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Search Results (156)

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16 pages, 646 KiB  
Article
Psychometric Properties of the Diabetes Eating Problem Survey—Revised in Arab Adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes: A Cross-Cultural Validation Study
by Abdullah M. Alguwaihes, Shuliweeh Alenezi, Renad Almutawa, Rema Almutawa, Elaf Almusahel, Metib S. Alotaibi, Mohammed E. Al-Sofiani and Abdulmajeed AlSubaihin
Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(8), 1026; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15081026 - 29 Jul 2025
Viewed by 324
Abstract
Objectives: The objective of this manuscript is to translate, adapt, and validate an Arabic version of the Diabetes Eating Problem Survey—Revised (DEPS-R) questionnaire to assess disordered eating behaviors (DEBs) in adolescents with T1D in Saudi Arabia. Additionally, the study sought to estimate the [...] Read more.
Objectives: The objective of this manuscript is to translate, adapt, and validate an Arabic version of the Diabetes Eating Problem Survey—Revised (DEPS-R) questionnaire to assess disordered eating behaviors (DEBs) in adolescents with T1D in Saudi Arabia. Additionally, the study sought to estimate the prevalence of DEBs and analyze its associations with glycemic control and diabetes-related complications. Methods: A cross-cultural validation study was conducted following the COSMIN guidelines. The DEPS-R questionnaire was translated into Arabic through forward and backward translation involving expert panels, including psychiatrists, diabetologists, and linguists. A sample of 409 people with type 1 diabetes (PwT1D) (58.4% females) aged 12–20 years was recruited from outpatient diabetes clinics in the five main regions of Saudi Arabia. Participants completed the Arabic DEPS-R and the validated Arabic version of the SCOFF questionnaire. Sociodemographic, anthropometric, and biochemical data were collected, and statistical analyses, including confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and internal consistency tests, were conducted. Results: The Arabic DEPS-R exhibits strong internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.829) and high test–retest reliability (ICC = 0.861), with a CFA supporting a three-factor structure, namely body weight perception, disordered eating behaviors (DEBs), and bulimic tendencies. Notably, higher DEPS-R scores are significantly linked to elevated HbA1c levels, increased BMI, and more frequent insulin use. Alarmingly, 52.8% of participants show high-risk DEB, which is directly associated with poor glycemic control (HbA1c ≥ 8.1%) and a heightened risk of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). Conclusions: The Arabic DEPS-R is a valid and reliable tool for screening DEBs among Saudi adolescents with T1D. Findings underscore the necessity for early identification and intervention to mitigate the impact of EDs on diabetes management and overall health outcomes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Child and Adolescent Psychiatry)
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55 pages, 4973 KiB  
Review
Zebrafish as a Model Organism for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: Insights into Stress Mechanisms and Behavioral Assays
by Alexey Sarapultsev, Maria Komelkova, Oleg Lookin, Sergey Khatsko, Alexander Zhdanov, Stanislav Fedorov, Evgenii Gusev, Alexander Trofimov, Tursonjan Tokay and Desheng Hu
Biology 2025, 14(8), 939; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology14080939 - 25 Jul 2025
Viewed by 325
Abstract
The zebrafish (Danio rerio) has emerged as a powerful model organism for investigating the mechanisms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), offering unique advantages in translational relevance, genetic trackability, and cost-effectiveness. As a logical continuation of our recent systematic review, this manuscript [...] Read more.
