Search Results (124)

In response to issues such as axial vibration, attenuation of drilling pressure transmission and increased impact loads on components near the drill bit that frequently occur during long-distance drilling in near-horizontal directional boreholes in underground coal mines, a multi-degree-of-freedom axial vibration model for directional long-hole drill-string systems has been established based on structural and stress analysis of the drill-string system. The model accounts for borehole-wall friction, buoyancy correction, self-weight, Rayleigh damping, drilling pressure input, and the velocity interaction between the drill bit and the coal–rock formation, and employs numerical integration to solve for the displacement, velocity, and spectral response of the drill bit and the pulse probe. The results indicate that an increase in the friction coefficient widens the vibration envelope, whilst the principal frequencies remain concentrated at approximately 5 Hz and its harmonics. When the drilling pressure is increased from 80 kN to 110 kN, the response increases gradually, and under high-pressure (120 kN) and heavy-duty drilling tool combinations, the displacement and velocity are significantly amplified; when the drill-string length was increased from 400 m to 550 m, the system’s response shifted from a relatively regular periodic response to a low-frequency, multi-peak response with amplitude modulation. The velocity response of the pulse probe was generally higher than that of the drill bit, indicating that it is a component sensitive to axial impacts near the drill bit. The research findings provide a theoretical basis for optimising drilling pressure, controlling frictional resistance and designing vibration-damping drill-string configurations for long directional boreholes in coal mines. Full article

Closed-loop regulation of the bispectral index (BIS) during propofol–remifentanil co-administration is challenging because of nonlinear drug interactions, patient variability, model uncertainty, external disturbances, and infusion constraints. This paper proposes a residual-based fractional-order model predictive control (RB-FOMPC) method within the Extended Prediction Self-Adaptive Control (EPSAC) framework. FOMPC is obtained by introducing fractional-order weights into the EPSAC cost function, while an inverse Hill mapping handles the nonlinear BIS–drug relationship outside the online quadratic programming problem. RB-FOMPC further augments the FOMPC prediction with a bounded prediction of future residual variation generated by a delayed low-order residual model. During a predefined induction window, the one-sided correction is applied according to a filtered BIS-derived effect-site residual indicating nominal-model underestimation. A normalized infusion-ratio parameter coordinates the propofol and remifentanil inputs. Monte Carlo analysis showed that RB-FOMPC preserved the nominal FOMPC performance under inter-patient variability and substantially reduced excessive BIS undershoot under intra-patient model perturbations. Overall, the simulation results indicate that the residual-based predictive correction can selectively reduce induction-phase BIS undershoot under the evaluated nominal-model-underestimation conditions, while preserving the nominal performance of FOMPC. Full article

Rough volatility and jump clustering are empirically important features of equity dynamics, yet their joint treatment in American-option pricing remains computationally demanding. We develop a Volterra–Hawkes stochastic-volatility model in which a regularized weakly singular fractional kernel governs both rough diffusive memory and variance-jump propagation. Regularizing the kernel at an explicit resolution scale preserves complete monotonicity and a nonnegative Bernstein representation while replacing the unresolved zero-lag jump response by a finite plateau. A positive exponential-sum approximation then yields a finite-dimensional Ornstein–Uhlenbeck Markovian lift; we identify and correct a rank-one covariance defect in the naive shared-shock simulation of the lifted factors and combine the corrected scheme with least-squares Monte Carlo valuation for American puts. We assess the model by an ablation over a two-branch nested design—rough-Heston diffusion as the common base, a price-jump Hawkes channel and a variance-jump Hawkes channel as two parallel single-channel extensions, and the full model combining both—calibrated and evaluated out of sample on short-maturity puts for five underlyings (NVDA, TSLA, META, AAPL, MSFT). Pooled across assets, the full model attains the lowest per-date vega-weighted RMSE on $77.8\%$ of out-of-sample dates and the lowest pooled error on four of five underlyings, with META the exception. The improvement is not claimed to be uniform, and the two jump channels are complementary rather than individually sufficient. The evidence in this short-maturity sample supports the presence of both channels through their baseline intensities; the identification of their self-exciting feedback is left to a longer-maturity panel. Full article

