Search Results (26)

In this paper, the virtual model development and control for a BallBot Robotic System (BRS) are addressed. A virtual three-dimensional (3-D) EV3 BRS (EV3BRS) model is here developed through the Simscape^™ Multibody^™ environment from a BRS designed using the kit LEGO^® MINDSTORMS^® EV3. The mathematical model from the BRS is obtained through the Euler–Lagrange approach and used as the foundation to develop the EV3BRS Simscape^™ model. The electrical model for the motors is derived through Kirchhoff’s laws. To verify the dynamics of the EV3BRS Simscape^™ model, a Takagi–Sugeno Fuzzy Controller (TSFC) is designed using the Parallel Distributed Compensation (PDC) technique. Control gains are computed via Linear Matrix Inequalities (LMIs). To test the EV3BRS Simscape^™ model under disturbances, an input voltage anomaly is considered. So, adding an $H_{\infty }$ attenuation to the TSFC ensures that the EV3BRS Simscape^™ model faces these kind of anomalies. Simulation results confirm that the TSFC with $H_{\infty }$ attenuation improves the performance under anomalies at the input in contrast with the nominal TSFC, although this latter can maintain the body of the system near the upright position also. The dynamics from the EV3BRS Simscape^™ model here developed allow us to realize how the real system will behave. Full article

The Furuta pendulum is a well-known benchmark in the field of underactuated mechanical systems due to its reduced number of control inputs compared to its degrees of freedom, and richly nonlinear behavior. This work addresses the challenge of accurately modeling and controlling such a system without relying on traditional linearization techniques. In contrast to the common approach based on Lagrangian analytical modeling and state–space linearization, we propose a methodology that integrates a high-fidelity multibody model developed in Simscape Multibody (MATLAB), capturing the complete nonlinear dynamics of the system. The multibody model includes all geometric, inertial, and joint parameters of the physical hardware and interfaces directly with Simulink, enabling realistic simulation and control integration. To validate the physical fidelity of the multibody model, we perform a frequency-domain analysis of the pendulum’s natural free response. The dominant vibration frequency extracted from the simulation is compared with the theoretical prediction, demonstrating accurate capture of the system’s inertial and dynamic properties. This validation strategy strengthens the reliability of the model as a digital twin. The classical analytical formulation is provided to validate the simulation model and serve as a comparative framework. This dual modeling strategy allows for benchmarking control strategies against a trustworthy nonlinear digital twin of the Furuta pendulum. Preliminary experimental results using a physical prototype validate the feasibility of the proposed approach and set the foundation for future work in advanced nonlinear control design using the multibody representation as a digital validation tool. Full article

Rear-end collisions represent a major concern in automotive safety, particularly due to the risk of whiplash injuries among vehicle occupants. The accurate simulation of occupant kinematics during such impacts is critical for the development of advanced safety systems. This paper presents an enhanced multibody simulation model specifically designed for rear-end crash scenarios, incorporating integrated active headrest mechanisms and sensor-based activation logic. The model combines detailed representations of vehicle structures, suspension systems, restraint systems, and occupant biomechanics, allowing for the precise prediction of crash dynamics and occupant responses. The system was developed using Simscape Multibody, with CAD-derived components interconnected through physical joints and validated using controlled experimental crash tests. Special attention was given to modelling contact forces, suspension behaviour, and actuator response times for the active headrest system. The model achieved a root mean square error (RMSE) of 4.19 m/s² and a mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) of 0.71% when comparing head acceleration in frontal collision tests, confirming its high accuracy. Validation results demonstrate that the model accurately reproduces occupant kinematics and head acceleration profiles, confirming its reliability and effectiveness as a predictive tool. This research highlights the critical role of integrated sensor-actuator systems in improving occupant safety and provides a flexible platform for future studies on intelligent vehicle safety technologies. Full article

Early fault detection in rotating machinery is crucial for optimizing maintenance and minimizing downtime costs, especially in medium-to-large-scale industrial applications. This study presents a multibody model developed in the Simulink^® Simscape environment to simulate the dynamic behavior of medium-sized spherical bearings. The model includes descriptions of the six degrees of freedoms of each subcomponent, and was validated by comparison with experimental measurements acquired on a test rig capable of applying heavy radial loads. The results show a good fit between experimental and simulated signals in terms of identifying characteristic fault frequencies, which highlights the model’s ability to reproduce vibrations induced by localized defects on the inner and outer races. Amplitude differences can be attributed to simplifications such as neglected housing compliancies and lubrication effects, and do not alter the model’s effectiveness in detecting fault signatures. In conclusion, the developed model represents a promising tool for generating useful datasets for training diagnostic and prognostic algorithms, thereby contributing to the improvement of predictive maintenance strategies in industrial settings. Despite some amplitude discrepancies, the model proves useful for generating fault data and supporting condition monitoring strategies for industrial machinery. Full article