The zebrafish (Danio rerio) has emerged as a powerful model organism for investigating the mechanisms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), offering unique advantages in translational relevance, genetic trackability, and cost-effectiveness. As a logical continuation of our recent systematic review, this manuscript critically examines the spectrum of experimental strategies used to model PTSD in zebrafish, with a focus on the comparative efficacy and validity of acute, chronic, and complex stress paradigms. Among these, 14–15-day chronic unpredictable stress (CUS/UCS) protocols are identified as the gold standard, reliably inducing core PTSD-like phenotypes—such as anxiety-like behavior, cortisol dysregulation, and neuroinflammatory gene activation. We discuss the influence of environmental, developmental, and genetic factors on stress responses, and highlight the importance of standardized behavioral and molecular endpoints for model validation. While alternative paradigms—including acute, social, pharmacological, and predator-based models—offer mechanistic insights, their translational relevance remains limited without further refinement. We conclude by outlining future directions for zebrafish-based PTSD research, emphasizing the need for protocol harmonization, integration of multi-modal readouts, and exploration of individual variability to enhance the translational value of this model system. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Social Behavior in Zebrafish)
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23 pages, 3341 KiB  
Article
On Old Uyghur Fragments of the Lotus Sutra in the Berlin Turfan Collection
by Ayixiemuguli Tuersun
Religions 2025, 16(7), 899; https://doi.org/10.3390/rel16070899 - 13 Jul 2025
Viewed by 444
Abstract
This study provides a comprehensive philological analysis of ten Old Uyghur manuscript fragments of the Saddharmapuṇḍarīka-sūtra (Lotus Sutra) in the Berlin Turfan Collection, while systematically examining all extant Old Uyghur Lotus Sutra manuscripts to establish a complete corpus for comparative analysis. [...] Read more.
This study provides a comprehensive philological analysis of ten Old Uyghur manuscript fragments of the Saddharmapuṇḍarīka-sūtra (Lotus Sutra) in the Berlin Turfan Collection, while systematically examining all extant Old Uyghur Lotus Sutra manuscripts to establish a complete corpus for comparative analysis. By collating this complete corpus with Kumārajīva’s Chinese translation, this research demonstrates a typology of Old Uyghur Lotus Sutra fragments. It identifies at least two distinct translation lineages: (1) early translations (pre-10th century) exhibiting lexical and structural divergences indicative of Sogdian mediation or hybrid source traditions, and (2) late translations (11th–14th centuries) directly derived from the Chinese version, characterized by syntactic fidelity and a standardized terminology. Through comparative textual analysis, orthographic scrutiny, and terminological cross-referencing, this paper aims to reconstruct the historical trajectory of the Lotus Sutra’s transmission. In addition, it discusses some facts indicating linguistic and cultural contact between the Sogdians and the progressive alignment of Uyghur Buddhist texts with Chinese Buddhist traditions. Full article
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28 pages, 3881 KiB  
Review
Unlocking the Potential of Spheroids in Personalized Medicine: A Systematic Review of Seeding Methodologies
by Karolina M. Lonkwic, Radosław Zajdel and Krzysztof Kaczka
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(13), 6478; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26136478 - 4 Jul 2025
Viewed by 509
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) spheroid models have revolutionized in vitro cancer research by offering more physiologically relevant alternatives to traditional two-dimensional (2D) cultures. A systematic search identifies English-language studies on patient-derived cancer spheroids for drug screening, using defined inclusion and exclusion criteria, with data extracted [...] Read more.
Three-dimensional (3D) spheroid models have revolutionized in vitro cancer research by offering more physiologically relevant alternatives to traditional two-dimensional (2D) cultures. A systematic search identifies English-language studies on patient-derived cancer spheroids for drug screening, using defined inclusion and exclusion criteria, with data extracted on cancer type, culture methods, spheroid characteristics, and therapeutic responses. This manuscript evaluates the methods for spheroid formation and the cellular sources used, highlighting the diverse applications and preferences in this field. The five most investigated cancer origins for spheroid seeding are breast, colon, lung, ovary, and brain cancers, reflecting their clinical importance and research focus. Among seeding methodologies, forced-floating and scaffold-based methods predominate, demonstrating reliability and versatility in spheroid generation. Other techniques, including microfluidics, bioprinting, hanging drop, and suspension culture also play significant roles, each with distinct advantages and limitations. This review underscores the increasing use of spheroid models and the need for standardization in methodologies to enhance the reproducibility and translational potential in cancer research. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Molecular Oncology)
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34 pages, 3322 KiB  
Article
Translating Medicine Across Cultures: The Divergent Strategies of An Shigao and Dharmarakṣa in Introducing Indian Medical Concepts to China
by Lu Lu
Religions 2025, 16(7), 844; https://doi.org/10.3390/rel16070844 - 25 Jun 2025
Viewed by 869
Abstract
The Yogācārabhūmi, compiled by Saṅgharakṣa, was first introduced to China by An Shigao’s abridged translation (T607, Daodi jing 道地經), later, in 284 CE, Dharmarakṣa produced a more comprehensive version (T606, Xiuxing daodi jing 修行道地經). Lacking extant Sanskrit or Pali parallels, the text [...] Read more.
