individuals. Full article

Background and Objectives: Thyroid nodules are common, and distinguishing benign from malignant lesions is essential for clinical decision-making. While EU-TIRADS provides ultrasound-based risk stratification, fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) and the Bethesda System remain central diagnostic tools. This study aimed to compare the diagnostic performance of EU-TIRADS and Bethesda classifications and to identify ultrasonographic features independently associated with malignancy. Materials and Methods: This retrospective single-center study included 824 patients (1132 nodules) who underwent FNAB between August 2021 and June 2024. All ultrasound examinations and FNAB procedures were performed by the same endocrinologist. Sonographic features, EU-TIRADS categories, Bethesda classes, surgical indications, and histopathology were analyzed. Diagnostic accuracy was assessed using ROC curves, and multivariable logistic regression was applied to determine independent predictors of malignancy. Results: Among all nodules, 51.0% were EU-TIRADS 3, 28.6% were EU-TIRADS 4, and 19.2% were EU-TIRADS 5. Bethesda class II constituted 62.7% of FNAB results. Of the 289 surgically treated nodules, 53.3% were malignant. Malignant nodules were smaller, more often solitary and unilateral, and more frequently located in the upper pole (p < 0.05). Irregular margins (OR = 8.15, p < 0.001) and microcalcifications (OR = 10.01, p = 0.003) were independent predictors of malignancy. Taller-than-wide shape also showed significant association. ROC analyses demonstrated that EU-TIRADS (AUC = 0.808) and Bethesda (AUC = 0.869) were both significant predictors, with Bethesda showing higher specificity. Malignancy rates were 0% in EU-TIRADS II, 4.3% in III, 14.5% in IV, and 37.8% in V. Conclusions: EU-TIRADS is a practical and sensitive non-invasive tool for malignancy risk stratification; however, Bethesda classification remains superior in overall diagnostic accuracy. Microcalcification and irregular margins were the strongest ultrasonographic predictors of malignancy, while macrocalcification, parenchymal heterogeneity, and thyroiditis showed no significant association. These findings support the complementary roles of EU-TIRADS and FNAB and highlight key sonographic markers that enhance malignancy prediction in thyroid nodule evaluation. Full article

Background: Anatomical variations of the maxillary sinus, including the septa, can affect surgical outcomes. This study aimed to present the characteristics of maxillary sinus septa in an Asir-region cohort using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). Methods: Archival adult CBCT scans of patients at the King Khalid University College of Dentistry were reviewed in this retrospective cross-sectional study. Septa were measured in axial, coronal, and sagittal planes and classified as vertical, oblique, or horizontal. Correlations between the characteristics of the septa and both age and sex were analyzed. Results: Of the 400 CBCTs randomly selected between May–August 2025, 350 were suitable for analysis; among them, only 26 patients (53.8% male; age, <30 years) presented with sinus septa. The septa were unilateral in 16 (61.5%) and bilateral in 10 (38.5%) patients, without any significant differences based on sex (χ² = 0.248; p = 0.619) or age (χ² = 5.491; p = 0.139). Oblique and horizontal orientations were most common on the right (n = 10) and left (n = 11) sides, respectively; no associations were observed with sex (p > 0.05). The mean mediolateral length and septal height ranged from 7.8 to 10.3 mm and ~8.2 to 8.5 mm, with no sex- or age-related differences. Septal thickness did not vary by age (p > 0.05). Pathologic mucosal findings were infrequent and showed no association with septal location or side. Conclusions: These findings provide region-specific data on maxillary sinus septa in the Asir-region cohort, contributing to the understanding of anatomical variations before planning surgical interventions. Full article