The current global context demands the development of new solutions that prioritize energy efficiency, time optimization, safety, and sustainability. Urban transportation is one of the sectors undergoing significant transformation. Pursuing new urban transportation solutions has become increasingly intense, involving research institutions and companies. Considering this context, this study focused on the optimization procedures for designing a new vehicle capable of vertical take-off for urban air mobility applications. This paper reports on the optimization process of a thruster deployment mechanism using statistical techniques. In particular, the authors tested the use of Design of Experiments (DOE) techniques for the optimal design of a structural component of a new vehicle for urban mobility purposes under development at the Applied Mechanics laboratory of the Department of Industrial Engineering of the University of Salerno. For this reason, it was decided that a parametric multibody model would be developed in the Simscape Multibody environment for structural optimization using designed experiment plans to “guide” the designer in the analysis phase and search for an optimal configuration using a minimum number of configurations. Finally, employing FEM analysis, the chosen configuration was validated. This study allowed us to test the use of DOE techniques to design new systems. It allowed us to evaluate different configurations, the static and dynamic behavior, the constraining reactions present in the joints, and the active forces and torques of the actuators, highlighting the correlation between factors that can guide the designer in identifying optimal solutions. Full article

This article discusses the software tool (Simscape—Multibody program of MATLAB) primarily intended for dynamic and kinematic processes with practical applications in static calculations. Currently, there are few published scientific works utilizing this tool for tasks like basic static calculations of truss systems. We were interested in comparing the calculation using the tools we use in our work and research activities for theoretical calculation; the potential reliance on simulations in the future could help to avoid the necessity of complex theoretical calculations, which can be time-consuming and prone to errors. Despite the fact that the structure may appear simple, in practice, there may not always be time for a verification calculation in the theoretical field (proper model creation, inclusion of all conditions, etc.). The beam system is intentionally both externally and internally statically indeterminate. For this reason, it is logically necessary to also consider deformation conditions. The achieved results were interesting in terms of accuracy compared to SOLIDWORKS, which was used for computation verification. Through very simple optimization, we were able to further increase the calculation accuracy without complicating other parameters. Full article

The automotive industries currently face challenges such as emission limits, traffic congestion, and limited parking, which have prompted shifts in consumer preferences and modern passenger vehicle requirements towards compact vehicles. However, given the inherent limited width of compact vehicles, the potential risk of vehicle rollover is greater than that of regular vehicles. This paper addresses the safety concerns associated with vehicle rollover, focusing on narrow tilting vehicles (NTVs). Quantifying stability involves numerical indicators such as the lateral load transfer ratio (LTR). Additionally, a unique approach is taken by applying ZMP (zero moment point), commonly used in the robotics field, as an indicator of vehicle stability. Effective roll control requires a detailed analysis of the vehicle’s characteristic model and the derivation of lateral and roll dynamics. The paper presents the detailed roll dynamics of an NTV with a MacPherson strut-type suspension. A stability-enhancing method is proposed using a cascade structure based on the internal robust position controller and outer roll stability controller, addressing challenges posed by disturbances. Experimental verification using Simscape Multibody and CarSim validates the dynamic model and controller’s effectiveness, ensuring the reliability of the proposed tilting control for NTVs in practical scenarios. Full article

This paper addresses the phenomenon of sloshing and the issues that arise during liquid handling at visual inspection stations. The pharmaceutical industry, recently put under pressure by the pandemic, has long adopted modular solutions consisting mainly of robotic islands. This work focuses on a visual inspection island for glass vials and ampules called VRU. This machine uses robotic arms to optimize the inspection process and enables automated control of a wide range of products using image recognition techniques and AI algorithms. However, the handling of containers in the presence of liquids requires special precautions to avoid the occurrence of bubbles inside the fluid that can prevent the cameras from correctly capturing any defects present. The banal solution involves a drastic reduction in the speeds and accelerations to which the liquids are subjected. However, using appropriate techniques makes it possible to achieve performance values similar to those obtainable when manipulating solid materials. The developed algorithms were tested using multibody simulations in the Mathworks Simscape environment and then validated using a six-axis Fanuc robot. In this study, however, the analysis conducted aimed to determine the correlations between trajectories, laws of motion, and sloshing in containers handled at high speed in industrial applications. In this study a multibody model was developed using a CFD analysis. The container consisted of a glass vial for pharmaceutical uses containing a liquid inside. The results obtained from the CFD analysis allowed us to calibrate the multibody model for the next phase of optimization of the laws of motion to be followed by the manipulator. Full article

