Search Results (528)

Assessing the effects of opencast coal mining on surface water is often complex, requiring integrated approaches that combine guideline-based assessments, water quality indices (WQIs), hydrochemical tools, and statistical analyses. This study evaluated multi-year water quality data (2018–2023) from five sites along the Leeuwfonteinspruit, a tributary of the Olifants River Catchment in the Mpumalanga Province, South Africa. Water quality parameters were assessed against the South African Water Quality Guidelines (SAWQGs) for domestic, agricultural, and aquatic ecosystem uses. The results indicate frequent exceedances of SAWQGs for key parameters such as sulfate (SO₄), electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), iron (Fe), aluminum (Al), and manganese (Mn), particularly at the downstream site. Weighted Arithmetic Water Quality Index (WA-WQI) and Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment Water Quality Index (CCME-WQI) classified water quality from good at some upstream sites to consistently poor or marginal water quality at downstream sites. Irrigation assessments based on sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), sodium percentage (Na%), and the United States Salinity Laboratory (USSL) diagram indicated that surface water posed a low sodicity risk across the catchment, with salinity identified as the primary constraint to irrigation suitability. Hydrogeochemical evaluation using Gibbs diagrams suggested that the upstream water chemistry is dominated by natural rock–water interactions and dilution processes, while midstream to downstream sites increasingly exhibit characteristics consistent with evaporation–crystallization and anthropogenic influences. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and correlation analysis further suggested that water quality patterns are largely associated with salinity and mineralization that may be influenced by mining activities, with secondary contributions from agricultural inputs. Overall, the findings suggest that opencast coal mining is an important contributor to surface water quality deterioration in the Leeuwfonteinspruit, although other catchment activities and natural geochemical processes may also contribute. These findings highlight the need for strengthened monitoring, proactive mine water management, and effective regulatory enforcement. Full article

Background: SARS-CoV-2 in sewage and aquatic environments may contribute to environmental dissemination of the virus. This study investigated the presence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in sewage, sludge, and selected surface water sources in Dhaka, Bangladesh, and assessed related physicochemical parameters. Methods: Samples were collected from sewage pumping stations, one sewage treatment plant (STP), and selected rivers and ponds between September 2020 and January 2021. SARS-CoV-2 RNA was detected by RT-qPCR following nucleic acid extraction using a commercial kit. Temperature, pH, total dissolved solids (TDS), and dissolved oxygen (DO) were measured using portable instruments and conductivity was calculated from the TDS value. Results: SARS-CoV-2 RNA was detected in 57.1% of sewage samples and 53.3% of sludge samples. No viral RNA was detected in treated effluent from the STP, river, or pond, samples. River water showed little variation in physicochemical parameters, whereas pond and sewage samples exhibited differences in pH, conductivity, TDS, and DO. Conclusion: The presence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in untreated sewage and sludge, but not in treated effluent, indicates that SARS-CoV-2 RNA was undetectable in the treated effluent. Further studies are needed to better understand the environmental persistence of SARS-CoV-2 in aquatic systems in Bangladesh. Full article

Understanding the hydrochemical characteristics of groundwater in coal mining subsidence areas is of critical scientific significance for water environment protection and ecological restoration in mining regions. A systematic hydrochemical campaign was undertaken in the Luwa collapse zone (Jining city, Shandong Province) to decipher the composition, evolutionary behavior, and governing factors of groundwater within a high-water-table subsidence context. The analytical protocol comprised three complementary components: conventional hydrochemical profiling, ion-ratio-based source identification, and multivariate statistical modeling. The findings revealed that the groundwater in the study area was weakly alkaline (pH = 7.33 ± 0.217), with total dissolved solids (TDS) ranging from 1180 to 2280 mg/L, and all sampled sites exceeded the Class III groundwater quality standard of China. Na⁺, SO₄²⁻, and Cl⁻ were identified as the predominant pollutants, with exceedance rates of 91.3%, 95.7%, and 91.3%, respectively, which were primarily attributed to coal mine drainage and domestic sewage input. The groundwater chemical composition was governed by the combined effects of rock weathering, evaporation–concentration processes, and anthropogenic activities. Specifically, Na⁺ and Cl⁻ originated mainly from the dissolution of silicate minerals and halite, as well as domestic sewage input; SO₄²⁻ was primarily controlled by evaporite dissolution and industrial wastewater discharge; carbonate and silicate mineral weathering was identified as the primary source of Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺; and NO₃⁻ was predominantly influenced by agricultural activities. Principal component analysis (PCA) extracted three major controlling factors shaping the groundwater hydrochemistry in this area, namely: (1) evaporite dissolution and sewage input, (2) carbonate dissolution and pH buffering processes, and (3) agricultural input. This study reveals a dual-driven evolutionary model of groundwater in high-water-table coal mining subsidence areas, characterized by “natural enrichment superimposed by anthropogenic input,” whose work contributes to the knowledge base for sustainable groundwater stewardship and contamination risk reduction in mining-affected areas with analogous conditions. Full article

