Search Results (224)

Viscosity is a key quality parameter in cosmetic manufacturing, yet conventional rheological measurements require direct contact with the sample and are not suitable for continuous monitoring of the same specimen. This study investigates the feasibility of electromechanical impedance (EMI) sensing as a proof-of-concept approach for non-destructive monitoring of viscosity changes in cosmetic gels. Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC)-based model gels with HEC concentrations ranging from 0.0 to 1.0 wt% were prepared, providing viscosities between 1 and 794 cP. An acrylic-coated piezoelectric (PZT) sensor embedded in each gel was used to measure the electrical admittance spectra. The resonance peak conductance decreased progressively with increasing viscosity, whereas the resonance frequency remained nearly constant, indicating that resonance peak conductance is sensitive to viscosity-related changes in the surrounding gel. Continuous monitoring over 24 h under naturally varying temperature conditions further demonstrated that the EMI response changed consistently with the thermal behavior of the gel. These findings demonstrate the feasibility of EMI sensing as a non-destructive technique for continuously monitoring viscosity-related changes in cosmetic gels and provide a foundation for future studies using practical cosmetic formulations. Full article

Water hyacinth leaves (WHL) are an inexpensive renewable fuel resource that can be employed for energy creation through hydrolysis of simple fermentable reducing sugars. In this work, a hybrid microwave irradiation (MWI)–ternary deep eutectic solvent (TNDES) system involving choline chloride (ChCl) as a hydrogen bond acceptor (HBA), triethanolamine (TEOA) as an amine-based hydrogen bond donor (HBD), monoethylene glycol (MEG), diethylene glycol (DEG), or triethylene glycol (TEG) as polyol-based HBD components was employed as an efficient and green material for pretreatment of WHL for further transformation of the polysaccharide portion. The results showed that hybrid MWI/TNDES (ChCl-TEOA-MEG, ChCl-TEOA-DEG, and ChCl-TEOA-TEG) pretreatments were very efficient for lignin removal from WHL, with efficacy ranging from 80.4 ± 3.2 to 87.7 ± 3.8% compared with pretreatment using hybrid MWI/binary NDES (ChCl-TEOA) (75.6 ± 2.4%). The higher efficacy of the hybrid MWI/TNDES pretreatment was attributed to the impacts of MWI on extracting biological materials and the lower viscosity, higher pH, and lower density associated with the TNDESs. The results indicate that WHL pretreated using hybrid MWI and ChCl-TEOA-MEG, ChCl-TEOA-DEG, and ChCl-TEOA-TEG resulted in significantly boosting cellulose digestibility (4–5 times that of pristine WHL and 1.5 times that of hybrid MWI/ChCl-TEOA-treated WHL). The effect of MWI/TNDES pretreatment was confirmed by scanning electron microscope (SEM) pictures, and lignin and hemicellulose elimination were clearly observed in Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra. The lignin-rich material separated by the hybrid MWI/TNDES pretreatment was analyzed using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) to obtain the thermal behaviors of this hybrid, pretreated WHL material. In our experimentation with hybrid MWI/TNDES, under optimum circumstances of MWI time of 6 min, MWI power of 300 W, and a temperature of 90 °C, 43–49 g/L TRS yield was achieved by acid-catalyzed hydrolysis employing WHL substrate after being optimized by the single-factor experiments (SFE) approach, while the optimized TRS for untreated WHL and hybrid MWI/binary ChCl-TEOA were estimated to be 12 g/L and 32 g/L, respectively. The hybrid MWI/ChCl-TEOA-TEG pretreated WHL resulted in a high ethanol yield (ca. 22.3 g/L) by Saccharomyces cerevisiae after 72 h of fermentation. This work demonstrates the potential of WHL as a sustainable bioenergy feedstock for bioethanol production in industrial biorefineries. The research establishes effective and green solvent pre-treatment materials and methods (based on hybrid MWI/TNDES) for the efficient removal of lignin and hemicellulose from WHL and cellulose recovery. In general, the research contributes to the development of environmentally friendly and cost-effective hybrid MWI/TNDES processes for WHL biomass conversion and offers strong evidence that hybrid MWI/TNDES processes represent a high-potential method for managing WHL infestations while generating useful products. Future studies should further investigate ways to enhance the efficacy of acid-catalyzed hydrolysis processes and assess the scalability of the technology for industrial applications. Full article

