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14 pages, 266 KB  
Review
Head CT in Adult Mild Traumatic Brain Injury: A Global Review of Indications and Decision Rules
by Boris Đurović, Petar Vuleković, Veljko Pantelić and Jagoš Golubović
Clin. Transl. Neurosci. 2026, 10(1), 8; https://doi.org/10.3390/ctn10010008 - 13 Mar 2026
Abstract
Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) in adults is extremely common worldwide, but only a small fraction of these patients harbor clinically significant intracranial injuries. Computed tomography (CT) of the head is the standard diagnostic tool to detect traumatic brain hemorrhages or lesions, yet [...] Read more.
Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) in adults is extremely common worldwide, but only a small fraction of these patients harbor clinically significant intracranial injuries. Computed tomography (CT) of the head is the standard diagnostic tool to detect traumatic brain hemorrhages or lesions, yet indiscriminate CT scanning of all mTBI patients is inefficient, costly, and exposes patients to ionizing radiation. To optimize patient care, numerous clinical decision rules and guidelines have been developed internationally to identify which adult patients with mTBI should undergo head CT. This review provides a global perspective on the indications for head CT in adult mTBI, comparing key decision rules including the Canadian CT Head Rule, New Orleans Criteria, UK NICE Head Injury Guidelines, and others. Methods: We conducted a comprehensive analysis of major international guidelines and decision rules for head CT in adult mTBI, focusing on their inclusion criteria, risk factors, and diagnostic performance. Results: All the examined rules prioritize near-100% sensitivity for identifying patients who need neurosurgical intervention, but they differ greatly in specificity and recommended CT utilization rates. North American rules such as the New Orleans Criteria tend to favor higher sensitivity, scanning almost all patients with any symptom, whereas the Canadian CT Head Rule and certain European guidelines (NICE, Scandinavian) are more selective, significantly reducing CT usage while maintaining safety. Discussion: We discuss how these variations reflect different healthcare settings and risk tolerances, and we examine the implications for neurosurgical practice. We also highlight challenges in guideline implementation, the impact on global CT utilization, and emerging approaches (such as biomarker-assisted triage) that may further refine decision-making. In conclusion, appropriate use of clinical decision rules for head CT in mTBI can safely minimize unnecessary imaging, but local adaptation and clinician judgment remain crucial to ensure that no significant injuries are missed while avoiding over-scanning. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Neurosurgery)
18 pages, 1505 KB  
Article
Exploratory Study of the Correlation Between the Vegetative Growth of Olive Trees (Olea europaea L.), the Quality Characteristics of Olive Oil and Sensory Properties in Algerian and European Cultivars
by Nadjya Chalabi, Fayçal Bahlouli and Agustí J. Romero-Aroca
Agronomy 2026, 16(6), 616; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy16060616 - 13 Mar 2026
Abstract
Olive tree cultivation occupies a central place in Algerian agriculture and is of considerable economic and cultural importance. Several production factors strongly influence the quality of olive oil. Among the determinants of this quality, the vegetative growth of the olive tree plays a [...] Read more.
