Recurrent outbreaks of novel zoonotic coronavirus (CoV) diseases in recent years have highlighted the importance of developing therapeutics with broad-spectrum activity against CoVs. Because all CoVs use −1 programmed ribosomal frameshifting (&...
Programmed Ribosomal Frameshifting (PRF) is a mechanism that alters the mRNA reading frame during translation, resulting in the production of out-of-frame proteins. PRF plays crucial roles in maintaining cellular homeostasis and contributes significa...
Programmed ribosomal frameshifting (PRF) exists in all branches of life that regulate gene expression at the translational level. The eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5A (eIF5A) is a highly conserved protein essential in all eukaryotes. It is...
In contrast to −1 programmed ribosomal frameshifting (PRF) stimulation by an RNA pseudoknot downstream of frameshifting sites, a refolding upstream RNA hairpin juxtaposing the frameshifting sites attenuates −1 PRF in human cells and stimu...
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is globally prevalent and seriously harms the economic efficiency of pig farming. Because of its immunosuppression and high incidence of mutant recombination, PRRSV poses a great challenge f...
The majority of antivirals available target viral proteins; however, RNA is emerging as a new and promising antiviral target due to the presence of highly structured RNA in viral genomes fundamental for their replication cycle. Here, we discuss metho...
The interferon-induced host cell protein shiftless (SFL) was reported to inhibit human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection by blocking the –1 programmed ribosomal frameshifting (–1PRF) required for expression of the Gag-Pol polyprotein...
The interferon-induced host cell protein Shiftless (SFL) inhibits −1 programmed ribosomal frameshifting (−1PRF) required for the expression of HIV-1 Gal-Pol and the formation of infectious HIV-1 particles. However, the specific regions in...
5-fluorouracil (5-FU) is a chemotherapeutic agent that has been extensively studied since its initial development in the 1950s. It has been suggested that the mechanism of action of 5-FU involves both DNA- and RNA-directed processes, but this has rem...
The product of the interferon-stimulated gene C19orf66, Shiftless (SHFL), restricts human immunodeficiency virus replication through downregulation of the efficiency of the viral gag/pol frameshifting signal. In this study, we demonstrate that bacter...
The dicistrovirus intergenic (IGR) IRES uses the most streamlined translation initiation mechanism: the IRES recruits ribosomes directly without using protein factors and initiates translation from a non-AUG codon. Several subtypes of dicistroviruses...
Members of the Picornaviridae family of viruses have single-stranded positive-sense RNA genomes, and are conventionally considered to contain a single open reading frame (ORF) preceded by a long 5′ untranslated region (UTR). The 5′UTR con...
Type I interferons (IFN-Is) are pivotal in innate immunity against human immunodeficiency virus I (HIV-1) by eliciting the expression of IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs), which encompass potent host restriction factors. While ISGs restrict the viral repli...
A longstanding paradox in molecular biology has centered on the question of how very long proteins are synthesized, despite numerous measurements indicating that ribosomes spontaneously shift reading frame at rates that should preclude their ability...
In previous studies, differences in the amount of genomic and subgenomic RNA produced by coronaviruses with mutations in the programmed ribosomal frameshift signal of ORF1a/b were observed. It was not clear if these differences were due to changes in...
Many viruses, especially RNA viruses, utilize programmed ribosomal frameshifting and/or stop codon readthrough in their expression, and in the decoding of a few a UGA is dynamically redefined to specify selenocysteine. This recoding can effectively i...
Sequence analysis of the Zaire ebolavirus (EBOV) polymerase (L gene) mRNA, using online tools, identified a highly ranked −1 programmed ribosomal frameshift (FS) signal including an ideal slippery sequence heptamer (UUUAAAA), with an overlappin...
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) continues to be a threat to public health. An emerging technique with promise in the context of fighting HIV type 1 (HIV-1) focuses on targeting ribosomal frameshifting. A crucial –1 programmed ribosomal frame...
Recent outbreaks of zoonotic coronaviruses, such as Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), have caused tremendous casualties and great economic shock. Although some re...
Genetic decoding is flexible, due to programmed deviation of the ribosomes from standard translational rules, globally termed “recoding”. In Archaea, recoding has been unequivocally determined only for termination codon readthrough events that regula...
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the causative agent of the ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, which has been reported to have caused 18 [...]
Flaviviruses (the genus Flavivirus of the Flaviviridae family) include many arthropod-borne viruses, often causing life-threatening diseases in humans, such as hemorrhaging and encephalitis. Although the flaviviruses have a significant clinical impac...
Since its initial characterization in 2016, the interferon stimulated gene Shiftless (SHFL) has proven to be a critical piece of the innate immune response to viral infection. SHFL expression stringently restricts the replication of multiple DNA, RNA...
A new mycovirus was found in the Fusarium culmorum strain A104-1 originally sampled on wheat in Belgium. This novel virus, for which the name Fusarium culmorum virus 1 (FcV1) is suggested, is phylogenetically related to members of the previously prop...
Bacteriophages are powerful drivers of microbial evolution and are increasingly explored as alternatives to antibiotics against multidrug-resistant pathogens such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Here, we describe the isolation, phenotypic characterization...
Antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) are nucleic acid therapeutics that regulate gene expression through sequence-specific hybridization with target RNA. Under physiological conditions, many target RNAs adopt higher-order structures, which can strongly...
Two novel double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) mycoviruses, termed Fusarium poae dsRNA virus 2 (FpV2) and Fusarium poae dsRNA virus 3 (FpV3), were isolated from the plant pathogenic fungus, Fusarium poae strain SX63, and molecularly characterized. FpV2 and Fp...