The Yogācārabhūmi, compiled by Saṅgharakṣa, was first introduced to China by An Shigao’s abridged translation (T607, Daodi jing 道地經), later, in 284 CE, Dharmarakṣa produced a more comprehensive version (T606, Xiuxing daodi jing 修行道地經). Lacking extant Sanskrit or Pali parallels, the text is difficult to interpret literally, and the differences between T607 and T606 add to the analytical challenges. However, a substantial section in both translations describing omens of impending death in the sick exhibits systematic parallels with Indian Āyurvedic texts, such as the Caraka-saṃhitā and Suśruta-saṃhitā. These parallels help clarify the ambiguous passages through comparative analysis. This study explores the translation strategies of An Shigao and Dharmarakṣa in introducing Indian medical concepts to China. An Shigao adopted a localization strategy, replacing foreign terms with analogous Chinese concepts. His terminology, corroborated by usage in Eastern Han or earlier Chinese texts—particularly excavated manuscripts—supports claims in the Chu sanzang ji ji regarding his expertise in medicine and divination. By contrast, Dharmarakṣa’s Xiuxing daodi jing sought greater fidelity to the Indian source material, offering a more detailed and systematic presentation of Āyurvedic knowledge. However, Dharmarakṣa did not entirely abandon An Shigao’s localization approach. He adopted a balanced strategy that combined faithful representation with cultural adaptation, reflecting the broader capacity of his more diverse and sophisticated audience to engage with complex and extensive foreign knowledge. Full article
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26 pages, 777 KiB  
Review
Molecular Biomarkers for the Diagnosis and Prognostication of Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma
by James Sun, Morcos A. Awad, Jennifer Hwang and Anthony M. Villano
J. Pers. Med. 2025, 15(6), 236; https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm15060236 - 5 Jun 2025
Viewed by 925
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) remains among the most aggressive malignancies in the United States. Advances in treatments have slowly increased survival rates; however, outcomes remain dismal, largely due to the insidious onset of the disease and lack of screening tests leading to diagnosis [...] Read more.
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) remains among the most aggressive malignancies in the United States. Advances in treatments have slowly increased survival rates; however, outcomes remain dismal, largely due to the insidious onset of the disease and lack of screening tests leading to diagnosis at more advanced disease stages. As we better understand the molecular mechanisms that drive PDAC, we can leverage this technology for early detection of new PDAC or recurrences and find more effective methods to track treatment response. Liquid biopsies are increasingly common for the treatment of many malignancies, leveraging better technology to detect scant quantities of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) or byproducts of tumor biology (e.g., exosomes and microRNA [miRNA]) in the blood stream. When combined with existing biomarkers like CA 19-9, there is promising research that improved diagnostic modalities may be available in the future. Furthermore, these technologies are being leveraged to better prognosticate patients with PDAC and potentially monitor treatment responses not captured by cross-sectional imaging, which may allow for real-time changes in therapeutic strategy. This manuscript will review the molecular mechanisms that drive PDAC development and the biomarkers available for diagnosis and prognostication. Much of the data presented is still investigational, though many trials are ongoing to translate these studies for clinical use. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Biomarkers in the Diagnostics of Cancer)
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29 pages, 11350 KiB  
Article
Cross-Language Transfer-Learning Approach via a Pretrained Preact ResNet-18 Architecture for Improving Kanji Recognition Accuracy and Enhancing a Number of Recognizable Kanji
by Vasyl Rusyn, Andrii Boichuk and Lesia Mochurad
Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(9), 4894; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15094894 - 28 Apr 2025
Viewed by 493
Abstract
Many people admire the Japanese language and culture, but mastering the language’s writing system, particularly handwritten kanji, presents a significant challenge. Furthermore, translating historical manuscripts containing archaic or rare kanji requires specialized expertise. To address this, we designed a new model for handwritten [...] Read more.
