Search Results (88)

Optical metrology and perception technologies employ light as an information carrier to enable non-contact, high-precision measurement of geometry, dynamics, and material properties. They are widely deployed in industrial and consumer domains, from nanoscale defect inspection in semiconductor manufacturing to environmental perception in autonomous driving and spatial tracking in AR/VR. However, existing reviews often treat individual modalities—such as interferometry, imaging, or spectroscopy—in isolation, overlooking the increasing cross-domain integration in emerging systems. This review proposes a hierarchical taxonomy encompassing four core systems: interferometry, imaging, spectroscopy, and hybrid/advanced methods. It introduces a “theory–application–innovation” framework to unify fundamental principles, application scenarios, and evolutionary trends, revealing synergies across modalities. By mapping technological progress to industrial and societal needs, including AI-driven optimization and quantum-enhanced sensing, this work provides a structured, evolving knowledge base. The framework supports both cross-disciplinary understanding and strategic decision-making, offering researchers and engineers a consolidated reference for navigating the rapidly expanding frontiers of optical metrology and perception. Full article

Beginning with Mandelbrot’s insight that Fisher information may admit a thermodynamic interpretation, a growing body of work has connected this information-theoretic measure to fluctuation–dissipation relations, thermodynamic geometry, and phase transitions. Yet, these connections have largely remained at the level of formal analogies. In this work, we provide what is, to our knowledge, the first explicit realization of the epistemic-to-physical transition of Fisher information within a finite interacting quantum system. Specifically, we analyze a model of N fermions occupying two degenerate levels and coupled by a spin-flip interaction of strength V, treated in the grand canonical ensemble at inverse temperature $\beta$. We compute the Fisher information $F_N\left(V\right)$ associated with the sensitivity of the thermal state to changes in V, and show that it becomes an observer-independent, experimentally meaningful quantity: it encodes fluctuations, tracks entropy variations, and reveals structural transitions induced by interactions. Our findings thus demonstrate that Fisher information, originally conceived as an inferential and epistemic measure, can operate as a bona fide thermodynamic observable in quantum many-body physics, bridging the gap between information-theoretic foundations and measurable physical law. Full article

We present a quantitative theory of contraction and expansion cycles within the Quantum Memory Matrix (QMM) cosmology. In this framework, spacetime consists of finite-capacity Hilbert cells that store quantum information. Each non-singular bounce adds a fixed increment of imprint entropy, defined as the cumulative quantum information written irreversibly into the matrix and distinct from coarse-grained thermodynamic entropy, thereby providing an intrinsic, monotonic cycle counter. By calibrating the geometry–information duality, inferring today’s cumulative imprint from CMB, BAO, chronometer, and large-scale-structure constraints, and integrating the modified Friedmann equations with imprint back-reaction, we find that the Universe has already completed $N_{\mathrm{past}}=3.6\pm 0.4$ cycles. The finite Hilbert capacity enforces an absolute ceiling: propagating the holographic write rate and accounting for instability channels implies only $N_{\mathrm{future}}=7.8\pm 1.6$ additional cycles before saturation halts further bounces. Integrating Kodama-vector proper time across all completed cycles yields a total cumulative age $t_{\mathrm{QMM}}=62.0\pm 2.5\mathrm{Gyr}$, compared to the $13.8\pm 0.2\mathrm{Gyr}$ of the current expansion usually described by $\mathrm{\Lambda }$CDM. The framework makes concrete, testable predictions: an enhanced faint-end UV luminosity function at $z\gtrsim 12$ observable with JWST, a stochastic gravitational-wave background with $f^{2/3}$ scaling in the LISA band from primordial black-hole mergers, and a nanohertz background with slope $\alpha \simeq 2/3$ accessible to pulsar-timing arrays. These signatures provide near-term opportunities to confirm, refine, or falsify the cyclical QMM chronology. Full article

This work thoroughly investigated the compound 4-(2,5-Dimethoxyphenyl)-3,4-dihydrobenzo[g]chromene-2,5,10-trione (DMDCT) using molecular docking, quantum chemical analysis, and vibrational spectroscopy methodology. The medicinal chemistry group has been particularly interested in chromene and benzochromene derivatives due to their wide range of pharmacological actions, including anticancer, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antiviral, and neuroprotective capabilities. In this connection, DMDCT has been explored to evaluate its biological, electrical, and structural properties. DFT using the B3LYP functional and 6–31G basis was established to conduct theoretical computations with the Gaussian 09 program. The findings from these computations provide insight into the following topics: NBO interactions, optimal molecular geometry, Mulliken charge distribution, frontier molecular orbitals, and MEP. Second-order perturbation theory has been used to assess stabilization energies arising from donor–acceptor interactions. Furthermore, general features such as chemical hardness, softness, and electronegativity were studied. The results suggest that DMDCT has stable electronic configurations and biologically relevant active sites. This integrated experimental and theoretical study supports the potential of DMDCT as a practical scaffold for future therapeutic applications and contributes valuable information regarding its vibrational and electronic behavior. Full article