Olive tree cultivation occupies a central place in Algerian agriculture and is of considerable economic and cultural importance. Several production factors strongly influence the quality of olive oil. Among the determinants of this quality, the vegetative growth of the olive tree plays a crucial role, as it controls photosynthetic capacity, the distribution of assimilates, and fruit filling. These physiological mechanisms directly influence oil percentage, as well as fatty acid and phenolic compound compositions, and consequently, sensory characteristics such as bitterness and pungency. This study examines the quantitative relationships between vegetative growth, chemical parameters, and sensory attribute interactions that are still poorly understood using seven representative olive cultivars: local varieties (Chemlal, Bouchouk Lafayette, Blanquette de Guelma, Sigoise, and Limli) and European varieties (Frantoio and Belgentéroise). Vegetative growth was characterized by the average shoot length; fruit oil content was expressed as a percentage on a dry basis, and fatty acids were analyzed by gas chromatography after derivatization. The total polyphenol content was determined by spectrophotometry and expressed as concentration, and oxidative stability was measured using the Rancimat method. Sensory analysis was conducted by a trained panel in accordance with international recommendations. The results indicate substantial positive correlations between vegetative growth parameters, oil concentration, olive oil composition, and those sensory attributes related to polyphenols, for all varieties studied. This functional consistency suggests that improvement in one parameter is generally associated with improvement in others. The Algerian variety Chemlal stands out for its optimal performance profile in agronomic, chemical, and sensory aspects compared to the other varieties. These preliminary results suggest that optimizing oil characteristics is directly linked to the physiological and biochemical performance of the olive tree, thus confirming the relevance of a systems approach in the selection and management of olive varieties. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Horticultural and Floricultural Crops)
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9 pages, 469 KB  
Article
Maternal Outcomes Associated with Delayed Cord Clamping in Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy: A Cross-Sectional Study
by Aigerim Turekulova, Nurzhamal Dzhardemaliyeva, Heike Rabe and Mukhtar Kulimbet
Diseases 2026, 14(3), 107; https://doi.org/10.3390/diseases14030107 - 13 Mar 2026
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Delayed umbilical cord clamping (DCC) is widely recommended for neonatal benefit; however, concerns persist among professionals that DCC may increase the risk of postpartum hemorrhage. There is a higher risk of postpartum hemorrhage in women with hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP). We [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Delayed umbilical cord clamping (DCC) is widely recommended for neonatal benefit; however, concerns persist among professionals that DCC may increase the risk of postpartum hemorrhage. There is a higher risk of postpartum hemorrhage in women with hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP). We aimed to evaluate the association between umbilical cord clamping timing and maternal blood loss in term pregnancies, including those complicated by HDP. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study of women delivering at three major hospitals in Almaty, Kazakhstan (August 2020–March 2021). The primary outcome was maternal blood loss. Secondary outcomes included hemoglobin (Hb) and red blood cell (RBC) change from pre-delivery to discharge. Multivariable models were adjusted for maternal age, parity and hypertension category. Results: Two hundred and seven women were analyzed (early cord clamping ≤ 60 (ECC) n = 21; delayed cord clamping 60–119 s (DCC60s) n = 161; delayed cord clamping ≥ 120 s (DCC120s) n = 25). Baseline characteristics were similar across groups except for hypertension distribution. Median blood loss did not differ significantly (255–260 mL; p = 0.9128). Adjusted models confirmed no association between clamping category and blood loss (RoM: ECC vs. DCC60s 0.97; 95% CI 0.93–1.01; DCC120s vs. DCC60s 1.01; 95% CI 0.96–1.07). Conclusions: Among term births in Almaty, including HDP-affected pregnancies, delayed umbilical cord clamping was not associated with increased maternal blood loss or hematologic decline. These findings indicate that DCC does not appear to increase maternal bleeding risk in high-risk obstetric populations and are broadly in line with current international recommendations. Further prospective research is warranted to evaluate specific subgroups, including severe preeclampsia. Full article
12 pages, 205 KB  
Article
Transforming Welfare Services: From Child Relief to Women’s Empowerment: The Child Support Grant in Rural South Africa
by Priscilla Gutura
Societies 2026, 16(3), 92; https://doi.org/10.3390/soc16030092 - 13 Mar 2026
Abstract
This paper presents qualitative findings from a broader study conducted with beneficiaries of social assistance grants in Nkonkobe Municipality, South Africa, guided by Amartya Sen’s Capability Approach and a Feminist Political Economy perspective. It specifically examines the impact of the Child Support Grant [...] Read more.