Background: Severe obesity is a chronic condition that adversely affects physical health and quality of life, including sexual function. However, its impact on multidimensional psychosexual outcomes remains unexplored. This study aimed to assess changes in erectile function, genital self-image, and psychological distress in men who underwent bariatric surgery. Methods: This prospective cohort study involved 50 male participants undergoing primary bariatric surgery who were evaluated within 30 days prior to the surgical procedure and at a minimum of 12 months postoperatively. Standardised questionnaires were used, including the International Index of Erectile Function-5 (IIEF-5), Male Genital Self-Image Scale (MGSIS-7), and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale–Modified (HADS-M). Secondary outcomes encompassed parameters of weight loss, sexual activity, and selected aspects of sexual behaviour, such as the utilisation of various sexual positions, their associated pleasure, and frequency. Results: Significant postoperative improvements were observed in BMI reduction from 42.8 kg/m² to 31.7 kg/m² (p < 0.001), erectile function (IIEF-5 improved from 16.3 to 19.6; p < 0.001), genital self-image (MGSIS-7 improved from 19.1 to 21.9; p < 0.001), and psychological distress (HADS-M reduction from 13.3 to 8.7; p < 0.001). Glycated haemoglobin decreased significantly (5.89% to 5.31%; p < 0.001), obstructive sleep apnoea severity improved (p < 0.001), and remission or clinically meaningful improvement of at least one major metabolic comorbidity was documented in 24 of 37 participants (64.9%). Sexual activity increased from 37/50 (74.0%) to 43/50 (86.0%), although this change was not statistically significant (p = 0.114). After FDR correction, frequency increased for 3 of the assessed positions, whereas pleasure increased only for one of them. Weight loss magnitude was not significantly correlated with changes in the IIEF-5 or MGSIS-7 scores. A greater reduction in the HADS-M score correlated with a greater improvement in the IIEF-5 score (ρ = −0.307, p = 0.030). Conclusions: Bariatric surgery was associated with improvements in erectile function, genital self-image, and psychological distress, alongside marked glycaemic and sleep-related recovery. Because the psychosexual changes were not statistically associated with the magnitude of weight loss and of metabolic and respiratory improvement, and because the design was uncontrolled, these exploratory findings indicate association rather than causation and support the incorporation of psychosexual and mental health assessment into postoperative bariatric care. Full article

Objective: Genetic factors contribute to physical activity (PA) and sedentary behavior (SB), two complex behavioral traits. They may be associated with musculoskeletal and inflammatory diseases. However, the relationships of domain-specific PA and SB traits with osteoporosis (OS), psoriatic arthritis (PsA), and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) remain unclear. A two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis assessed potential bidirectional associations between these behavioral traits and the three diseases. Methods: GWAS summary statistics were used to examine five domain-specific PA traits, three SB traits, and OS, RA, and PsA. Primary causal estimates were obtained using the inverse-variance weighted (IVW) method. Complementary analyses used MR-Egger regression, the weighted median method, and the weighted mode method. Sensitivity analyses were performed using Cochran’s Q test, the MR-Egger intercept test, MR-PRESSO, and leave-one-out analysis. Multiple testing was addressed using false discovery rate (FDR) correction. Results: In the forward MR analyses, genetically predicted liability to Light DIY was associated with lower odds of PsA after FDR correction (OR = 0.006, 95% CI = 0.0002–0.236, FDR-adjusted p = 0.018). Genetically predicted longer television viewing was linked to increased odds of PsA (OR = 2.205, 95% CI = 1.089–4.463, FDR-adjusted p = 0.028) and RA (OR = 1.006, 95% CI = 1.002–1.010, FDR-adjusted p = 0.004). Walking for pleasure showed a nominal inverse association with PsA, and computer use showed a nominal inverse association with RA. Neither association remained significant after FDR correction. No evidence of associations with the broad self-reported OS diagnosis was observed. Reverse MR analyses showed lower odds of Walking for pleasure (OR = 0.662, 95% CI = 0.484–0.906, FDR-adjusted p = 0.013) and Other exercises (OR = 0.651, 95% CI = 0.490–0.864, FDR-adjusted p = 0.006) for genetic liability to RA. RA liability was also associated with longer television viewing time (β = 0.708, 95% CI = 0.251–1.165, FDR-adjusted p = 0.006). No reverse associations were observed for PsA. Conclusions: This bidirectional MR study identified several potential genetically predicted associations of domain-specific PA and SB traits with PsA and RA. The findings for television viewing and RA may suggest a potential bidirectional association. However, the results should be considered hypothesis-generating. These findings require independent replication and further validation before causal or clinical conclusions can be drawn. Full article