Pyroligneous liquor (PL) is a by-product of charcoal production with potential applications in agriculture, forestry, and industry. This study evaluated the influence of carbonization temperature on the yield, chemical composition, and physicochemical properties of PL obtained from Eucalyptus spp. in a sustainable kiln-furnace system. PL fractions were collected at four temperature intervals: T1 (60–170 °C), T2 (171–270 °C), T3 (271–350 °C), and T4 (351–400 °C). The recovery of condensable gases did not affect the quality of the charcoal and minimized pollutant emissions. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) identified 78 organic compounds, mainly carboxylic acids, phenolic compounds, alcohols, carbohydrates, and aromatics. The highest PL yield was obtained in T3 (271–350 °C), accounting for 27% of the recovered liquor and showing high phenolic content, including syringol and catechol. In contrast, T1 (60–170 °C) showed the lowest yield and was dominated by carboxylic acids, particularly acetic acid. Carbonization temperature affected both PL composition and physicochemical properties, resulting in higher electrical conductivity and vegetable tar content at higher temperatures. Hierarchical cluster analysis revealed distinct compound groups according to their concentration patterns across the evaluated temperature intervals. These results reinforce the notion that the evolution of pyrolysis vapors is not a continuous or homogeneous process, but rather occurs through discrete and chemically distinct stages driven by the sequential decomposition of hemicellulose, cellulose, and lignin—a behavior that directly justifies the temperature-based fractionation approach adopted. It was found that temperature-controlled fractionation effectively yields pyrolysis liquid (PL) fractions with distinct chemical profiles, facilitating the selective recovery of value-added compounds for forest biomass biorefineries and specific end-use applications, in addition to offering environmental benefits. Full article

Potassium silicate is used as an inorganic fire-retardant treatment for wood, but its effect on the short-term thermal response of different species under combined temperature–moisture conditions remains insufficiently described. This study investigated spruce (Picea abies (L.) H. Karst) and beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) wood impregnated with potassium silicate and exposed to temperatures representing drying, mild thermal loading and the onset of thermal degradation. The evaluation included impregnation uptake, moisture content, mass changes, heat-transfer behavior, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), chemical composition, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) of isolated cellulose and color measurements. Spruce showed higher uptake than beech, with an average weight percentage gain (WPG) of 10.5% compared with 3.6%. The treatment increased equilibrium moisture content by 2.6 percentage points in spruce and 1.1 percentage points in beech. Heat-transfer measurements showed that temperature and moisture governed heating: higher target temperatures were reached faster, whereas air-conditioned samples heated more slowly due to water evaporation. At lower temperatures, the direct effect of impregnation on heating time was limited, whereas at higher temperatures the treatment more clearly affected the subsequent degradation response. DSC revealed lower thermal resistance of beech and increased endothermic heat absorption in impregnated samples, particularly spruce. Higher-temperature exposure caused mass loss, hemicellulose degradation, moderate cellulose structure modification and visible color changes, with ΔE* exceeding 52 in impregnated spruce after 210 °C. The elevated-temperature response was governed by wood species, uptake, moisture content and thermal exposure level. Full article