Many people admire the Japanese language and culture, but mastering the language’s writing system, particularly handwritten kanji, presents a significant challenge. Furthermore, translating historical manuscripts containing archaic or rare kanji requires specialized expertise. To address this, we designed a new model for handwritten kanji recognition based on the concept of cross-language transfer learning using a Preact ResNet-18 architecture. The model was pretrained in a Chinese dataset and subsequently fine-tuned in a Japanese dataset. We also adapted and evaluated two fine-tuning strategies: unfreezing only the last layer and unfreezing all the layers during fine-tuning. During the implementation of our training algorithms, we trained a model with the CASIA-HWDB dataset with handwritten Chinese characters and used its weights to initialize models that were fine-tuned with a Kuzushiji-Kanji dataset that consists of Japanese handwritten kanji. We investigated the effectiveness of the developed model when solving a multiclass classification task for three subsets with the one hundred fifty, two hundred, and three hundred most-sampled classes and showed an improvement in the recognition accuracy and an enhancement in a number of recognizable kanji with the proposed model compared to those of the existing methods. Our best model achieved 97.94% accuracy for 150 kanji, exceeding the previous SOTA result by 1.51%, while our best model for 300 kanji achieved 97.62% accuracy (exceeding the 150-kanji SOTA accuracy by 1.19% while doubling the class count). This confirms the effectiveness of our proposed model and establishes new benchmarks in handwritten kanji recognition, both in terms of accuracy and the number of recognizable kanji. Full article
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13 pages, 521 KiB  
Review
The Interplay Between DNA Repair and the Immune Microenvironment in Pancreatic Cancer
by Aaron Ciner, Peter J. Hosein, Yixing Jiang and Feyruz Rassool
Biomedicines 2025, 13(5), 1031; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines13051031 - 24 Apr 2025
Viewed by 689
Abstract
This narrative review describes the relationship between DNA repair and the immune microenvironment in pancreatic cancer and its potential clinical relevance. Pancreatic cancer is a devastating disease, often diagnosed at an advanced and incurable stage. BRCA or PALB2 mutations occur in a small [...] Read more.
This narrative review describes the relationship between DNA repair and the immune microenvironment in pancreatic cancer and its potential clinical relevance. Pancreatic cancer is a devastating disease, often diagnosed at an advanced and incurable stage. BRCA or PALB2 mutations occur in a small subset, disabling accurate DNA double-strand break repair and sensitizing tumors to platinum-based chemotherapy and poly-ADP ribose polymerase inhibitors. While immune checkpoint blockade targeting PD1 and CTLA4 is ineffective for most patients, accumulating translational work indicates that those with BRCA or PALB2 mutations harbor a distinct and more permissive immune microenvironment. The phase 2 TAPUR study and retrospective series demonstrate that combined PD1 and CTLA4 inhibition can be effective for this subgroup of patients. In this manuscript, we review the current treatment landscape, the underlying mechanisms for immune resistance, and the interplay between defective DNA repair and the immune microenvironment in pancreatic cancer. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Cancer Biology and Oncology)
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14 pages, 2037 KiB  
Article
Two Fragments of the Old Uyghur Saṃyuktāgama from the Berlin Turfan Collection
by Binghan Sun
Religions 2025, 16(4), 473; https://doi.org/10.3390/rel16040473 - 7 Apr 2025
Viewed by 678
Abstract
The Āgamas hold significant importance in the context of Old Uyghur Buddhism, as evidenced by the discovery of over 100 fragments of Old Uyghur translations from Turfan and Dunhuang. Of particular significance are the two fragments housed in the Berlin Turfan Collection, [...] Read more.