The presence of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria in fresh produce constitutes a significant public health concern, particularly in rural areas where untreated water is commonly used for irrigation. Certain Enterobacter species have been reported as causal agents of onion bulb rot, with Enterobacter cloacae experimentally demonstrated to cause bulb rot in onions. However, there is poor documentation of its effects in the Vhembe District, South Africa. This study investigated the detection and identification of enteric bacteria in onions, soil, and irrigation water, as well as the characterisation of the identified isolates. Thirty-six samples were analysed, comprising 13 onion samples, 4 irrigation water samples, and 9 soil specimens collected from three farms using selective and differential agar. Identification and enumeration in water and onion samples were performed with the Colilert Quanti-Tray. Physicochemical analysis of irrigation water indicated that Farm 3 had the highest electrical conductivity (EC) and total dissolved solids (TDS), as well as the lowest pH, while Farm 2 exhibited the greatest diversity of pathogenic Escherichia coli pathotypes, including enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC), which was absent in Farm 3. Culture-based methods yielded 72 presumptive bacterial isolates, which were characterized using the VITEK 2 system. Identified species included Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, Citrobacter amalonaticus, Raoultella ornithinolytica, and members of the Enterobacter cloacae complex. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that most Enterobacter isolates closely matched reference strains of Enterobacter ludwigii. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing against 19 antibiotics demonstrated varied resistance patterns among the isolates. The Enterobacter cloacae complex exhibited the highest resistance (10/19 antibiotics), followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae (9/19) and Citrobacter amalonaticus (7/19). All isolates were resistant to colistin but remained susceptible to ciprofloxacin, with most also sensitive to gentamicin and amikacin. Future research should include additional farms and investigate antibiotic resistance at the genetic level to elucidate its origins. Full article

Understanding the formation of high-total-dissolved-solids (TDS) groundwater is essential for mine-water source identification, treatment, and resource utilization in arid and semi-arid coal mining areas. However, previous studies have commonly focused on individual aquifers and have not adequately explained the hydrochemical differentiation and evolutionary relationships within shallow-to-deep multi-aquifer systems. Taking the Xiaojihan Coal Mine in northern Shaanxi as a case study, 90 surface-water and groundwater samples were analyzed using self-organizing maps (SOM), hydrochemical diagrams, major-ion ratios, chlor-alkali indices, mineral saturation indices, X-ray diffraction data, and permeability-TDS relationships. SOM identified three hydrochemical units broadly corresponding to shallow surface water and groundwater from the Quaternary and Luohe formations, groundwater from the Anding Formation, and deep groundwater dominated by the Zhiluo and Yan’an formations. Their mean TDS concentrations increased from 348.69 to 1341.80 and 2510.00 mg/L, respectively. Groundwater evolved from low-TDS, HCO₃-Ca-dominated shallow water to high-TDS, SO₄-Ca/Na-rich deep water. Shallow groundwater was mainly controlled by carbonate and silicate weathering, whereas deep groundwater was increasingly affected by prolonged water-rock interaction, gypsum and anhydrite dissolution, pyrite oxidation, and reverse cation exchange. The increase in deep-groundwater TDS was primarily associated with the enrichment of SO₄²⁻, Na⁺ + K⁺, and Ca²⁺. Lower permeability with depth slowed groundwater circulation, prolonged residence time, and enhanced mineralization. XRD data confirmed the occurrence of exchange-active clay minerals, while saturation indices showed that carbonate minerals were generally near saturation to supersaturated, whereas gypsum, anhydrite, and halite remained undersaturated and retained dissolution potential. These findings clarify the shallow-to-deep evolution mechanism of high-TDS groundwater and provide a scientific basis for mine-water source identification and targeted management in arid and semi-arid coal mining areas. Full article