We explore the spontaneous emission dynamics of a giant atom coupled to a photonic Creutz ladder, focusing on how flat-band frustration and synthetic gauge fields shape atom–photon interactions. The Creutz ladder exhibits perfectly flat bands, Aharonov–Bohm caging, and topological features arising from its nontrivial hopping structure. By embedding the giant atom at multiple spatially separated sites, we reveal interference-driven emission control and the formation of nonradiative bound states. Using both spectral and time-domain analyses, we uncover strong non-Markovian dynamics characterized by persistent oscillations, long-lived entanglement, and recoherence cycles. The emergence of bound-state poles in the spectral function is accompanied by spatially localized photonic profiles and directionally asymmetric emission, even in the absence of band dispersion. Calculations of von Neumann entropy and atomic purity confirm the formation of coherence-preserving dressed states in the flat-band regime. Furthermore, the spacetime structure of the emitted field displays robust zig-zag interference patterns and synthetic chirality, underscoring the role of geometry and topology in photon transport. Our results demonstrate how flat-band photonic lattices can be leveraged to engineer tunable atom–photon entanglement, suppress radiative losses, and create structured decoherence-free subspaces for quantum information applications. Full article

We consider dynamics relevant to annealing in qubit networks modelled on the architecture of the D-Wave 2000Q quantum processor (known as the Chimera topology). Our results report on the effects of the qubits’ connectivity and variable coupling strengths (based on physical interactions) on the dynamics of network. The networks we examine are up to 32 qubits in size and include coupling lengths varying by almost an order of magnitude. We show that while information transfer within the network can be strongly affected by the different interactions, the system maintains similar clusters of qubits with comparable fidelities even in the presence of some of the physical interactions. This suggests an intrinsic robustness of the Chimera topology to these perturbations, even if it includes such a variety of coupling lengths. Moreover, a similar clustering geometry was observed for other qubit properties in previous analysis of actual data from D-Wave 2000Q. This comparable behaviour suggests that the real quantum annealing chip is subject to little or no unwanted effects due to interactions that scale with the coupling lengths. This could be due to absence of the most damaging type of physical interactions and/or to D-Wave calibration methods tuning the control lines such that the couplings perform as if there is no effect due to their physical length. Our results are also relevant to the use of chaining for the creation of logical qubits. They show that even with very strong interactions between the chain, significant unwanted perturbations may occur due to the inhomogeneous fidelities of the overall dynamics and inhomogeneous dynamics should be expected for any given algorithm. Full article

The general framework of Entropic Dynamics (ED) is used to construct non-relativistic models of relational Quantum Mechanics from well-known inference principles—probability, entropy and information geometry. Although only partially relational—the absolute structures of simultaneity and Euclidean geometry are still retained—these models provide a useful testing ground for ideas that will prove useful in the context of more realistic relativistic theories. The fact that in ED the positions of particles have definite values, just as in classical mechanics, has allowed us to adapt to the quantum case some intuitions from Barbour and Bertotti’s classical framework. Here, however, we propose a new measure of the mismatch between successive states that is adapted to the information metric and the symplectic structures of the quantum phase space. We make explicit that ED is temporally relational and we construct non-relativistic quantum models that are spatially relational with respect to rigid translations and rotations. The ED approach settles the longstanding question of what form the constraints of a classical theory should take after quantization: the quantum constraints that express relationality are to be imposed on expectation values. To highlight the potential impact of these developments, the non-relativistic quantum model is parametrized into a generally covariant form and we show that the ED approach evades the analogue of what in quantum gravity has been called the problem of time. Full article

To increase the power of a trapped-ion quantum information processor, the qubit number, gate speed, and gate fidelity must all increase. All three of these parameters are influenced by the trapping field, which, in turn, depends on the electrode geometry. Here, we consider how the electrode geometry affects the following radial trapping parameters: trap height, harmonicity, depth, and trap frequency. We introduce a simple multi-wafer geometry comprising a ground plane above a surface trap and compare the performance of this trap to a surface trap and a multi-wafer trap that is a miniaturized version of a linear Paul trap. We compare the voltage and frequency requirements needed to reach a desired radial trap frequency and find that the two multi-wafer trap designs provide significant improvements in expected power dissipation over the surface trap design in large part due to increased harmonicity. Finally, we consider the fabrication requirements and the path towards the integration of the necessary optical control. This work provides a basis to optimize future trap designs with scalability in mind. Full article