The Āgamas hold significant importance in the context of Old Uyghur Buddhism, as evidenced by the discovery of over 100 fragments of Old Uyghur translations from Turfan and Dunhuang. Of particular significance are the two fragments housed in the Berlin Turfan Collection, U 5464 and U 5501, which contain an Old Uyghur translation of the Chinese Saṃyuktāgama, inscribed on both sides of a repurposed Manichaean manuscript. These fragments correspond to the 22nd and 23rd fascicles of the Chinese source text. This study provides a comprehensive introduction and an edition of these two fragments, accompanied by a comparative analysis with a parallel Old Uyghur translation from Manuscript N, housed in Tokyo. The analysis reveals significant variations, particularly in translation strategies, suggesting the existence of multiple Old Uyghur versions of the text. Full article
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24 pages, 818 KiB  
Review
Coffee as a Source of Antioxidants and an Elixir of Youth
by Zofia Kobylińska, Marek Biesiadecki, Ewelina Kuna, Sabina Galiniak and Mateusz Mołoń
Antioxidants 2025, 14(3), 285; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox14030285 - 27 Feb 2025
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 5393
Abstract
Coffee is more than a universally loved beverage; it is a complex matrix of bioactive compounds that contribute to its multifaceted health benefits. From its role as a potent source of antioxidants to its potential anti-aging effects, coffee has proven to be a [...] Read more.
Coffee is more than a universally loved beverage; it is a complex matrix of bioactive compounds that contribute to its multifaceted health benefits. From its role as a potent source of antioxidants to its potential anti-aging effects, coffee has proven to be a valuable component of a balanced diet. This paper highlights the extensive scientific evidence supporting coffee’s ability to combat oxidative stress, enhance cognitive function, and improve metabolic and cardiovascular health. Additionally, its role in modulating key cellular pathways underscores its potential to positively influence aging and longevity. This manuscript emphasizes coffee’s broader cultural, economic, and historical significance, illustrating its enduring relevance in contemporary society. Despite minor discrepancies in research findings, the preponderance of evidence underscores coffee’s potential as a functional food with profound implications for healthspan and aging. While promising, translating findings to humans requires further clinical research. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Natural and Synthetic Antioxidants)
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19 pages, 2161 KiB  
Review
Targeting Atherosclerosis via NEDD4L Signaling—A Review of the Current Literature
by Lucas Fornari Laurindo, Victória Dogani Rodrigues, Enzo Pereira de Lima, Beatriz Leme Boaro, Julia Maria Mendes Peloi, Raquel Cristina Ferraroni Sanches, Cláudia Rucco Penteado Detregiachi, Ricardo José Tofano, Maria Angelica Miglino, Katia Portero Sloan, Lance Alan Sloan and Sandra Maria Barbalho
Biology 2025, 14(3), 220; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology14030220 - 20 Feb 2025
Viewed by 1322
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases are the primary cause of mortality worldwide. In this scenario, atherosclerotic cardiovascular outcomes dominate since their incidence increases as populations grow and age. Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease that affects arteries. Although its pathophysiology is heterogeneous, some genes are indissociably [...] Read more.
Cardiovascular diseases are the primary cause of mortality worldwide. In this scenario, atherosclerotic cardiovascular outcomes dominate since their incidence increases as populations grow and age. Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease that affects arteries. Although its pathophysiology is heterogeneous, some genes are indissociably associated with its occurrence, and understanding their effects on the disease’s occurrence could undoubtedly define effective screening and treatment strategies. One such gene is NEDD4L. The NEDD4L gene is related to ubiquitin ligase enzyme activities. It is essential to regulate vascular inflammation, atherosclerosis plaque stability, endothelial and vascular smooth cell function, and lipid metabolism, particularly in controlling cholesterol levels. However, the evidence is dubious, and no review has yet synthesized the effects of targeting NEDD4L on atherosclerosis. Therefore, our review aims to fill this gap by analyzing the literature on NEDD4L concerning atherosclerosis occurrence. To achieve this goal, we performed a systematic literature search of reputable databases, including PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Science, Scopus, and Embase. The inclusion criteria comprised peer-reviewed original studies using in vitro and animal models due to the unavailability of relevant clinical studies. Systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and articles that did not focus on the relationship between NEDD4L and atherosclerosis and those unrelated to this health condition were excluded. Studies not written in the English language were also excluded. The search strategy included studies from January 2000 to January 2025 in the final analysis to capture recent advancements. Following screening, five studies were included. Most of the included studies underscored NEDD4L’s role in increasing atherosclerosis plaque formation, but other studies indicated that stimulating NEDD4L may positively counter atherosclerosis plaque formation. Therefore, future research endeavors must address several limitations, which have been tentatively highlighted throughout the manuscript, for more informative research based on preclinical studies and to successfully translate the findings into clinical trials. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Sciences in Cardiology and Vascular Disorders)
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22 pages, 5015 KiB  
Article
Barriers and Benefits: Understanding Riders’ Views on Pooled Rideshare in the U.S.