Digital twins of industrial and collaborative robots are widely used to evaluate and predict the behavior of manipulators under different control strategies. However, these digital twins often employ simplified mathematical models that do not fully describe their dynamics. In this paper, we present the design of a high-fidelity digital twin of a six degrees-of-freedom articulated robot using Simscape Multibody, a Matlab toolbox that allows the design of robotic manipulators in a rather intuitive and user-friendly manner. This robot digital twin includes joint friction, transmission gears, and electric actuators dynamics. After assessing the dynamic accuracy of the Simscape model, we used it to test a computed torque control scheme, proving that this model can be reliably used in simulations with different aims, such as validating control schemes, evaluating collaborative functions or minimizing power consumption. Full article

To enhance the accuracy of micro-Newton thrust measurements via a torsion pendulum, addressing microgravity coupling effects caused by platform tilt and pendulum mass eccentricity is crucial. This study focuses on analyzing and minimizing these effects by alleviating reference surface tilt and calibrating the center of mass during thrust measurements. The study introduced analysis techniques and compensation measures. It first examined the impact of reference tilt and center of mass eccentricity on the stiffness and compliance of the torsion pendulum by reconstructing its dynamic model. Simscape Multibody was initially employed for numerical analysis to assess the dynamic coupling effects of the tilted pendulum. The results showed the influence of reference tilt on the stiffness and compliance of the torsion pendulum through simulation. An inverted pendulum was developed to amplify the platform’s tilt angle for microgravity drag-free control. Center of mass calibration can identify the gravity coupling caused by the center of mass position. Based on the displacement signal from the capacitive sensor located at the end of the inverted pendulum, which represents the platform’s tilt angle, the pendulum’s vibration at 0.1 mHz was reduced from 5.7 $\mathsf{\mu }$m/Hz^1/2 to 0.28 $\mathsf{\mu }$m/Hz^1/2 by adjusting the voltage of piezoelectric actuator. Finally, a new two-stage torsion pendulum structure was proposed to decouple the tilt coupling buried in both pitch and roll angle. The study utilized theoretical models, numerical analysis, and experimental testing to validate the analysis methods and compensation measures for microgravity coupling effects in torsion pendulums. This led to a reduction in low-frequency noise caused by ground vibrations and thermal strains, ultimately improving the micro-Newton thrust measurement accuracy of the torsion pendulum through the platform’s drag-free control. Full article

Wearable technologies have aided in reducing pathological tremor symptoms through non-intrusive solutions that aim to identify patterns in involuntary movements and suppress them using actuators positioned at specific joints. However, during the development of these devices, tests were primarily conducted on patients due to the difficulty of faithfully simulating tremors using simulation equipment. Based on studies characterizing tremors in Parkinson’s disease, the development of a robotic manipulator based on the Stewart platform was initiated, with the goal of satisfactorily simulating resting tremor movements in the hands. In this work, a simulator was implemented in a computational environment using the multibody dynamics method. The platform structure was designed in a virtual environment using SOLIDWORKS^® v2017 software and later exported to Matlab^® R17a software using the Simulink environment and Simscape multibody library. The workspace was evaluated, and the Kalman filter was used to merge acceleration and angular velocity data and convert them into data related to the inclination and rotation of real patients’ wrists, which were subsequently executed in the simulator. The results show a high correlation and low dispersion between real and simulated signals, demonstrating that the simulated mechanism has the capacity to represent Parkinson’s disease resting tremors in all wrist movements. The system could contribute to conducting tremor tests in suppression devices without the need for the presence of the patient and aid in comparing suppression techniques, benefiting the development of new wearable devices. Full article

The transmission mechanism of artificial flapping-wing drones generally needs low weight and the fewest interconnecting components, making their development challenging. The four-bar Linkage mechanism for flapping actuation has generally been used till now with complex and heavy connecting designs, but our proposed novel perpendicularly organized 3-cylindrical joint mechanism is designed to be unique and lighter weight with smooth functioning performance. The proposed prototype transforms the rotary motion of the motor into a specific angle of flapping movement, where the dimensions and specifications of the design components are proportional to the obtained flapping angle. Power consumption and flapping actuation can be monitored by adjusting the motor’s rotational speed to control the individual wing in this mechanism. The proposed mechanism consists of a crank with three slightly slidable cylindrical joints perpendicularly arranged to each other with a specified distance in a well-organized pattern to produce a flapping movement at the other end. In order to examine the kinematic attributes, a mathematical process approach is formulated, and kinematic simulations are performed using SIMSCAPE multibody MATLAB, PYTHON programming and COMPMECH GIM software. The proposed invention’s real-time test bench prototype model is designed, tested and analyzed for flapping validation. Full article

