Transcription and replication are the two most essential processes that a cell does with its DNA: they allow cells to express the genomic content that is required for their functions and to create a perfect copy of this genomic information to pass on...
Technological advances are continually improving our ability to obtain more accurate views about the inner workings of biological systems. One such rapidly evolving area is single cell biology, and in particular gene expression and its regulation by...
In eukaryotes, genomic DNA is tightly wrapped in chromatin. The nucleosome is a basic unit of chromatin, but acts as a barrier to transcription. To overcome this impediment, the RNA polymerase II elongation complex disassembles the nucleosome during...
Melanoma incidence is steadily on the rise but widespread prevention awareness and novel treatment approaches have substantially ameliorated the prognosis of the disease. Microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) is an essential transcrip...
Transcription is arguably the most critical regulatory step in gene expression. In eukaryotes, a promoter is necessary for transcription, but it alone often does not lead to significant gene transcription. Distal regulatory elements called enhancers...
Sox proteins are known as crucial transcription factors for many developmental processes and for a wide range of common diseases. They were believed to specifically bind and bend DNA with other transcription factors and elicit transcriptional activat...
This article will review our current understanding of transcription elongation and termination in E. coli. We discuss why transcription elongation complexes pause at certain template sites and how auxiliary host and phage transcription factors affect...
Molecular biology is a rapidly evolving field that has led to the development of increasingly sophisticated technologies to improve our capacity to study cellular processes in much finer detail. Transcription is the first step in protein expression a...
Music transcription is the process of transforming recorded sound of musical performances into symbolic representations such as sheet music or MIDI files. Extensive research and development have been carried out in the field of music transcription an...
Central to the development and survival of all organisms is the regulation of gene expression, which begins with the process of transcription catalyzed by RNA polymerases. During transcription of protein-coding genes, the general transcription factor...
Enhancer elements regulate the tissue- and developmental-stage-specific expression of genes. Recent estimates suggest that there are more than 50,000 enhancers in mammalian cells. At least a subset of enhancers has been shown to recruit RNA polymeras...
Replication and transcription share the DNA template and must be coordinated to preserve genome integrity. Although temporally organized across the cell cycle, essential transcriptional programs—encoding replication machinery, canonical histone...
In eukaryotic cells, gene transcription typically occurs in discrete periods of promoter activity, interspersed with intervals of inactivity. This pattern deviates from simple stochastic events and warrants a closer examination of the molecular inter...
Plants produce a large variety of low-molecular-weight and specialized secondary compounds. Among them, nitrogen-containing alkaloids are the most biologically active and are often used in the pharmaceutical industry. Although alkaloid chemistry has...
WRKY transcription factors are known to function in a number of plant processes. Here we have characterized 15 WRKY family genes of the important ornamental species chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium). A total of 15 distinct sequences were isola...
Background: Gene transcription is a random bursting process that leads to large variability in mRNA numbers in single cells. The main cause is largely attributed to random switching between periods of active and inactive gene transcription. In some e...
The immune regulatory receptor CD69 is expressed upon activation in all types of leukocytes and is strongly regulated at the transcriptional level. We previously described that, in addition to the CD69 promoter, there are four conserved noncoding reg...
Natural antisense transcripts (NATs) constitute a significant group of regulatory, long noncoding RNAs. They are prominently expressed in testis but are also detectable in other organs. NATs are transcribed at low levels and co-expressed with related...
Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common degenerative joint disease, and it is characterized by articular cartilage loss. In part, OA is caused by aberrant anabolic and catabolic activities of the chondrocyte, the only cell type present in cartilage. T...
Transcription factors are extensively found in fungi and are involved in the regulation of multiple biological processes, including growth, development, conidiation, morphology, stresses tolerance, and virulence, as well as the production of secondar...
The recent developments in the delivery and design of transcription factors put their therapeutic applications within reach, exemplified by cell replacement, cancer differentiation and T-cell based cancer therapies. The success of such applications d...
Mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM) is one of the widely studied but still incompletely understood mitochondrial protein, which plays a crucial role in the maintenance and transcription of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). The available experimental...
Dinoflagellates are of great importance to the marine ecosystem, yet scant details of how gene expression is regulated at the transcriptional level are available. Transcription is of interest in the context of the chromatin structure in the dinoflage...
During liver organogenesis, cellular transcriptional profiles are constantly reshaped by the action of hepatic transcriptional regulators, including FoxA1-3, GATA4/6, HNF1α/β, HNF4α, HNF6, OC-2, C/EBPα/β, Hex, and Prox1. These factors are crucial for...
The filamentous fungus Penicillium verruculosum (anamorph Talaromyces verruculosus) has been shown to be an efficient producer of secreted cellulases, used in biorefinery processes. Understanding the mechanisms of regulation of cellulase gene express...
Transcription factors are involved in a large number of human diseases such as cancers for which they account for about 20% of all oncogenes identified so far. For long time, with the exception of ligand-inducible nuclear receptors, transcription fac...