by Rakesh Gangadharaiah, Johnell Brooks, Lisa Boor, Kristin Kolodge and Yunyi Jia
Vehicles 2025, 7(1), 13; https://doi.org/10.3390/vehicles7010013 - 1 Feb 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1171
Abstract
This manuscript provides actionable recommendations to enhance user satisfaction and address existing barriers regarding pooled rideshare (PR) in the United States. Despite PR’s intended benefits, such as reduced traffic congestion and cost savings, its adoption remains limited. To identify these actionable items, a [...] Read more.
This manuscript provides actionable recommendations to enhance user satisfaction and address existing barriers regarding pooled rideshare (PR) in the United States. Despite PR’s intended benefits, such as reduced traffic congestion and cost savings, its adoption remains limited. To identify these actionable items, a U.S. nationwide survey with 5385 participants explored transportation preferences, barriers, and motivators for PR use in the summer of 2021. First, two factor analyses were conducted. The first factor analysis identified the five factors associated with one’s willingness to consider PR (time/cost, traffic/environment, safety, privacy, and service experience). The second factor analysis revealed the four factors related to ways to optimize one’s PR experience (comfort/ease of use, convenience, vehicle technology/accessibility, and passenger safety). Privacy concerns, for instance, were found to reduce the likelihood of PR adoption by 77%, and convenience had the potential to increase it by 156%. A structural equation model evaluated the relationships among these nine key factors influencing PR usage to develop the Pooled Rideshare Acceptance Model (PRAM). The privacy, safety, trust service, and convenience factors each had a significant large effect (Cohen’s f2 > 0.35) on the model. PRAM was extended using multigroup analyses to reveal the nuanced impact of 16 demographics, including gender, generation, rideshare experience, etc., highlighting the need for tailored strategies to improve PR acceptance through the Pooled Rideshare Acceptance Model Multigroup Analyses (PRAMMAs). Multiple workshops were held with diverse audiences to translate the team’s findings to date into 84 actionable recommendations, categorized across topical areas like safety, routing, driver and passenger selection, user education, etc. These findings are a foundation for a future study to determine which items resonate with different user groups. In the meantime, the actional items serve as a user-driven resource for policymakers, transportation network companies, and researchers, offering a roadmap to potential improvements to PR services to address existing concerns with the goal of increasing the usage of PR. Full article
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14 pages, 1851 KiB  
Article
Examining the Names of the Eight Bodhisattvas and the Bhaiṣajyaguru Buddha Mantra in the Guanding Version of the Bhaiṣajyaguru Buddha Sutra
by Minhui Zheng and Xiang Hong
Religions 2024, 15(12), 1510; https://doi.org/10.3390/rel15121510 - 10 Dec 2024
Viewed by 1147
Abstract
By examining the variants in the Dunhuang manuscripts and carving versions of the Guanding version of the Bhaiṣajyaguru Buddha Sutra (Guanding Bachuguozui Shengsidedu Jing, 灌頂拔除過罪生死得度經, Chapter 12 of Sutra on Abhiṣeka (Guanding Jing 灌頂經), we can categorize it into five [...] Read more.