Introduction: This study aims to predict mortality using chest radiographs obtained on the first day of intensive care admission, thereby contributing to better planning of doctors’ treatment strategies and more efficient use of limited resources through early and accurate predictions. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed 510 ICU patients. After data augmentation, a total of 3019 chest radiographs were used for model training and validation, while an independent, non-augmented test set of 100 patients (100 images) was reserved for final evaluation. Seventy-four (74) radiomic features were extracted from the images and analyzed using machine learning algorithms. Model performances were evaluated using the area under the ROC curve (AUC), sensitivity, and specificity metrics. Results: A total of 3019 data samples were included in the study. Through feature selection methods, the initial 74 features were gradually reduced to 10. The Subspace KNN algorithm demonstrated the highest prediction accuracy, achieving AUC 0.88, sensitivity 0.80, and specificity 0.87. Conclusions: Machine learning algorithms such as Subspace KNN and features obtained from PAAC radiographs, such as GLCM Contrast, Kurtosis, Cobb angle, Haralick, Bilateral Infiltrates, Cardiomegaly, Skewness, Unilateral Effusion, Median Intensity, and Intensity Range, are promising tools for mortality prediction in patients hospitalized in the internal medicine intensive care unit. These tools can be integrated into clinical decision support systems to provide benefits in patient management. Full article

Objectives: Lung transplantation (LT) is a rescue therapy for end-stage pulmonary diseases, including systemic autoimmune diseases. The aim of this study was to analyse the evolution of patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc) who, after undergoing LT, become negative for antinuclear antibodies (ANA) and to assess whether they have different clinical and prognostic characteristics than patients who do not become negative. Material and Methods: A retrospective, descriptive analysis was performed over a cohort of patients with a diagnosis of SSc, who underwent unilateral or bilateral LT between 2006 and 2021 at the Vall d’Hebron University Hospital. Clinical and analytical data were obtained from these patients by reviewing their electronic medical records. Two groups of patients were compared: those who tested negative for ANA after LT and those who did not. Statistical analysis was performed with SPSS Statistics 20.0. Results: Eighteen patients were included. The most frequent indication for LT was interstitial lung disease (ILD) combined with pulmonary hypertension (PH), in 13 (72%) patients. All had ANA before the LT (n = 18), and regarding specific SSc autoantibodies, anti-topoisomerase I was presented in 44% (n = 8), anti-U11/U12RNP in 17% (n = 3), anti-RNA Polymerase III in 11.1% (n = 2), anti-Ro52 in 11% (n = 2) and anti-centromere in 6% of individuals (n = 1). 39% (n = 7) of the patients had negative post-LT ANA, 44% (n = 8) had declining titres, and 17% (n = 3) had stable ANA titres. Titres did not increase in any case after LT. Those patients who became ANA-negative after LT were those who had significantly lower titres before LT. No statistically significant differences between groups were found related to pre-LT clinical characteristics, immunosuppressive regimen applied after LT, or in post-LT outcomes. A non-significant trend towards better survival was observed in patients who became ANA negative, with a cumulative survival at 5 years of 85.7% compared to 72.7% among those who remained ANA-positive. Conclusions: Most patients with SSc clear ANA or reduce their levels after LT. A trend towards better survival was observed in this group, compared to the group of transplanted patients who remained positive. Full article

L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia (LID) remains the most challenging complication of dopamine replacement therapy in Parkinson’s disease, correlated with maladaptive plasticity within corticostriatal circuits. Perineuronal nets (PNNs), extracellular matrix structures enwrapping mainly parvalbumin interneurons (PV-INs), are key regulators of neuronal stability and plasticity, yet their contribution to LID is unknown. Using a unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine rat model of Parkinsonism followed by chronic L-DOPA administration, we quantified PNN–PV associations by Wisteria floribunda agglutinin (WFA) and PV immunolabeling across striatal and motor cortical territories. Dopamine loss markedly reduced PNN density and intensity in the dorsolateral striatum (DLS), which only partially recovered after L-DOPA. In LID, canonical WFA⁺/PV⁺ cells remained low, whereas non-canonical WFA⁻/PV⁺ populations expanded in both DLS and M1 motor cortex (M1), indicating region-specific remodeling toward a high-plasticity state. To assess causality, we used Chondroitinase ABC (ChABC) for PNN degradation. DLS-targeted ChABC exacerbated abnormal involuntary movements and increased local PV density, while M1-ChABC had no behavioral effect but altered PV metrics within the DLS–M1 axis. These findings identify the DLS as a critical node where PNN fragility amplifies dyskinesia, highlight a functional coupling between striatal and cortical PNN–PV remodeling, and suggest that stabilizing extracellular matrix integrity could mitigate maladaptive plasticity underlying LID. Full article