This paper elaborates on the modeling and control of an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) for delivery purposes, thereby integrating computer-aided design, multibody dynamic modeling, and motion control analysis in a unified framework. The UAV system designed in this study and utilized for item delivery has a quadcopter structure composed of four arms connected to a central trunk. In this investigation, the proposed design of the delivery drone is systematically modeled employing the multibody approach, while SIMSCAPE MULTIBODY is the software used for performing the dynamic analysis and for devising the final design of the control system. To this end, starting from the CAD model designed using SOLIDWORKS, the control system of the quadcopter is developed by performing dynamic simulations in the MATLAB/SIMULINK environment. Additionally, another fundamental contribution of this paper is the analytical derivation of the nonlinear set of algebraic constraint equations peculiar to the present multibody system, which characterizes the kinematics of the delivery drone and describes the relative angular velocity imposed between two rigid bodies as nonholonomic constraints. Furthermore, as discussed in detail in this paper, the choice of the propulsion system and the design of the individual components heavily depends on the structural and functional needs of the UAV under study. On the other hand, the control system devised in this work is based on cascaded Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) controllers, which are suitable for achieving different maneuvers that are fundamental for the motion control of the delivery drone. Therefore, the final performance of the UAV system is a consequence of the regulation of the feedback parameters that characterize the PID controllers. In this respect, the paper presents the refining of the parameters characterizing the PID controllers by using both an internal MATLAB tool, which automatically tunes the controller gains of single-input single-output systems, and by observing the resulting transient behavior of the UAV system, which is obtained through extensive dynamical simulations. The set of numerical results found in this investigation demonstrates the high performance of the dynamical behavior of the UAV system designed in this work. Full article

This article describes a method for the real-time monitoring of the current consumed by a Dynamixel MX 64 AT servomotor used in the actuation system of modular mobile robotic platforms having differential locomotion and conventional wheels. The data acquisition method is based on an Arduino Mega 2560 development board interfaced with Matlab Simulink and the ASC712-5A hall sensor for current detection. A Simulink model is presented that performs the detection of a sensor reference voltage, which needs to be calibrated for a correct reading of the current. Due to the low resolution of the analog-to-digital converter with which the Arduino Mega is equipped, current monitoring is difficult to achieve, having large fluctuations and a lower resolution than the current absorbed by the servomotor. The solution to this problem is achieved by implementing, in the hardware construction, an ADS115 conversion module with 16-bit resolution, which leads to an increase in the measurement range of the ASC712-5A sensor. The current acquisition model with the Hall sensor is experimentally validated using measurements on the physical model of the drive wheel. This article further deals with the CAD and digital block modeling of mobile platforms with four and two wheels. The dynamic model of the robot is created in the Simulink–Simscape–Multibody environment and is used to determine the servomotor torques when the robot is moving along the predefined path. The torque variations are entered as variables in the Simulink digital block model of the robot. The Simulink model is simulated when moving along a square path, which determines the variation in the current absorbed by the motors. Experimental validation of the model is carried out using measurements on the functional models that operate in real conditions. A power consumption method is further proposed. Full article

The agricultural sector is constantly evolving. The rise in the world’s population generates an increasingly growing demand for food, resulting in the need for the agroindustry to meet this demand. Tractors are the vehicles that have made a real difference in agriculture’s development throughout history, lowering costs in soil tillage and facilitating activities and operations for workers. This study aims to successfully design and build an autonomous, electric agricultural tractor that can autonomously perform recurring tasks in open-field and greenhouse applications. This project is fully part of the new industrial and agronomic revolution, known as Factory 4.0 and Agriculture 4.0. The predetermined functional requirements for the vehicle are its lightweight, accessible price, the easy availability of its spare parts, and its simple, ordinary maintenance. In this first study, the preliminary phases of sizing and conceptual design of the rover are reported before subsequently proceeding to the dynamical analysis. To optimize the design of the various versions of the automated vehicle, it is decided that a standard chassis would be built based on a robot operating inside a greenhouse on soft and flat terrains. The SimScape multi-body environment is used to model the kinematics of the non-back-drivable screw jack mechanism for the hitch-lifting arms. The control unit for the force exerted is designed and analyzed by means of an inverse dynamics simulation to evaluate the force and electric power consumed by the actuators. The results obtained from the analysis are essential for the final design of the autonomous electric tractor. Full article