By examining the variants in the Dunhuang manuscripts and carving versions of the Guanding version of the Bhaiṣajyaguru Buddha Sutra (Guanding Bachuguozui Shengsidedu Jing, 灌頂拔除過罪生死得度經, Chapter 12 of Sutra on Abhiṣeka (Guanding Jing 灌頂經), we can categorize it into five different editions based on the names of the eight bodhisattvas and the Bhaiṣajyaguru Buddha Mantra: (1) without the names of the eight bodhisattvas and the mantra, (2) with the names from the earlier translation, but without the mantra, (3) with the names from the later translation, but without the mantra, (4) with the names from the earlier translation and with the mantra, and (5) with the names from the later translation and with the mantra. These editions reflect the diachronic evolution of the Guanding version of the Bhaiṣajyaguru Buddha Sutra. The names of the eight bodhisattvas in the earlier translation first appeared in The Eight Lucky Mystical Mantra Sutra (Bajixiang Shenzhou Jing, 八吉祥神咒經), translated by Zhiqian (支謙, dates unknown) during the Three Kingdoms period. These bodhisattvas were atypical, including laymen and heavenly kings, rather than conventional enlightened figures. In contrast, the names from the later translation include well-known figures such as Avalokitesvara and Maitreya, selected by the compilers of the Guanding version. Notably, there is no direct connection between the earlier and later translations of the eight bodhisattvas’ names. Regarding the Bhaiṣajyaguru Buddha Mantra, the Guanding version is the earliest known version, which has undergone three expansions. The names of the Buddha, including tathāgatāya (多他伽多耶), bhagavate (薄伽筏帝), arhate (阿囉𠿒帝), and saṃyaksaṃbuddhāya (三藐三勃陀也), were subsequently added to the final edition by Yijing (義浄, 635–713). Full article
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11 pages, 2488 KiB  
Article
An Old Uighur balividhi Fragment Unearthed from the Northern Grottoes of Dūnhuáng
by Aydar Mirkamal and Xiaonan Li
Religions 2024, 15(12), 1484; https://doi.org/10.3390/rel15121484 - 5 Dec 2024
Viewed by 1112
Abstract
Photographs of the recto side of the manuscript fragment B121:38 in Old Uighur, which was excavated from the northern section of the Dūnhuáng Mògāo Caves, were published in the second volume of The Northern Grottoes of Mògāo Caves. Because the verso side, [...] Read more.
Photographs of the recto side of the manuscript fragment B121:38 in Old Uighur, which was excavated from the northern section of the Dūnhuáng Mògāo Caves, were published in the second volume of The Northern Grottoes of Mògāo Caves. Because the verso side, which contains essential information, remains unpublished—despite the publication of the recto—the manuscript’s typology cannot be fully comprehended, and it has consequently not garnered substantial scholarly attention. Through site investigation, transcription, English translation, detailed annotation, and comparative analysis with parallel Tibetan texts, B121:38 is confirmed to be a balividhi fragment of Tantric Buddhist literature. This fragment comprises three parts: praise for the five ḍākas, a transference of merits, and a mantra. The findings provide compelling evidence of the prominence of Tibetan Tantrism among Old Uighurs. Full article
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24 pages, 356 KiB  
Article
Set-Theoretical Solutions for the Yang–Baxter Equation in GE-Algebras: Applications to Quantum Spin Systems
by Ibrahim Senturk, Tahsin Oner, Abdullah Engin Çalık, Hüseyin Şirin, Metin Bilge and Neelamegarajan Rajesh
Axioms 2024, 13(12), 846; https://doi.org/10.3390/axioms13120846 - 2 Dec 2024
Viewed by 1108
Abstract
This manuscript presents set-theoretical solutions to the Yang–Baxter equation within the framework of GE-algebras by constructing mappings that satisfy the braid condition and exploring the algebraic properties of GE-algebras. Detailed proofs and the use of left and right translation operators are provided to [...] Read more.
This manuscript presents set-theoretical solutions to the Yang–Baxter equation within the framework of GE-algebras by constructing mappings that satisfy the braid condition and exploring the algebraic properties of GE-algebras. Detailed proofs and the use of left and right translation operators are provided to analyze these algebraic interactions, while an algorithm is introduced to automate the verification process, facilitating broader applications in quantum mechanics and mathematical physics. Additionally, the Yang–Baxter equation is applied to spin transformations in quantum mechanical spin-12 systems, with transformations like rotations and reflections modeled using GE-algebras. A Cayley table is used to represent the algebraic structure of these transformations, and the proposed algorithm ensures that these solutions are consistent with the Yang–Baxter equation, offering new insights into the role of GE-algebras in quantum spin systems. Full article
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