Water-based drilling fluid systems are gaining popularity for their environmental friendliness and low cost. These fluids are highly sensitive to products used to modify fluid properties and control fluid loss. Traditional additives like carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) work well but come with environmental issues and high costs and alternatives from agricultural sources are being sought. The potential of using acetylated yam peel starch (AYPS) and acetylated plantain peel starch (APPS) as substitutes for CMC in water-based drilling mud formulation under ambient and simulated downhole conditions of 27 °C and 150 °C, respectively, was investigated. The peels of yams and plantain, starchy foods, were chemically modified through acetylation and added to the drilling mud formulation at proportions of 0.2–1.0 g. FTIR confirmed the success of the modification by the presence of characteristic bands of carbonyl (C=O) absorption at 1730–1750 cm⁻¹ and by the increase in C–O bands after the modification, which means that acetyl groups were successfully incorporated. The highest mud density recorded was 9.16 kg/m³ (ppg) with 1.0 g of additives, and the pH values ranged from 8.10 to 9.50, which is good for drilling operations. The plastic viscosity was found to be 4–7 cP at 27 °C and 3–6 cP at 150 °C for AYPS and APPS, respectively, which were lower than the CMC value but still retained viscosity at high temperature. The yield point values for the samples were 2–5 lb/100 ft² at 27 °C and 1–6 lb/100 ft² at 150 °C, which were slightly better for AYPS. Thermal aging did not significantly affect gel strength, which increased upon exposure to high-temperature conditions, especially at high additive concentrations, indicating that the rheological properties were preserved. Filtrate losses were 12–16.8 mL for AYPS and 12.5–17.2 mL for APPS under low-pressure, low-temperature conditions, which are similar to CMC (11–16 mL). APPS was the most effective filtrate-loss control of the modified starch systems under the HPHT conditions. Rheological modeling showed that shear-thinning behavior is predominant, and the Herschel–Bulkley and Casson models provided the best fits. In general, the acetylated yam and plantain peel starches have shown promising properties as alternatives for CMC for enhancing rheological properties and controlling fluid loss in water-based drilling fluids. Full article

This study aimed to investigate the physicochemical properties and composites of a novel cellulosic fiber extracted from Nerium oleander L. plant stem. Nerium oleander fibers (NOFs) were separated from mature oleander plants using a microbial degradation technique, and their composites (NOFCs) were fabricated using a compression molding technique. The chemical composition, physical and thermal behavior of NOFs, and mechanical and water absorption properties of NOFs and NOFCs were investigated. The findings show that NOFs have a cellulose content of 57%, hemicellulose content of 13%, lignin content of 16%, density of 1.46 g/cc, and crystallinity index (CI) of 57.14%. The results further revealed that NOFs had a tensile strength of 438 MPa and a strain rate of 1.8%, whereas NOFCs had a maximum tensile strength of 58.42 MPa. NOFs can withstand temperatures up to 357 °C, according to a thermogravimetric study, and the functional groups were analyzed using Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) studies showed that the surface morphology and fractured surfaces of the NOFs and their composites were smooth and circular in cross-section. Full article

Croscarmellose sodium (CCS) is a crosslinked cellulose-based superdisintegrant, widely utilized to enhance the disintegration and dissolution behavior of drugs from pharmaceutical solid dosage forms. In the present study, CCS was synthesized through controlled crosslinking of sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) by one-step synthesis and optimized using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) based on the Box–Behnken Design (BBD). The effects of four independent variables, namely isopropyl alcohol (IPA) concentration (70–100% v/v), reaction time (2–4 h), reaction temperature (50–70 °C), and concentration of crosslinking agent (CLA) (glycolic acid used as the CLA) (10–20% w/w of CMC weight), on swelling index (SI) and water retention capacity (WRC) of synthesized CCS were systematically evaluated. A total of 29 experimental runs, each representing a unique combination of reaction conditions generated by a three-level Box–Behnken Design (BBD) using Design-Expert^® software, were conducted to synthesize CCS samples. SI and WRC of each synthesized CCS sample were subsequently measured and used to develop statistically validated predictive models and identify the optimal synthesis conditions. The successful formation of croscarmellose sodium was critically confirmed by Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) demonstrated that the developed models were statistically significant, with good predictive capability for both swelling index and water retention responses. A quadratic model adequately described the swelling index (R² = 0.9041, adjusted R² = 0.8083, p < 0.0001), whereas a linear model was selected for WRC (R² = 0.6112, adjusted R² = 0.5463, p < 0.0001). Reaction time and CLA concentration exhibited substantial influence on the functional properties of the synthesized CCS compared to other factors. The optimized synthesis conditions were identified as 93.23% IPA concentration, 4 h reaction time, 70 °C reaction temperature, and 10% CLA concentration. Under these conditions, the predicted swelling index and water retention capacity were 7.529 mL/g and 443.85%, respectively. Response surface analysis further revealed significant interaction effects among the synthesis variables, particularly between IPA concentration and reaction time. The findings of this study demonstrate that RSM-BBD is an effective statistical approach for optimizing cellulose-based superdisintegrant synthesis and provide valuable insights into the structure–property relationships governing the hydration and swelling behavior of CCS. The optimized CCS synthesized in this research thus shows potential for application as a high-performance pharmaceutical superdisintegrant in immediate-release tablet formulations. Full article