Porcelain manufacturing technological wastewater contains many mineral particles, like kaolinite 27%, quartz 29%, calcium feldspar 15%, and mullite 12%. These particulate matters are dispersed into the wastewater from all technological steps influencing the water parameters, such as pH, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids (TDS) and turbidity. These properties were measured and correlated with the physicochemical investigation of the collected particles. The two sample types are as follows: particles collected directly from the wastewater dispersion (WWS) and the slurry (SLR) collected from the dump. The mineral distribution was assessed by XRD correlated with mineralogical optical microscopy, revealing the relative distribution of the finest kaolinite particles with respect to quartz and feldspar boulder-like particles. Mullite was observed as a rounded inclusion occurring due to the re-circulated grounded material. It results in the presence of sodium silicate, acting as a densification binder when the samples are completely dried. Particle morphology was correlated with their elemental composition through SEM–EDX investigation. Iron hydroxide was found at about 9%. It prevents re-circulation of this wastewater slurry in porcelain production. Thus, a sustainable approach is required for its utilization as a sub-product. Therefore, the samples were subjected to thermal analysis in order to reveal its sintering behavior. Thermal analysis revealed the dehydroxylation of kaolinite between 530 and 630 °C, and a high-temperature thermal event at 994 °C (WWS) and 997 °C (SLR), which was further confirmed by DSC and attributed to mullite formation. Particle consolidation through the dehydroxylated kaolinite matrix and further mullitized mass was assessed through SEM microscopy, indicating proper densification to ensure slurry utilization for less pretentious ceramic products, allowing them to be fired at relatively lower temperature than porcelain (e.g., 600–800 °C) and ensuring a significant energy consumption saving. Full article

Complex water conveyance systems often involve mixed flow conditions comprising pressurized pipe networks and free-surface open channels. Every single model has its limitations in long-distance and complex water transfer projects; coupling different models can leverage their respective advantages. For this reason, this study proposes an integrated modeling framework that couples the Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) and Environmental Protection Agency Network Evaluation Tool (EPANET) models to simulate water quality in pressurized–unpressurized coupled systems. Taking the typical Yin Chao Ji Liao water diversion project as a case study, total nitrogen (TN) and total dissolved solids (TDS) were selected as representative pollutants. A total of 32 simulation scenarios were systematically evaluated across four concentration levels at four distinct monitoring points. During this synthesis, key emergency response indicators, specifically T0 (optimal gate-opening time) and T2 (drainage operation duration), were quantified. The results indicate that pollutant dispersion in the unpressurised tunnel section is primarily governed by pollutant loading, whereas in the pressurised pipeline section, it is controlled by flow velocity and pressure differentials. High-concentration pollution in the tunnel section allows for a relatively longer emergency response time (T0 = 453 min). In contrast, due to rapid transport in the pipeline section, emergency operations must be completed swiftly (≤30 min). This coupled approach effectively addresses the challenge of water quality simulation in cross-regime conveyance systems. Future research will focus on integrating real-time sensor monitoring data with this coupled model to further optimize automated early warning protocols for long-distance diversion projects. Full article

The global water crisis represents one of humanity’s most pressing challenges, with over 2 billion people lacking access to safely managed drinking water. This study presents the implementation and evaluation of an innovative air-conditioning condensate recovery system at Building F of the Faculty of Electrical and Electronic Engineering (FIEE), Universidad Veracruzana, Mexico. The system integrates twenty-six 24,000 BTU air-conditioning units across twelve classrooms and two laboratories, recovering approximately 520 L of condensate water daily. An initial physicochemical characterization of the recovered condensate was conducted through pH, electrical conductivity (EC), and total dissolved solids (TDS) measurements. In addition, the dried residue obtained after evaporation of the condensate was examined using semi-quantitative X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analysis. The XRF results describe the relative elemental composition of the dried residue and must not be interpreted as aqueous concentrations or as evidence of compliance with water-quality standards. The recovery system includes a nominal 0.5 µm polypropylene sediment cartridge, activated-carbon filtration, and a Crystolite^® treatment medium. Because paired measurements before and after treatment were not performed, the removal efficiencies of these components were not determined. The recovered water is subsequently stored and processed in a dual-tank configuration: a primary 3300 L storage system and a secondary 200 L tank used to prepare fertilizer-amended condensate for ornamental-plant irrigation. A fully water-soluble monopotassium phosphate fertilizer (MKP, 0 (–52–34) was incorporated at a gravimetric proportion of 1:10 (1 g MKP per 10 g recovered condensate water). Full article