Education for sustainability should connect planetary environmental change with local place, cultural meaning, and feasible collective action. Yet inclusive arts-based ocean-literacy education remains underexamined, especially for children from migrant backgrounds. This study examines Gyeongju Sea Rescue Team: Protecting the Sea through Minhwa, a five-session programme for elementary-school children from Koryoin and other migrant-background families in South Korea. A provenance-separated dual-strand design combined hybrid thematic analysis of programme documents and non-identifying artwork images with a fully synthetic 100-case corpus used only to audit a future artwork-elicitation protocol and codebook. The documentary strand identified four provisional mechanisms: the ecological reinterpretation of auspicious symbols, localisation through Gyeongju’s maritime heritage, multimodal participation across linguistic differences, and collective stewardship. The synthetic audit did not validate these mechanisms or programme outcomes. Instead, participant-correction and self-action prompts generated more clearly codable material on agency, cultural identity, multilingual meaning-making, and intercultural integration. Two designed perturbation passes yielded a quadratic-weighted kappa of 0.726 as a within-corpus stability diagnostic rather than human intercoder reliability. Diagnostic cases exposed adult projection, assimilationist interpretation, pressure to disclose private meanings, and advice without self-agency. The article proposes a provisional MIOL framework and four safeguards: child-led interpretation, reciprocal cultural exchange, appropriate consent and permissions, and continuity from symbolic expression to sustained action. Synthetic outputs concern method development only and do not represent children’s experiences or programme effectiveness. Full article

Quantifying the direction, strength and temporal clustering of cross-border financial risk contagion calls for methods that go beyond linear correlation. We suggest a two-layer framework that brings together transfer entropy and a multivariate Hawkes self-exciting point process on a time-varying, directed, weighted network. In the first layer, one-to-one transfer entropies of sovereign credit default swap spreads are estimated with a bias-corrected k nearest neighbour estimator, and this step detects nonlinear and directional information transfer between spreads. The second layer is a multivariate Hawkes process that models how extreme loss events arrive and mutually excite one another across countries, and it gives an excitation intensity matrix, encoding the way a tail event in one country raises the likelihood of an instantaneous hazard occurring in another. By merging these two layers, we obtain a composite, directed, weighted adjacency matrix in which the weights of the edges reflect both information flow and event clustering. We introduce a network-level contagion intensity index and split it into direct, indirect and feedback terms using the graph Laplacian spectrum. Von Neumann graph entropy together with the spectral gap ratio serve as entropy-based measures of the complexity and fragility of the evolving network. We validate the choice of Shannon-type entropy through a Tsallis q-sensitivity analysis, and we verify the nonlinear dependence structure of the data using BDS tests and maximal Lyapunov exponent estimates. Three empirical findings emerge from analysing 20 sovereign CDS markets from January 2015 to December 2025: (i) directional risk spillover signals derived based on transfer entropy are more timely than those derived from variance decomposition; (ii) the Hawkes excitation component amplifies measured contagion intensity by 35 to 58 percent during the COVID-19 shock and the 2022 European energy crisis relative to a transfer-entropy-only baseline; (iii) von Neumann graph entropy reaches historically extreme values 7 to 12 trading days before the peak drawdown in a Global Sovereign Bond Index. These results hold across rolling window lengths, significance thresholds, alternative entropy functionals and alternative Hawkes kernels. Full article