This paper presents qualitative findings from a broader study conducted with beneficiaries of social assistance grants in Nkonkobe Municipality, South Africa, guided by Amartya Sen’s Capability Approach and a Feminist Political Economy perspective. It specifically examines the impact of the Child Support Grant (CSG) on women residing in rural areas with limited economic opportunities. Drawing on the narratives of twenty-five female beneficiaries, the study explores the grant’s role beyond child welfare outcomes. Despite its small monetary value, the CSG demonstrated significant and unintended transformative effects. Within contexts of persistent poverty, unemployment, and inequality, the grant contributed to alleviating household hardship and enhancing women’s empowerment. Participants reported increased economic agency, autonomy, and decision-making capacity. The CSG also served as a critical resource for women seeking to exit abusive relationships by providing a measure of financial independence, often lacking among survivors of domestic violence. These findings contribute to broader debates on welfare services as tools for equality, diversity, and democracy, highlighting the CSG’s potential to advance gender empowerment and social inclusion. However, the grant alone remains insufficient to ensure sustainable economic security. The paper recommends that the CSG be strengthened through increased value and complemented by active labour market interventions that promote women’s economic participation. Full article
30 pages, 1374 KB  
Article
Adaptation of National Oil and Gas Companies of China and Russia to the Global Energy Transition: A Comparative Study of Sustainable Development Strategies
by Aleksey Cherepovitsyn, Anastasia Shabalina and Marina Kruk
Sustainability 2026, 18(6), 2844; https://doi.org/10.3390/su18062844 - 13 Mar 2026
Abstract
In the context of the global energy transition and a strengthening climate agenda, this study provides a comparative assessment of sustainable development strategies adopted by leading national oil and gas companies in China and Russia, focusing on their contribution to decarbonisation and SDG [...] Read more.
In the context of the global energy transition and a strengthening climate agenda, this study provides a comparative assessment of sustainable development strategies adopted by leading national oil and gas companies in China and Russia, focusing on their contribution to decarbonisation and SDG 7 and SDG 13. The study combines content analysis of corporate ESG reporting with a quantitative assessment of key environmental indicators. The analysis covers Gazprom, Rosneft, Lukoil, Novatek and Tatneft (Russia), and CNPC (PetroChina), Sinopec and CNOOC (China) over 2020–2024. The quantitative assessment includes Scope 1–2 greenhouse gas emissions, emissions intensity per unit of energy produced, operational energy consumption, renewable energy share, water intensity and green capital expenditures. The results reveal differences in national adaptation models: Chinese companies follow a centralised, state-driven approach integrated into strategic planning and five-year programmes, while Russian companies demonstrate a more fragmented, corporate-oriented model focused on technological modernisation. The strongest divergence is observed in governance integration and low-carbon investment structures, while emissions intensity trends remain gradual in both cases. Based on these findings, recommendations are proposed to strengthen sustainability and climate governance in Russian and Chinese oil and gas companies. The findings rely on self-reported ESG data, which involve differences in reporting boundaries and calculation methodologies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Firm Survival and Sustainable Management)
17 pages, 567 KB  
Review
Treating the Patient, Not Only the Amyloid: Symptomatic Management in Transthyretin Amyloidosis
by Christian Messina
Neurol. Int. 2026, 18(3), 53; https://doi.org/10.3390/neurolint18030053 - 13 Mar 2026
Abstract
Transthyretin amyloidosis (ATTR) is a progressive multisystem disorder characterized by extracellular deposition of misfolded transthyretin fibrils, leading to neurological, cardiac, gastrointestinal, urogenital, sexual, and ophthalmological involvement. While disease-modifying therapies have significantly improved survival and slowed disease progression, a substantial proportion of patients continue [...] Read more.