Pumped hydro storage is a well-established and reliable form of energy storage, with construction scale expanding steadily in recent years. Underground cavern excavation is an indispensable part of pumped storage construction, while sustained cavern inflow poses potential threats to engineering and regional water security. This study first summarizes the hydrochemical characteristics of cavern inflow from 62 pumped-storage projects in China. Combining field investigations, water pressure tests, hydrochemical analyses, and multi-method inflow forecasting, the study further discusses the cavern inflow features of two typical projects under different climatic environments. The results indicate that across the 62 projects, total dissolved solids (TDS) in inflow water range from 21.0 to 4270.7 mg/L, with pH values of 6.7–8.3, and are dominated by HCO₃-Ca type. Moving from humid toward arid regions, TDS shows a continuous increase, while pH exhibits no significant variation. At the Shanshan site, controlled by evaporation, silicates weathering and evaporite dissolution, cavern inflows are dominated by high-salinity SO₄-Mg type water with pronounced SO₄²⁻ enrichment. Predicted inflows of the underground powerhouse and water conveyance tunnels are 1247.96–5542.97 m³/d and 105.85–211.69 m³/d, respectively. The Ningshanbei site, located in the humid area, is characterized by low-salinity HCO₃-Ca freshwater controlled by carbonate dissolution, with a high conveyance system inflow of 2914.71–3413.91 m³/d. The two sites differ markedly in recharge conditions, inflow characteristics, and water quality, requiring site-specific water management. This study provides engineering references for inflow hazard control, groundwater resource management, and ecological protection in pumped-storage projects across different climatic zones. Full article

Natural mineral water standards use compositional criteria to define product identity and distinguish natural mineral water from other drinking water categories. China’s National Food Safety Standard—Drinking Natural Mineral Water (GB 8537) specifies seven alternative minimum threshold parameters for this purpose. This study assessed how these parameters function in four dimensions: regulatory identity, hydrogeological resource recognition, health-related interpretation, and label-based market communication. We compared major international regulatory frameworks, qualitatively synthesized health-related evidence, reviewed representative source-scale hydrogeological evidence from China, and analyzed label information from 150 commercial products. China’s system differs from the Codex and European Union frameworks, which emphasize source authenticity, compositional stability, permitted treatment, and disclosure, and from the United States system, which primarily defines mineral water by total dissolved solids. Regional studies showed that mineral water composition reflects site-specific combinations of lithology, geological structure, recharge, groundwater circulation, and water–rock interaction. The same parameter may occur in more than one hydrogeological setting, whereas different parameters within one groundwater system may arise through distinct geochemical processes. Health-related evidence varies substantially and should not be interpreted as establishing consumer health claims. In the label survey, metasilicic acid, TDS, and strontium were the most frequently declared parameters, while zinc and free carbon dioxide were less frequently declared. We propose a functional framework that distinguishes statutory identity, hydrogeological resource, health/safety, sensory/technical, and consumer-communication roles. This framework clarifies why the seven parameters should not be treated as functionally equivalent and provides a basis for refining natural mineral water standards and label communication. Full article