Near-field multistatic radar imaging assumes that the transmitter, receiver, and target positions, as well as the receiver time references, are known exactly. In practice they are known only approximately: receiver positions and clocks carry small survey and synchronization errors, and target locations used to initialize or refine an image are themselves approximate. This paper develops a joint self-calibration framework that estimates small corrections to receiver positions, receiver clock biases, and target positions from the same bistatic echo delays used for imaging, and ties the correction directly to image sharpness rather than to parameter accuracy alone. We derive the linearized observation model relating delay residuals to these corrections, and give a regularized (maximum a posteriori) weighted least-squares estimator that explicitly separates measurement noise from prior parameter uncertainty. We characterize the identifiability of this estimator progressively, from a single anchor (the transmitter alone, which leaves an exact three-dimensional rotational null space) to two anchors (transmitter plus one additional point, which reduces the null space to a one-parameter rotation about a fixed axis) to three anchors (transmitter, one target, and one receiver, in general position, which removes the continuous ambiguity entirely). We additionally treat the dual problem of localizing an unknown transmitter from a small number of exactly known anchors—receivers, targets, or time samples of a single moving platform—and show that collinear or coplanar anchor geometries leave an exact, uncorrectable continuous or discrete ambiguity, respectively, regardless of how many such anchors are used, with the coplanar case notably invisible to a standard rank or conditioning check. We then reformulate the calibration objective directly in terms of coherent multistatic image sharpness, evaluated using the matched-filter score already used for image formation, and propose a two-stage algorithm: a coarse linear delay-residual solve followed by phase-coherent sharpness refinement. Numerical experiments verify the predicted identifiability transitions via the singular value spectrum of the linearized system, demonstrate quadratic convergence of the proposed estimator, verify the transmitter-localization ambiguity structure—including an exact mirror-twin solution for coplanar anchors, reproducing all range measurements to floating-point precision—and demonstrate the effect of self-calibration on a simulated multistatic image of an extended (eagle-shaped) target, including the incremental effect of bandwidth, aperture/frequency windowing, and CLEAN deconvolution on the recognizability of the resulting image, as well as on the resolvability of multiple simultaneous discrete targets (two instances of the same target). We relate this formulation to, and distinguish it from, the existing literature on time-of-arrival sensor network self-calibration and on joint target-localization/clock-bias estimation, which largely target single moving targets, anchor-free minimal-data solvability, or localization accuracy rather than multistatic image focus. Full article

Dynamic 3D Gaussian Splatting (3DGS) enables efficient facial-avatar rendering but may suffer from cumulative geometric drift and degradation of identity-specific details when applied to long monocular sequences. To address this problem, we propose IA-3DGS, an identity-anchored dynamic Gaussian framework for long-term facial animation. The proposed framework contains three main components. First, a 3D morphable model-guided semantic initialization strategy associates Gaussian primitives with anatomically meaningful facial regions. Second, a region-weighted Jacobian rigidity regularizer suppresses non-physical shear and anisotropic stretching in quasi-rigid facial regions while preserving sufficient flexibility in expression-sensitive regions. Third, a cyclic memory correction mechanism periodically aligns the current identity representation with a frozen reference representation and applies exponential moving average smoothing to reduce correction-induced temporal discontinuities. Experiments were conducted on the NeRSemble and NHA datasets and on a self-collected Custom-5K dataset containing continuous monocular facial sequences longer than 5000 frames. IA-3DGS achieved a PSNR of 31.85 dB, an SSIM of 0.942, and an LPIPS of 0.038 on standard-length sequences. At frame 5000, the method obtained an L-LPIPS of 0.046 and a landmark mean error of 1.3 mm, compared with 0.245 and 6.8 mm, respectively, for the purely implicit dynamic 3DGS baseline. The system rendered 1920 × 1080 images at approximately 48 frames per second on a single NVIDIA RTX 4090. These results indicate that the proposed semantic, geometric, and temporal constraints improve long-sequence identity consistency under the evaluated subject-specific monocular setting. Full article

Suicidal ideation among college students is a multicausal public health concern shaped by individual, family, social, and academic factors. Although prior research has consistently documented associations between psychological distress and suicide risk in this population, most studies analyze risk factors in isolation, leaving the joint contribution of variables across ecological levels insufficiently understood. The present study, framed within Bronfenbrenner’s ecological model of human development and Joiner’s interpersonal theory of suicide, examined the simultaneous influence of clinical, protective, academic, and victimization variables on suicidal ideation in college students. A cross-sectional design was employed with a sample of 553 undergraduate and graduate students (68.9% women; mean age = 20.93 years, SD = 3.81) from the University of Málaga (Spain), recruited through snowball and convenience sampling. Participants completed validated self-report measures of suicidal ideation (Paykel Suicide Scale), depression and anxiety (HADS), eating disorders (CBCAR), self-esteem (RSE), academic stress (SISCO), academic procrastination (APS-SF), bullying, cyberbullying, and social exclusion (QAEU), social support (QFSSS), family satisfaction, healthy habits, and family history of mental illness. Data were analyzed through Pearson and Spearman correlations and a robust multiple linear regression (ordinary least squares with HC3 robust standard errors and bias-corrected and accelerated bootstrap confidence intervals from 5000 resamples), complemented by an ordinal regression as a sensitivity analysis. The regression model accounted for 44.1% of the variance in suicidal ideation, with depression, anxiety, eating disorders, family history of mental illness, and bullying showing significant positive associations and self-esteem the strongest protective association. An ordinal regression sensitivity analysis yielded a consistent pattern, supporting the robustness of these findings. Family and social support, although correlated with lower ideation, lost statistical weight in the multivariate models, suggesting that their contribution operates indirectly, mainly through depression and self-esteem. Findings support the integration of clinical, social, and personal-resource components into college prevention programs, prioritizing early detection of psychopathology, anti-bullying protocols, interventions to strengthen self-esteem, and greater visibility of campus psychological services. Full article