The genomes of all organisms abound with various cis-regulatory elements, which control gene activity. Transcriptional enhancers are a key group of such elements in eukaryotes and are DNA regions that form physical contacts with gene promoters and pr...
It is well known how sequencing technologies propelled cellular biology research in recent years, providing incredible insight into the basic mechanisms of cells. Single-cell RNA sequencing is at the front in this field, with single-cell ATAC sequenc...
Transcription is a multistep, tightly regulated process. During transcription initiation, promoter recognition and pre-initiation complex (PIC) formation take place, in which dynamic recruitment or exchange of transcription activators occur. The prec...
Enhancers in higher eukaryotes and upstream activating sequences (UASs) in yeast have been shown to recruit components of the RNA polymerase II (Pol II) transcription machinery. At least a fraction of Pol II recruited to enhancers in higher eukaryote...
Viral transcription is an essential step of SARS-CoV-2 infection after invasion into the target cells. Antiviral drugs such as remdesivir, which is used to treat COVID-19 patients, targets the viral RNA synthesis. Understanding the mechanism of viral...
Over the past decades, extensive research has been conducted to identify and characterize various plant transcription factors involved in abiotic stress responses. Therefore, numerous efforts have been made to improve plant stress tolerance by engine...
The genome is dynamically reorganized, partitioned, and divided during mitosis. Despite their role in organizing interphase chromatin, transcription factors were largely believed to be mitotic spectators evicted from chromatin during mitosis, only ab...
Blood malignancies often arise from undifferentiated hematopoietic stem cells or partially differentiated stem-like cells. A tight balance of multipotency and differentiation, cell division, and quiescence underlying normal hematopoiesis requires a s...
TEOSINTE BRANCHED1/CYCLOIDEA/PROLIFERATING CELL FACTOR 1 and 2 (TCP) family proteins are the plant-specific transcription factors extensively participating in diverse developmental processes by integrating external cues with internal signals. The rol...
Transcription activation is the foremost step of gene expression and is modulated by various factors that act in synergy. Misregulation of this process and its associated factors has severe effects and hence requires strong regulatory control. In rec...
Transcription and its regulation pose challenges related to DNA torsion and supercoiling of the DNA template. RNA polymerase tracking the helical groove of the DNA introduces positive helical torsion and supercoiling upstream and negative torsion and...
Transcription-replication interactions occur when DNA replication encounters genomic regions undergoing transcription. Both replication and transcription are essential for life and use the same DNA template making conflicts unavoidable. R-loops, DNA...
Bacterial pathogens employ a general strategy to overcome host defenses by coordinating the virulence gene expression using dedicated regulatory systems that could raise intricate networks. During the last twenty years, many studies of Helicobacter p...
The reciprocal inhibition between two signaling centers, the Spemann organizer (dorsal mesoderm) and ventral region (mesoderm and ectoderm), collectively regulate the overall development of vertebrate embryos. Each center expresses key homeobox trans...
HTLV-1 is an oncogenic human retrovirus and the etiologic agent of the highly aggressive ATL malignancy. Two viral genes, Tax and Hbz, are individually linked to oncogenic transformation and play an important role in the pathogenic process. Consequen...
Persistent infections with high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) constitute the main risk factor for cervical cancer development. HPV16 is the most frequent type associated to squamous cell carcinomas (SCC), followed by HPV18. The long control region...
The circadian clock is an important endogenous timekeeper, helping plants to prepare for the periodic changes of light and darkness in their environment. The clockwork of this molecular timer is made up of clock proteins that regulate transcription o...
Since the successful isolation of mouse and human embryonic stem cells (ESCs) in the past decades, massive investigations have been conducted to dissect the pluripotency network that governs the ability of these cells to differentiate into all cell t...
During tumorigenesis the transformed cells lose their normal growth control mechanisms and become dependent on oncogenes’ products and pathways for survival. Treatments tailored to block the expression or function of transforming genes have shown eff...
The chemokine receptor CCR5 regulates trafficking of immune cells of the lymphoid and the myeloid lineage (such as monocytes, macrophages and immature dendritic cells) and microglia. Because of this, there is an increasing recognition of the importan...
The initiator element is a core promoter element encompassing the transcription start site, which is found in yeast, Drosophila, and human promoters. This element is observed in TATA-less promoters. Several studies have defined transcription factor r...
The HIV-1 transactivator protein Tat interacts with the transactivation response element (TAR) at the three-nucleotide UCU bulge to facilitate the recruitment of transcription elongation factor-b (P-TEFb) and induce the transcription of the integrate...
Multisubunit RNA polymerases (RNAPs) carry out transcription in all domains of life; during virus infection, RNAPs are targeted by transcription factors encoded by either the cell or the virus, resulting in the global repression of transcription with...
It has been four decades since the discovery of p53, the designated ‘Guardian of the Genome’. P53 is primarily known as a master transcription factor and critical tumor suppressor, with countless studies detailing the mechanisms by which...
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