Water pollution can compromise the ecological integrity of freshwater habitats, thereby exposing freshwater communities to sources of pollution such as wastewater and agricultural and industrial discharges. Diatoms are key organisms because of their role as primary producers; thus, they have been regularly used as bioindicators to assess water quality. The diatom assemblages were collected from the surface of small stones in four rivers (El Carmen, Jipiro, San Simón, and Curitroje) across three zones defined according to a land-use gradient (high, medium, and low). A total of 54 diatom species were recorded. The El Carmen stream showed the highest total richness (29 species), followed by Curitroje (21), Jipiro (19), and San Simón (11). The results revealed significant changes in diatom richness, abundance, diversity indices, trophic index (IT) and community structure associated with both stream and zone. Following a similar pattern, temperature, conductivity, TDS (total dissolved solids), and pH also strongly influenced community composition. Achnanthidium subatomus, Sellaphora lanceolata, Odontidium mesodon were indicators of the high zone and show a general preference for zones characterized by conserved riparian vegetation, fast, clear and oxygenated water. On the other hand, Gomphonema reichardtii, Rhopalodia musculus, Gomphonema clavatulum, Gomphonema subclavatum, Gomphonema variostriatum, Eunotia incisa were indicators of a low zone with heavy organic pollution, water pollution, and environmental changes in temperature, conductivity, TDS and pH. Full article

To elucidate the geochemical features of produced water in coalbed methane (CBM) wells of the Gujiao Block and their indicative significance for production, systematic testing of ion composition and total dissolved solids (TDS) of produced water from ten CBM wells was conducted through five discrete sampling campaigns over an 18-month period. Combined with production performance data, the spatiotemporal evolution patterns, controlling factors, and the response relationship with productivity were analyzed. The results show that the water chemistry type of produced water in the study area is mainly identified as the Na-HCO₃ type. The TDS averages 1716.62 mg/L. The hydrochemical characteristics are primarily controlled by water/rock interactions, with Na⁺ and K⁺ mainly derived from silicate mineral weathering and dissolution, coupled with cation exchange processes. The Na/Cl ratio suggests that halite dissolution contributes to both Na⁺ and Cl⁻, whereas the excess Na⁺ relative to Cl⁻ likely reflects cation exchange or dissolution of Na-bearing silicate minerals. As drainage proceeded, Na⁺ and K⁺ concentrations increased, Ca²⁺ decreased, Cl⁻ increased, and SO₄²⁻ first increased and then decreased. Spatially, TDS increases from north to south, with the central-southern region representing a stagnant groundwater zone. Productivity response analysis reveals that Na⁺, HCO₃⁻, and TDS all show a trend of initially slow increase followed by rapid increase with increasing gas production. A negative trend is observed between gas production and the concentrations of Cl⁻, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, and SO₄²⁻. The productivity response index for the Gujiao Block ranges from 3.75 to 42.43, with an average of 17.78. As the productivity response index increases, gas production initially decreases and then increases. The findings clarify the geochemical evolution mechanisms of produced water in the Gujiao Block, providing a scientific basis for productivity evaluation of CBM wells. Full article

Runoff recharge increases during the wet season in arid inland river basins; however, solute inputs along river courses, evaporite salt dissolution, and leaching from saline sediments may still substantially modify the chemical composition of surface waters. To identify the sources of major ions, hydrochemical controlling processes, and salt-enriched river reaches during the wet season in the Cele River Basin, 107 surface water samples were collected from the mainstream of the Cele River and five major tributaries in August 2025. Field and laboratory analyses were conducted for pH, total dissolved solids (TDS), electrical conductivity (EC), dissolved oxygen (DO), and major ions, including Na⁺, K⁺, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, Cl⁻, SO₄²⁻, and HCO₃⁻. Piper diagrams, Gibbs diagrams, ionic ratios, Spearman correlation analysis, and principal component analysis (PCA) were used to characterize the major-ion composition, hydrochemical facies, and controlling factors. The results show that the surface waters were generally weakly alkaline, with pH values ranging from 7.42 to 8.46. TDS and EC exhibited pronounced spatial heterogeneity, with higher salinity levels in the Buzang River, the Cele River mainstream, and the Uluk Say River, and relatively lower mineralization in the Bostan River and Nur River. SO₄²⁻ and Cl⁻ dominated the anionic composition, together accounting for 80.3% of total anions, whereas Ca²⁺ + Mg²⁺ and Na⁺ + K⁺ jointly controlled the cationic composition, accounting for 57.3% and 42.7% of total cations, respectively. The Piper diagram indicated that the Cl·SO₄–Na·Ca type was the dominant hydrochemical facies, accounting for 67.3%, suggesting a pronounced sulfate–chloride salt-enrichment signature during the wet season. Evidence from Gibbs diagrams, ionic end-member ratios, and PCA further indicates that the hydrochemical composition is primarily constrained by rock weathering and jointly influenced by sulfate and chloride salt dissolution, evaporation–concentration processes, and leaching from saline sediments. These processes reflect the coexistence of runoff dilution and salt reloading during the wet season. The Buzang River, Cele River mainstream, and Uluk Say River should be prioritized for continuous water-quality monitoring and salinity-risk early warning, while TDS, EC, Na⁺, Cl⁻, and SO₄²⁻ can serve as core indicators for diagnosing wet-season water–salt processes and tracking water-quality baselines. This study identifies the key salt-enriched reaches, major ion sources, and hydrochemical control mechanisms of surface waters in the Cele River Basin during the wet season, providing a scientific basis for water-quality protection, oasis agricultural water regulation, and sustainable water–salt management in arid inland river basins. Full article