In this study, novel and stable cellulose-based oleogels with tunable rheological properties were successfully developed for lubrication applications via cross-linking reactions of epoxidized soybean oil (ESO), microcrystalline cellulose (MCC), and isocyanate. This cross-linking strategy not only overcomes the incompatibility issue arising from the polarity difference between MCC and ESO but also enables precise control over the oleogels’ rheological behavior by tailoring the cross-linking density. The resulting oleogels exhibit excellent thermal stability, with an initial decomposition temperature (T_5%) of approximately 300 °C. Furthermore, oxidation resistance is significantly enhanced with increasing cross-linking density, resulting in a substantial increase in the oxidation induction time (OIT) from 5 to 79 min at 210 °C. Rheological characterization reveals that the oleogels exhibit typical shear-thinning and thixotropic behavior. The plateau modulus ($G_N^0$) exhibits a positive correlation with cross-linking density, accompanied by a simultaneous improvement in structural recovery ability. Tribological tests show that the friction coefficient increases with the cross-linking degree, while four-ball tests indicate that the extreme-pressure load-carrying capacity is governed mainly by the nature of the base oil in addition to the cross-linking density of the gel network. This work provides a promising strategy for the development of high-performance and customizable bio-based lubricating materials. Full article

Deep coal reservoirs are characterized by abundant microfractures and cleats, resulting in frequent wellbore instability during long horizontal drilling operations. To address this issue, a biodegradable gel plugging agent (XZ) was synthesized from acrylamide (AM) and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) via an orthogonal crosslinking strategy. The gelation behavior, swelling capacity, rheological properties, mechanical strength, thermal and salt resistance, plugging performance, self-degradation characteristics, reservoir protection capability, and drilling-fluid compatibility of XZ were systematically evaluated. The results showed that XZ formed a stable three-dimensional crosslinked network with good thermal stability (T₀ = 116 °C, T₁/₂ = 445 °C). The synergistic effects of covalent and ionic crosslinking endowed the gel with high swelling capacity, mechanical strength, and plugging ability. XZ exhibited excellent temperature and salinity tolerance, with a degradation rate exceeding 90% after 5 days. After degradation, the filter cake became significantly thinner and core permeability recovery reached approximately 80%, demonstrating effective reservoir protection. Moreover, XZ significantly increased drilling-fluid viscosity, reduced fluid loss, and enhanced plugging performance. The XZ-based drilling fluid system integrates efficient plugging, self-deplugging, and reservoir protection functions, providing a promising solution for safe and efficient drilling in deep coalbed methane reservoirs. Full article

S-Methylmethionine (SMM), also called vitamin U, shows antihistamine, anti-inflammatory, radioprotective and anti-irritant activity, as well as enhanced wound healing. In addition, vitamin U affects the regeneration and renewal of the skin hydrolipid mantle and offers some UVB-protective effects on the skin. Since there are currently no reports in the scientific literature concerning the release of vitamin U from cosmetic formulations, the present study was undertaken as a preliminary and exploratory pilot investigation. The research focused on evaluating the release behavior of SMM (synthetic methylmethionine), a compound recognized for its potential skin-regenerating, soothing, and protective properties, from several commonly used topical delivery systems. Therefore, the various topical formulations, including oil-in-water (O/W) and water-in-oil (W/O) emulsions, as well as hydrogel formulations, were evaluated as potential, effective vitamin U skin delivery systems. Vitamin U-loaded emulsions (O/W and W/O) differing in droplet size in the internal phase and a hydrogel were prepared. The physicochemical properties of the formulations, such as emulsion type, stability, viscosity, pH and droplet size, were evaluated. The study of vitamin U release was performed in thermostatic diffusion chambers at a temperature of T = 32 °C using the Spectra/Por Standard Regenerated Cellulose dialysis membrane. A phosphate buffer (PBS) with pH 7.4 was used as the receptor solution. The concentration of the released S-Methylmethionine was analyzed with ninhydrin-based spectrophotometric assays. The obtained results showed that the type of the formulation significantly influenced the SMM release. The highest release of SMM was observed from hydrogel and O/W emulsions. Full article

Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC)-based materials are widely studied for functional materials and porous platform applications, yet their stability usually requires energy-intensive thermal curing or toxic chemical crosslinkers, which limit process sustainability. In this work, we present a more sustainable approach for the preparation of CMC-based foams using deep eutectic solvents (DES) as multifunctional structuring agents. CMC hydrogels were prepared with different DES at room temperature, followed by freeze-drying to obtain foams. Among the tested DES, choline chloride:oxalic acid (1:1) combined with glycerol produced foams with the most favorable properties, including high water uptake (288.24 ± 3.02% after 1 h) and water stability for 28 days. Morphological analysis revealed a homogeneous and interconnected porous network (32.2 ± 13.3 µm), while compression tests demonstrated good mechanical recovery (93.29 ± 3.12% over 10 cycles). Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy suggests interactions between CMC and DES, especially hydrogen bonds. The foams exhibited pH-dependent behavior, with limited resveratrol release under acidic conditions (22.2 ± 4.0% after 24 h), with significant release at pH 7.4 (85.30 ± 5.75%) and total release at pH 13.0. Drug release kinetics suggest a diffusion-controlled mechanism under acidic pH, transitioning to anomalous transport at higher pH values. This study demonstrates that DES can be used to prepare CMC-based foams, providing a more sustainable route to porous materials. Although biological validation is needed to confirm therapeutic safety, this study provides an initial physicochemical basis for using these matrices as tunable and stimuli-responsive porous materials. Full article

In recent years, oil spill accidents and oily wastewater discharge have posed severe threats to aquatic ecosystems and human health. Developing green, low-cost, efficient, and recyclable oil–water separation materials is therefore important for environmental remediation. In this work, kaolin/cellulose composite aerogels were fabricated through a low-temperature NaOH/urea dissolution system using N,N′-Methylenebisacrylamide (MBA) as the cross-linking agent, followed by freeze-drying and hydrophobic modification with Methyltrimethoxysilane (MTMS). The structure, morphology, thermal stability, wettability, mechanical behavior, oil adsorption capacity, and reusability of the aerogels were systematically investigated. The composite aerogels exhibited a honeycomb-like interconnected porous structure with low density and high porosity. Kaolin acted as an inorganic reinforcing and roughness-regulating component, which promoted the formation and anchoring of an MTMS-derived siloxane/SiO₂-like hydrophobic layer on the aerogel surface. The modified aerogels showed superhydrophobicity with a water contact angle above 152° and excellent oleophilicity. The optimized SC3K0.5 aerogel delivered adsorption capacities of 13.5 g/g for pump oil and 12.5 g/g for diesel. After 10 adsorption–desorption cycles, the adsorption capacity remained above 90% of the initial value, indicating good recyclability and mechanical stability. This recyclable kaolin/cellulose aerogel provides a feasible strategy for practical oil–water separation and oily wastewater treatment. Full article

To address the poor temperature resistance of conventional gel breakers, the uncontrollable gel-breaking time, and the risk of secondary reservoir damage during temporary plugging of fractured formations with polymer gels, a high-temperature-resistant double-shell encapsulated gel breaker, UF-EC/SA, was prepared using oil-phase phase separation combined with in situ polymerization. In this material, urea-formaldehyde resin (UF) served as the outer shell, ethyl cellulose (EC) as the inner shell, and sulfamic acid (SA) as the core. Unlike conventional single-shell persulfate or directly added acid breakers, this double shell design integrates a thermally resistant UF barrier, a diffusion-controlling EC layer, and an acid core to delay premature gel degradation while enabling subsequent cleanup. The physical structure and sustained-release behavior of the capsules were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), and conductivity measurements. The compatibility between the encapsulated breaker and the polymer gel, as well as the effects of salinity and breaker dosage on the rheological properties of the gel, were investigated. The regulatory effects of temperature and capsule dosage on gel-breaking performance were studied in detail. In addition, high-temperature/high-pressure displacement experiments were conducted to evaluate the temporary plugging performance of the gel containing the encapsulated breaker in fractured cores and packed-sand tubes. The results showed that the prepared capsules had good sphericity and a dense shell structure, with an encapsulation efficiency of 76.7%. The capsules exhibited temperature resistance up to 150 °C and favorable sustained-release characteristics. The UF-EC/SA breaker showed good compatibility with the polymer gel and did not inhibit gelation within the temperature range of 80–150 °C or at dosages of 0–16 wt.%. The gel maintained good mechanical strength even in highly mineralized brines. At 150 °C and a capsule dosage of 16 wt.%, the gel was completely broken within 2.5 d; the residue concentration was only 351 mg/L, and the residue size was mainly distributed within 100–500 μm. The high-temperature/high-pressure displacement tests demonstrated that the gel containing 16 wt.% capsules achieved a maximum breakthrough pressure of 5.16 MPa in a 3 mm wedge-shaped fracture core, and the pressure remained stable for 5 d. After gel breaking, the residue could be readily flowed back, indicating excellent synergy between temporary plugging and subsequent gel breaking. Therefore, the UF-EC/SA encapsulated breaker provides a new technical option for efficient gel breaking in high-temperature fractured formations. Full article