Transthyretin amyloidosis (ATTR) is a progressive multisystem disorder characterized by extracellular deposition of misfolded transthyretin fibrils, leading to neurological, cardiac, gastrointestinal, urogenital, sexual, and ophthalmological involvement. While disease-modifying therapies have significantly improved survival and slowed disease progression, a substantial proportion of patients continue to experience a high symptomatic burden that markedly impairs quality of life. Symptomatic manifestations often occur early, may precede the diagnosis, and frequently persist despite etiological treatment. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the symptomatic management of ATTR, with particular emphasis on autonomic dysfunction and its systemic consequences. We discuss current therapeutic strategies for orthostatic hypotension, gastrointestinal dysmotility, nutritional impairment, sexual dysfunction, lower urinary tract dysfunction, and ophthalmological involvement, highlighting both pharmacological and non-pharmacological approaches. Special attention is given to treatment limitations related to cardiac involvement, autonomic failure, and drug tolerability. Despite the clinical relevance of symptom control in ATTR, evidence-based recommendations remain scarce, and no dedicated guidelines currently exist. Most therapeutic approaches are derived from observational studies, expert opinion, and clinical experience. Improved awareness of symptomatic manifestations, early intervention, and a multidisciplinary, individualized approach are essential to optimize patient outcomes. Future research should focus on prospective studies and the development of structured symptomatic treatment algorithms to complement disease-modifying therapies and enhance patient-centered care in ATTR. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Dysautonomia in Neurological Disorders)
21 pages, 1866 KB  
Article
Landowner Awareness, Participation, and Satisfaction in Watershed Stewardship Programs: A Diffusion of Innovations Lens
by Anusha Lamsal, René H. Germain, Eddie Bevilacqua and Kristopher Brown
Forests 2026, 17(3), 361; https://doi.org/10.3390/f17030361 - 13 Mar 2026
Abstract
Watershed stewardship programs succeed when intended users progress from awareness to participation. This study applies diffusion of innovations theory to five forestry, agricultural, and economic viability programs administered by the Watershed Agricultural Council in the New York City watershed. These five programs are [...] Read more.
Watershed stewardship programs succeed when intended users progress from awareness to participation. This study applies diffusion of innovations theory to five forestry, agricultural, and economic viability programs administered by the Watershed Agricultural Council in the New York City watershed. These five programs are voluntary and intended to support water quality and community vitality on working lands. A survey of nonindustrial private farm and forest landowners measured awareness, participation, and satisfaction across the watershed programs. Awareness was limited and participation was rare, yet nearly all participants reported high satisfaction, indicating an entry bottleneck at the awareness-to-participation stage. Logistic regression and generalized estimating equations models showed higher participation among landowners with larger acreage. The study recommends strengthening existing extension and outreach to better communicate programs’ relative advantages and increase observability through peer examples and targeted messaging to improve enrollment among eligible landowners. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Forest Economics, Policy, and Social Science)
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14 pages, 259 KB  
Article
Knowledge and Implementation of Special Educational Needs Strategies Among Primary School Teachers in Hungary: A Survey-Based Study
by Eszter Melinda Pázmándi, Dóra Mladoneczki-Leszkó, Judit Forrai and Mónika Fekete
Educ. Sci. 2026, 16(3), 439; https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci16030439 - 13 Mar 2026
Abstract
This study examines primary school teachers’ theoretical and practical knowledge of special educational needs (SEN) in order to identify knowledge gaps and support competency development through targeted online training. The study aims to demonstrate that teachers’ current knowledge is often incomplete and that [...] Read more.
This study examines primary school teachers’ theoretical and practical knowledge of special educational needs (SEN) in order to identify knowledge gaps and support competency development through targeted online training. The study aims to demonstrate that teachers’ current knowledge is often incomplete and that the year of qualification does not necessarily confer an advantage, as teacher training content has remained largely unchanged over recent decades. A simple random sampling method was applied, and in spring 2023, 121 primary school teachers completed a questionnaire. Descriptive statistics were used to assess prior knowledge, while repeated measures ANOVA examined the relationships between graduation year, teaching practice during training, theoretical knowledge, and practical application. Teachers who graduated in 2010 or later were more likely to have encountered students with SEN, and 83.6% of respondents reported an increase in the number of students requiring developmental support. Significant and large differences were found in the type of advice provided (t = −9.05, p < 0.001, Cohen’s d = −1.31), with referrals to professionals occurring more frequently than recommendations of online resources. The findings underscore the need to integrate multidisciplinary competencies into teacher education to support appropriate referral practices and highlight the potential of targeted online training to enhance teachers’ preparedness for SEN education. Adequate and up-to-date training is essential for educators to effectively support children’s cognitive and learning development. Full article
12 pages, 814 KB  
Review
Acute Gastrointestinal Bleeding: An Update and a Practical Diagnostic Approach
by Elio Antonucci, Ilaria Zanichelli and Alessandro Rimondi
Diagnostics 2026, 16(6), 860; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics16060860 - 13 Mar 2026
Abstract
Acute gastrointestinal bleeding (GIB) is one of the most common and dangerous condition in patients admitted in Emergency Departments. The incidence and the mortality of acute GIB remain significant, although some positive trends were observed in recent years. Initial evaluation of GIB needs [...] Read more.