Emulsified oily wastewater from industrial activities remains challenging to treat because kinetically stable oil droplets hinder efficient separation, threatening water resources and ecological environments. To address this issue, this work develops an inclined solar-driven evaporator based on a polypyrrole (PPy)-coated bacterial cellulose (BC) gel (PPy-BC gel), which has enlarged effective evaporation areas and an environmental heat effect. Under one sun (1 kW m⁻² under standard solar illumination), the PPy-BC gel achieves an evaporation rate of 2.14 kg m⁻² h⁻¹, which is 494% higher than that of the uncoated BC gel. In diesel-in-water emulsions with oil concentrations ranging from 0 to 15 vol%, the gel maintains stable evaporation performance, achieving an oil removal efficiency exceeding 99% across all tested concentrations. After 15 consecutive cycles of treating actual oily wastewater, no significant performance degradation is observed. The collected condensate exhibits excellent water quality, with removal efficiencies for total organic carbon (TOC), chemical oxygen demand (COD), and total dissolved solids (TDS), and ionic conductivity (IC) exceeding 94%. This work presents a solar-powered evaporation platform, which demonstrates potential in the stable treatment of complex oily wastewater, and offers a sustainable reference solution for decentralized industrial wastewater management. Full article

Environmental impacts of wastewater from textile and dyestuff industries are of growing concern due to limited freshwater availability and inadequate treatment facilities. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) offer excellent adsorption potential because of their outstanding mechanical and chemical properties, however; their application in textile effluent treatment has not been widely studied. Moreover, laboratory-based studies are often costly and limited to a few variables, making it challenging to reveal the underlying relationships among several physicochemical parameters and CNT treatments. Multivariate statistical analysis (MVSA) offers an effective approach to overcome this challenge. To the best of our knowledge, no studies have integrated laboratory analysis of nanotube-based textile effluent treatment with an MVSA approach. This study aims to evaluate the physicochemical characterization of textile effluent, treat effluent with CNT, and explore the relationship between physicochemical parameters and CNT by integrating laboratory experiments with MVSA. For this purpose, single-walled CNT (SWCNT) and multi-walled CNT (MWCNT) were applied in batch mode adsorption experiments using various dosages and adsorption times. Scanning electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), along with physicochemical analyses, were conducted to characterize the effluent and adsorption processes. The FTIR spectrum indicated that the absorption peaks of C=C, C=O, and the acidic f -OH group on CNTs enhance wettability and hydrophilic character, thereby increasing adsorption capacity. Experimental results demonstrated significant reductions in electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), turbidity, total organic carbon (TOC), and chemical oxygen demand (COD). CNT dosages of 1 to 5 g/100 mL and adsorption times of 2 to 5 h achieved removal efficiencies ranging from approximately 20% to 90% for SWCNT and MWCNT. MVSA indicated that MWCNT was more strongly associated with ionic and physical parameters (turbidity, TDS, EC, and pH), whereas SWCNT was more strongly related to organic load indicators, particularly COD and TOC. Overall, this study highlights the potential of CNT coupled with the MVSA technique as an effective and sustainable approach for textile wastewater treatment and offers valuable insights for researchers working in this field. Full article