Background/Objectives: Obesity is associated with alterations in cognitive control processes that support performance monitoring and dietary self-regulation, but the neurocognitive markers most closely tied to body weight status in young adulthood remain unclear. Methods: Sixty-two young adults completed a modified Simon task while continuous electroencephalography (EEG) was recorded. Response-locked event-related potentials (ERPs) were quantified for error-related negativity (ERN) and error positivity (Pe). The association between body mass index (BMI) and ERP amplitudes was examined under three parameterizations: BMI as a continuous variable, BMI split into three categories (normal weight, overweight, obese), and BMI split into two median-matched categories. Results: Higher BMI was associated with reduced (less negative) ERN amplitude under continuous (r = 0.30, p = 0.016, and median-split, Cohen’s d = −0.69, p = 0.009) specifications, and at the level of a trend under the three-group classification F(2, 59) = 2.80, p = 0.069, η²p = 0.09. The association was most consistent for neutral trials, where it reached significance under the continuous (r = 0.32, p = 0.010) and three-group (F = 3.31, p = 0.043) specifications and approached significance under the median-split (d = −0.51, p = 0.051). The BMI-ERN association remained significant after adjustment for age, sex, cardiorespiratory fitness, physical activity, and trait impulsivity. In contrast, Pe amplitude did not differ as a function of BMI under any specification. In exploratory analyses that did not survive correction for multiple comparisons, Pe amplitude was positively associated with mindful eating disinhibition and negatively associated with UPPS-P Positive Urgency, independent of BMI. Conclusions: These cross-sectional findings indicate that elevated adiposity in young adulthood is associated with attenuated pre-conscious conflict and error monitoring (i.e., ERN), whereas conscious error awareness (i.e., Pe) is unrelated to body weight status. The exploratory Pe–trait associations are offered as hypotheses for future confirmatory work rather than as established effects. Full article

The charged-lepton pole masses exhibit the well-known Koide relation, in which the square-root geometry reduces the three-mass pattern to a one-angle problem. This paper first gives a self-contained algebraic formulation of that geometry: the Koide condition is equivalent to equality between the democratic and orthogonal components of the charged-lepton root vector, and the resulting spectrum lies on a cone around the democratic direction. The geometric equivalence and the one-angle parameterization are exact. A reconstruction framework is then summarized to motivate a neutral-parent interpretation of the root space. In this framework, premetric equivalence gives equal structural weighting, the Indefinite Reconstruction Stability Principle motivates minimal saturation, and persistent charged readouts are associated with carrier-supported codimension-two holonomy structure. The remaining Koide cone angle is assigned by a phenomenological weak-closure selector constructed from the electron, proton, and neutron masses and the low-energy fine-structure constant. No continuous coefficient is optimized against the muon or tau mass, but the selector was formulated retrospectively rather than selected from a prespecified finite hypothesis class. The retained baseline selector gives a muon mass output of approximately 105.6565 MeV and a tau mass output of approximately 1776.94 MeV, with relative deviations of approximately 0.0017 percent below and 0.00061 percent above the adopted pole-mass values. Accordingly, the numerical agreement is reported descriptively and is not assigned a look-elsewhere-corrected statistical significance. The selector is an ansatz motivated by the reconstruction picture; its full form and coefficients are not yet derived from a complete premetric calculus or matched to a post-readout effective action. Therefore, the result is presented as reproducible pole mass phenomenology and as a concrete target for future formal reconstruction rather than as a derivation of running Standard Model Yukawa couplings. Full article