This study investigates the ternary co-pyrolysis of Soma lignite (SL), a low-rank Turkish coal with high ash content, with two agricultural residues: pectin-rich sugar beet pulp (SBP) and lignin-rich peanut shell (PS). The primary objective is to clarify how biomass structure and blend composition control synergistic interactions, and how co-pyrolysis can upgrade the fuel properties of a low-quality coal while valorizing agro-industrial waste. Four SL:SBP:PS blends (80:10:10, 60:20:20, 40:30:30, and 20:40:40 wt.%) were tested by non-isothermal thermogravimetric analysis at 10 °C min⁻¹ under nitrogen. Differential thermogravimetric curves were deconvolved into four pseudo-components representing pectin/hemicellulose, cellulose, lignin/early coal, and main coal/mineral fractions. Mass-based deviation indices ($\mathrm{\Delta }W$) and rate-based deviations ($\mathrm{\Psi }$) from the additive prediction were calculated in three temperature regions to detect synergy and antagonism. The results demonstrate that interactions are strongly composition-dependent. The 40:30:30 blend exhibits the most pronounced synergistic enhancement, with average $\mathrm{\Delta }W$ values of approximately −0.94 wt.% and −1.05 wt.% in the 350–500 °C and 500–650 °C ranges, respectively, while the 60:20:20 blend shows antagonistic behavior across all regions. For the 40:30:30 blend, the calculated higher heating value increases from 11.21 to 14.74 MJkg⁻¹, reflecting a gradual upgrading of the feed-mixture composition by biomass loading. Overall, the findings indicate that combining a pectin-rich, fast-devolatilising biomass with a lignin-rich, slower-decomposing biomass at an intermediate coal loading can shift mass loss to lower temperatures. This combination also produces measurable non-additive behaviour within the experimental noise level. In addition, it improves several feed-mixture indicators that are relevant to sustainable energy recovery from lignite-dominated regions. Full article

High-temperature sintered conductive silver paste serves as a critical material in the fabrication of electronic components, with its performance directly influencing device reliability and integration density. In this work, conductive silver paste was prepared via a ball milling method by dispersing silver powder (conductive filler), glass powder (binder), and ethyl cellulose (EC, thickener) in an organic carrier composed of α-terpineol, diethylene glycol butyl ether acetate (DBA), and dimethyl phthalate (DMP) at specific ratios. The effects of the formulation composition and preparation process on the rheological properties of the paste as well as the electrical and mechanical properties of the resulting films were systematically investigated. The results indicated that sintering time and temperature exerted regular effects on the resistance of the silver paste; ball milling speed and duration influenced the particle size distribution, thereby affecting the resistance behavior; thixotropy significantly impacted the resistance characteristics. Under optimal conditions, where the organic carrier consisted of α-terpineol, DBA, and DMP at a ratio of 6:3:1, with 30 wt.% silver powder, 18 wt.% glass powder, and 4 wt.% EC, combined with a sintering temperature of 500 °C for 50–60 min, a ball milling speed of 500–600 r/min, and a ball milling time of approximately 1.5 h, the obtained silver paste exhibited pronounced shear-thinning behavior and excellent thixotropy, indicating favorable processability. The corresponding silver paste film demonstrated the lowest resistivity, superior bending resistance, and good adhesion to both PET and glass substrates. This study provides valuable insights for the design and preparation of high-performance, high-temperature sintered conductive silver pastes. Full article