Acute gastrointestinal bleeding (GIB) is one of the most common and dangerous condition in patients admitted in Emergency Departments. The incidence and the mortality of acute GIB remain significant, although some positive trends were observed in recent years. Initial evaluation of GIB needs an accurate assessment of the medical history and the clinical presentation. Physicians should pay attention about the presence of hemorrhagic shock that usually requires urgent diagnosis and treatment. Only a prompt diagnostic approach can identify the source of bleeding and improve the outcomes in acute GIB patients. Risk stratification and time of endoscopy are fundamental issues in the management of upper and lower GIB. Small bowel capsule enteroscopy (SBCE) and device-assisted enteroscopy (DAE) are the basic approaches to suspected small bowel bleeding. Machine Learning Prognostic Models have been proposed, such as alternative prognostic tools in GIB, but they are currently recommended only to identify low-risk outpatients. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Clinical and Interventional Gastroenterology)
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15 pages, 239 KB  
Article
Nutritional Evaluation of Commercial Dog and Cat Foods Based on Key Nutrient Requirements
by Hyun-Woo Cho, Min Young Lee, Woo-Do Lee, Sang-Yeob Lee, Ki Hyun Kim and Kyoung-Min So
Animals 2026, 16(6), 909; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani16060909 - 13 Mar 2026
Abstract
This study evaluated the nutritional adequacy of commercial dog and cat foods in South Korea by comparing analytically determined nutrient contents with recommended nutrient levels of the National Institute of Animal Science (NIAS) and the Association of American Feed Control Officials (AAFCO). A [...] Read more.
This study evaluated the nutritional adequacy of commercial dog and cat foods in South Korea by comparing analytically determined nutrient contents with recommended nutrient levels of the National Institute of Animal Science (NIAS) and the Association of American Feed Control Officials (AAFCO). A total of 96 pet food products for puppies (n = 50), adult dogs (n = 18), kittens (n = 17), and adult cats (n = 11) were collected. Nutrients, including crude protein, crude fat, essential amino acids, essential fatty acids, major minerals, and selected trace nutrients, were analyzed using accredited methods stipulated by the Korean Feed Control Act and compared with NIAS and AAFCO recommendations. Most adult dog and cat diets met recommended nutrient levels; however, deficiencies were identified in diets intended for growth. Puppy foods showed inadequate levels of eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids (EPA + DHA, 72%), calcium (22%), and phosphorus (42%), as well as imbalanced calcium-to-phosphorus ratios (12%). In kitten diets, insufficient EPA + DHA (41.2%) and taurine (11.8%) were observed. In contrast, 82.3% of products met label-declared guaranteed analysis values for seven mandatory nutrients. These results provide baseline information on the nutritional adequacy and labeling compliance of pet foods across different life stages. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Companion Animals)
18 pages, 864 KB  
Article
A Hybrid Approach for Personalized and Intelligent Content Recommendation in Digital Libraries
by Emanuela Mitreva, Desislava Paneva-Marinova, Vladimir Georgiev, Alexandra Nikolova and Radoslav Pavlov
Appl. Sci. 2026, 16(6), 2756; https://doi.org/10.3390/app16062756 - 13 Mar 2026
Abstract
The rapid digitization of cultural heritage materials has led to the substantial growth of digital library collections, particularly large and heterogeneous archives of periodicals. This expansion has intensified challenges related to content discovery, accessibility, and user engagement. Users increasingly struggle to navigate large [...] Read more.