We establish a comprehensive framework demonstrating that physical reality can be understood as a holographic encoding of underlying computational structures. Our central thesis is that different geometric realizations of the same physical system represent equivalent holographic encodings of a unique computational structure. We formalize quantum complexity as a physical observable, establish its mathematical properties, and demonstrate its correspondence with geometric descriptions. This framework naturally generalizes holographic principles beyond AdS/CFT correspondence, with direct applications to black hole physics and quantum information theory. We derive specific, quantifiable predictions with numerical estimates for experimental verification. Our results suggest that computational structure, rather than geometry, may be the more fundamental concept in physics. Full article

Entropic Dynamics (ED) provides a framework that allows the reconstruction of the formalism of quantum mechanics by insisting on ontological and epistemic clarity and adopting entropic methods and information geometry. Our present goal is to extend the ED framework to account for spin. The result is a realist $\psi$-epistemic model in which the ontology consists of a particle described by a definite position plus a discrete variable that describes Pauli’s peculiar two-valuedness. The resulting dynamics of probabilities is, as might be expected, described by the Pauli equation. What may be unexpected is that the generators of transformations—Hamiltonians and angular momenta, including spin, are all granted clear epistemic status. To the old question, ‘what is spinning?’ ED provides a crisp answer: nothing is spinning. Full article

An inverse-square probability mass function (PMF) is at the Newcomb–Benford law (NBL)’s root and ultimately at the origin of positional notation and conformality. $Pr\left(Z\right)={\left(2Z\right)}^{-2}$, where $Z\in {\mathbb{Z}}^{+}$. Under its tail, we find information as harmonic likelihood $\mathcal{L}\left(\left[s,t\right)\right)=H_{t-1}-H_{s-1}$, where $H_n$ is the nth harmonic number. The global $\mathbb{Q}$-NBL is $Pr\left(b,q\right)={\displaystyle \raisebox{1ex}{$\mathcal{L}\left(\left[q,q+1\right)\right)$}\!\left/ \!\raisebox{-1ex}{$\mathcal{L}\left(\left[1,b\right)\right)$}\right.}={\left(q{H}_{b-1}\right)}^{-1}$, where b is the base and q is a quantum ($1\le q<b$). Under its tail, we find information as logarithmic likelihood $\ell \left(\left[i,j\right)\right)=ln{\displaystyle \raisebox{1ex}{$j$}\!\left/ \!\raisebox{-1ex}{$i$}\right.}$. The fiducial $\mathbb{R}$-NBL is $Pr\left(r,d\right)={\displaystyle \raisebox{1ex}{$\ell \left(\left[d,d+1\right)\right)$}\!\left/ \!\raisebox{-1ex}{$\ell \left(\left[1,r\right)\right)$}\right.}={log}_r\left(1+{\displaystyle \raisebox{1ex}{$1$}\!\left/ \!\raisebox{-1ex}{$d$}\right.}\right)$, where $r\ll b$ is the radix of a local complex system. The global Bayesian rule multiplies the correlation between two numbers, s and t, by a likelihood ratio that is the NBL probability of bucket $\left[s,t\right)$ relative to b’s support. To encode the odds of quantum j against i locally, we multiply the prior odds ${\displaystyle \raisebox{1ex}{$Pr\left(b,j\right)$}\!\left/ \!\raisebox{-1ex}{$Pr\left(b,i\right)$}\right.}$ by a likelihood ratio, which is the NBL probability of bin $\left[i,j\right)$ relative to r’s support; the local Bayesian coding rule is $\tilde{o}\left(j:i|r\right)={\displaystyle \raisebox{1ex}{$i$}\!\left/ \!\raisebox{-1ex}{$j$}\right.}{log}_r{\displaystyle \raisebox{1ex}{$j$}\!\left/ \!\raisebox{-1ex}{$i$}\right.}$. The Bayesian rule to recode local data is $\tilde{o}\left(j:i|r^{\prime }\right)=\tilde{o}\left(j:i|r\right){\displaystyle \raisebox{1ex}{$lnr$}\!\left/ \!\raisebox{-1ex}{$ln{r}^{\prime }$}\right.}$. Global and local Bayesian data are elements of the algebraic field of “gap ratios”, ${\displaystyle \frac{A-B}{C-D}}$. The cross-ratio, the central tool in conformal geometry, is a subclass of gap ratio. A one-dimensional coding source reflects the global Bayesian data of the harmonic external world, the annulus $\left\{x\in \mathbb{Q}|1\le \left|x\right|<b\right\}$, into the local Bayesian data of its logarithmic coding space, the ball $\left\{x\in \mathbb{Q}|\left|x\right|<1-{\displaystyle \raisebox{1ex}{$1$}\!\left/ \!\raisebox{-1ex}{$b$}\right.}\right\}$. The source’s conformal encoding function is $y={log}_r\left(2x-1\right)$, where x is the observed Euclidean distance to an object’s position. The conformal decoding function is $x={\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\left(1+r^y\right)$. Both functions, unique under basic requirements, enable information- and granularity-invariant recursion to model the multiscale reality. Full article