Background/Objectives: Disaster preparedness is central to public health resilience. This study examined the association between disaster-related digital technology engagement and Health Belief Model-based preparedness beliefs among adults attending a primary care clinic in Türkiye. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 538 participants completed a sociodemographic form, a researcher-developed 10-item Disaster and Technology Use Questionnaire, and the 31-item General Disaster Preparedness Belief Scale. The technology questionnaire used five-point Likert-type response categories and was treated as a multidomain questionnaire; its prespecified equal-weighted sum formed an operational composite index rather than a unidimensional scale score. Supplementary internal-structure analyses described item covariance and clustering. Spearman correlations, false-discovery-rate correction, and hierarchical multiple linear regression with HC3 robust standard errors were used, adjusting for age, gender, education, income, marital status, and occupation. Results: The technology composite showed α = 0.793 and ω = 0.799, and exploratory and confirmatory analyses identified two correlated empirical item domains with adequate model fit (CFI = 0.952, TLI = 0.936, RMSEA = 0.055). Technology engagement was independently associated with total preparedness beliefs (B = 0.888, 95% CI 0.672–1.103; standardized β = 0.397; p < 0.001) and increased explained variance by 13.3% beyond sociodemographic factors. Adjusted associations remained significant for perceived susceptibility, perceived benefits, perceived low barriers, cues to action, and self-efficacy, but not for perceived severity. Conclusions: Greater disaster-related digital technology engagement was associated with stronger preparedness beliefs, but causal direction cannot be inferred. Primary care initiatives may promote official alert tools, practical application use, and digital-information literacy while maintaining non-digital alternatives for people with limited digital access. Full article

Accurate prediction of the heat transfer coefficient is essential for improving the coiling temperature control in hot strip rolling, especially under frequent rolling condition changes. Conventional layer-based self-learning methods may lead to boundary discontinuities, insufficient sample support for new gauges, and limited information sharing among similar operating conditions. To address these limitations, this paper proposes a random-forest (RF) and K-nearest-neighbor (KNN)-assisted local Gaussian process regression framework for the heat transfer coefficient in hot strip rolling. In the proposed method, RF is first used to select key variables and guide similar-case retrieval. KNN is then employed to retrieve the historical strips most similar to the current strip and to construct a local sample space. Instead of directly using conventional distance-weighted averaging, Gaussian process regression (GPR) is established on the retrieved local samples to model the nonlinear relationship between the process variables and the heat transfer correction coefficient. The proposed method outperforms conventional KNN-based weighting methods in terms of all the evaluation metrics for both first coils and in-lot coils at different speeds. Industrial validation shows that the measured coiling temperature is controlled within ±20 °C over more than 96.5% of the coil length. The results demonstrate that the proposed framework improves the adaptability and online compensation capability of the controlled cooling temperature models. Full article

Problematic smartphone use in adolescence has been linked cross-sectionally to poorer academic and emotional functioning, but the longitudinal mechanisms remain unclear. Using three waves of the Panel Study on Korean Children (W14–W16; ages 14–16), this study tested whether problematic smartphone use at age 14 predicts four developmental outcomes at age 16—school adjustment, self-regulated learning, ego resilience, and subjective happiness—through four age-15 mediators: gaming, video-watching, self-study hours, and academic stress. Hierarchical regressions with autoregressive controls, bootstrap a-paths, and 16 indirect effects tested with 20,000-draw Monte Carlo confidence intervals were estimated. Problematic smartphone use predicted three outcomes but not subjective happiness, for which the association was indirect only. Seven indirect effects were significant, and six survived Benjamini–Hochberg false discovery rate correction. The findings indicated two pathways: a time-displacement pathway (gaming and reduced self-study) specific to self-regulated learning and an academic-stress pathway linked to school adjustment, ego resilience, and happiness. Crucially, in baseline-controlled sensitivity analyses, the time-use pathways remained significant, whereas the stress pathway was fully attenuated, indicating a concurrent rather than a prospective association. Results were robust across path-model SEM, full-information maximum likelihood, and inverse-probability weighting, supporting a dual-pathway account of adolescent digital development. Full article