The rapid digitization of cultural heritage materials has led to the substantial growth of digital library collections, particularly large and heterogeneous archives of periodicals. This expansion has intensified challenges related to content discovery, accessibility, and user engagement. Users increasingly struggle to navigate large periodical collections and identify relevant materials. In this context, intelligent interaction with cultural content has become an essential aspect of effectively accessing and utilizing resources in modern digital libraries, highlighting the need for adaptive and user-oriented mechanisms that support navigation and discovery. Artificial intelligence-driven personalization offers promising solutions. However, digital library environments often contain sparse interaction data, evolving user interests, and continuously growing collections. These characteristics limit the effectiveness of standalone content-based or collaborative approaches. This work proposes an integrated personalization approach that combines behavioral interaction data with semantic relationships between documents to support adaptive content delivery in digital libraries. The approach facilitates the discovery of both established and newly digitized or rarely accessed materials, supporting more effective access, exploration, and reuse of large and diverse digital library collections. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Intelligent Interaction in Cultural Heritage)
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16 pages, 3991 KB  
Article
Development of a Broad-Spectrum High Affinity Antibody for a Non-Targeted Early Warning and Verification Strategy of Organophosphorus Nerve Agents Exposure
by Yiling Liu, Jinjuan Xue, Fan Xia, Jia Chen, Jianfeng Wu, Shuxuan Cao, Wei You, Jinqiao Jiang, Xiaolei Zhang and Jianwei Xie
Analytica 2026, 7(1), 25; https://doi.org/10.3390/analytica7010025 - 13 Mar 2026
Abstract
Phosphonyl tyrosine is one of the main biomarkers to confirm exposure to highly lethal organophosphorus nerve agents (OPNAs) in vivo. However, a critical challenge remains unresolved: ionization suppression occurs during the analysis of phosphonyl tyrosine by high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) or tandem mass [...] Read more.
Phosphonyl tyrosine is one of the main biomarkers to confirm exposure to highly lethal organophosphorus nerve agents (OPNAs) in vivo. However, a critical challenge remains unresolved: ionization suppression occurs during the analysis of phosphonyl tyrosine by high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) or tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS), which is induced by the high concentrations of free amino acids present in the digestion solution. In this study, based on the broad-spectrum immunomagnetic beads with high affinity antibodies, a non-targeted early warning and verification strategy was developed. Compared with the recommended operating procedures for analysis in the verification of chemical disarmament, the total analysis time was reduced from several hours to about 30 min. Moreover, the detection sensitivity was increased by nearly one order of magnitude, and the detection limit (LOD) was 0.01 ng/mL. Furthermore, the screening strategy can cover all OPNAs listed as 1A.01, 1A.02 and 1A.03 in Schedule 1 of the CWC. Therefore, we have developed a rapid, sensitive, and broad-spectrum approach to accurately screen for OPNAs exposure, while also offering a novel strategy and technical support for chemical defense and occupational health assessment. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Chromatography)
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20 pages, 46472 KB  
Article
Advancing Sustainable Supply Chains Through Knowledge Graph Completion and Graph-Based Artificial Intelligence
by Maria Patricia Peeris, George Baryannis and Emmanuel Papadakis
Sustainability 2026, 18(6), 2825; https://doi.org/10.3390/su18062825 - 13 Mar 2026
Abstract
Modern supply chains are increasingly expected to meet ambitious sustainability targets, yet they often suffer from limited visibility into upstream relationships, environmental risks, and ethical sourcing practices. This paper presents an artificial intelligence (AI)-based approach for supporting sustainability-oriented decision-making in supply chains through [...] Read more.