This article demonstrates that the application of the variation method to purely information-theoretic models can lead to the discovery of fundamental equations in physics, such as Schrödinger’s equation. Our solution, expressed in terms of information parameters rather than physical quantities, suggests a profound implication—Schrödinger’s equation can be viewed as a unique physical expression of a more profound informational formalism, inspiring new avenues of research. Full article

Nanoscale-engineered surfaces induce regulated strain in atomic layers of 2D materials that could be useful for unprecedented photonics applications and for storing and processing quantum information. Nevertheless, these strained structures need to be investigated extensively. Here, we present texture-induced strain distribution in single-layer WS₂ (1L-WS₂) transferred over Si/SiO₂ (285 nm) substrate. The detailed nanoscale landscapes and their optical detection are carried out through Atomic Force Microscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy, and optical spectroscopy. Remarkable differences have been observed in the WS₂ sheet localized in the confined well and at the periphery of the cylindrical geometry of the capped engineered surface. Raman spectroscopy independently maps the whole landscape of the samples, and temperature-dependent helicity-resolved photoluminescence (PL) experiments (off-resonance excitation) show that suspended areas sustain circular polarization from 150 K up to 300 K, in contrast to supported (on un-patterned area of Si/SiO₂) and strained 1L-WS₂. Our study highlights the impact of the dielectric environment on the optical properties of two-dimensional (2D) materials, providing valuable insights into the selection of appropriate substrates for implementing atomically thin materials in advanced optoelectronic devices. Full article

Phycocyanin (PC) is a naturally occurring green pigment in Spirulina. It was extracted by ultrasonic extraction using green technology, and its structure was studied using IR- and NMR-spectroscopy. Spectral data confirmed the PC structure. This study also involves an in silico assessment of the diverse applications of green pigment PC. Utilizing QSAR, PreADME/T, SwissADME, and Pro-Tox, this study explores the safety profile, pharmacokinetics, and potential targets of PC. QSAR analysis reveals a favorable safety profile, with the parent structure and most metabolites showing no binding to DNA or proteins. PreADME/T indicates low skin permeability, excellent intestinal absorption, and medium permeability, supporting oral administration. Distribution analysis suggests moderate plasma protein binding and cautious blood–brain barrier permeability, guiding formulation strategies. Metabolism assessments highlight interactions with key cytochrome P450 enzymes, influencing drug interactions. Target prediction analysis unveils potential targets, suggesting diverse therapeutic effects, including cardiovascular benefits, anti-inflammatory activities, neuroprotection, and immune modulation. Based on the in silico analysis, PC holds promise for various applications due to its safety, bioavailability, and potential therapeutic benefits. Experimental validation is crucial to elucidate precise molecular mechanisms, ensuring safe and effective utilization in therapeutic and dietary contexts. DFT calculations, including geometry optimization, MEP analysis, HOMO-LUMO energy surface, and quantum reactivity parameters of the PC compound, were obtained using the B3LYP/6–311G(d,p) level. This integrated approach contributes to a comprehensive understanding of PC’s pharmacological profile and informs future research directions. Full article

Clustering is a fundamental cornerstone in unsupervised learning, playing a pivotal role in various data mining techniques. The precise and efficient classification of data stands as a central focus for numerous researchers and practitioners alike. In this study, we design an effective soft partition classification method which refines and extends the prototype of the well-known Fuzzy C-Means clustering algorithm. Specifically, the developed scheme employs membership function to extend the prototypes into a series of granular prototypes, thus achieving a deeper revelation of the structure of the data. This process softly divides the data into core and extended parts. The core part can be succinctly encapsulated through several information granules, whereas the extended part lacks discernible geometry and requires formal descriptors (such as membership formulas). Our objective is to develop information granules that shape the core structure within the dataset, delineate their characteristics, and explore the interaction among these granules that result in their deformation. The granular prototypes become the main component of the information granules and provide an optimization space for traditional prototypes. Subsequently, we apply quantum-behaved particle swarm optimization to identify the optimal partition matrix for the data. This optimized matrix significantly enhances the partition performance of the data. Experimental results provide substantial evidence of the effectiveness of the proposed approach. Full article