Modern supply chains are increasingly expected to meet ambitious sustainability targets, yet they often suffer from limited visibility into upstream relationships, environmental risks, and ethical sourcing practices. This paper presents an artificial intelligence (AI)-based approach for supporting sustainability-oriented decision-making in supply chains through knowledge graph completion and link prediction. We construct a multi-relational supply chain knowledge graph that captures heterogeneous entities and relationships, including suppliers, products, certifications, and locations, and apply graph neural networks to infer missing links and sustainability-related attributes. By enabling reasoning over incomplete and sparse data, the proposed approach supports feasibility-oriented decisions, such as identifying alternative supplier relationships and assessing sustainability alignment across multi-tier networks. Building on recent advances in knowledge graph reasoning and heterogeneous graph learning, the framework integrates relational structure with inductive learning to provide interpretable recommendations under uncertainty. The approach is evaluated on two real-world supply chain datasets, demonstrating its applicability in complex, data-sparse settings. The results indicate that graph-based AI can provide a practical foundation for transparent and sustainability-aware supply chain decision support. Full article
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10 pages, 890 KB  
Proceeding Paper
Extreme Rainfall Analysis and Return Period Estimation Based on Extreme Value Theory
by Jieling Wu
Eng. Proc. 2026, 128(1), 31; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2026128031 - 13 Mar 2026
Abstract
Climate change has resulted in frequent extreme weather events such as heavy rainfall and heat waves in Japan, making accurate forecasting and countermeasures an urgent issue. Therefore, it is urgently required to analyze the statistical characteristics of extreme rainfall events using the extreme [...] Read more.
Climate change has resulted in frequent extreme weather events such as heavy rainfall and heat waves in Japan, making accurate forecasting and countermeasures an urgent issue. Therefore, it is urgently required to analyze the statistical characteristics of extreme rainfall events using the extreme value theory (EVT). The generalized extreme value (GEV) distribution, a core model for EVT, was applied in this study to rainfall data collected in Kakunodate, Akita Prefecture, Japan, spanning May 1976 to December 2023. The analysis results confirm the presence of extreme rainfall events. Through model fitting, the GEV parameters representing location, scale, and shape were accurately estimated. The model demonstrated a good fit, particularly for moderate-intensity rainfall. However, notable uncertainties emerged in the prediction of the most extreme events. Return period analysis results indicated that extreme rainfall events occur at intervals ranging from 2 to 100 years, suggesting the necessity of incorporating safety margins into long-term forecasting frameworks. Considering the increasing frequency of such events, cross-validation with alternative statistical methods and the potential adoption of non-smooth GEV models are recommended to enhance predictive reliability. Overall, the results of this study highlight the need for adaptive and flexible revisions to infrastructure design criteria in response to evolving patterns of extreme weather. Full article
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31 pages, 974 KB  
Article
Model Procurement for Industrial Cyber-Physical Systems Using Cryptographic Performance Attestation
by Jay Bojič Burgos, Urban Sedlar and Matevž Pustišek
Future Internet 2026, 18(3), 146; https://doi.org/10.3390/fi18030146 - 13 Mar 2026
Abstract
Integrating third-party Machine Learning (ML) models into industrial Operational Technology (OT) creates a procurement deadlock: operators cannot verify vendor performance claims without sharing representative evaluation data with vendors, while vendors refuse to reveal proprietary model weights before purchase, rendering traditional safeguards such as [...] Read more.
Integrating third-party Machine Learning (ML) models into industrial Operational Technology (OT) creates a procurement deadlock: operators cannot verify vendor performance claims without sharing representative evaluation data with vendors, while vendors refuse to reveal proprietary model weights before purchase, rendering traditional safeguards such as Non-Disclosure Agreements technically unenforceable. This paper introduces a framework combining Zero-Knowledge Proofs (ZKPs) with smart contracts to enable trust-minimized, cryptographically verifiable competitive model procurement in Industrial Cyber-Physical Systems (ICPS). Vendors cryptographically prove that their model outperforms a legacy baseline without disclosing proprietary weights, a process we term cryptographic performance attestation, while the on-chain workflow automates escrow, proof verification, and best-vendor selection with arbiter-based dispute resolution. ZKP privacy is scoped to vendor model weights; operator-side evaluation-data confidentiality is managed separately via synthetic, de-identified, or public benchmark data. We analyze three ZKP workflow variations and evaluate them on consumer-grade hardware, achieving proving times of approximately three seconds and sub-dollar on-chain verification costs under Layer-2 fee assumptions for the recommended single-proof variation, while identifying computational trade-offs of recursive proof aggregation. The entire verification phase operates offline with no impact on real-time OT control paths, bridging the IT/OT pre-transaction trust gap while deferring artifact deployment to existing OT tooling. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cyber-Physical Systems in Industrial Communication Systems)
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