Search Results (180)

Mental health difficulties in university students are an increasing concern, especially after the COVID-19 global crisis. This study used a cross-sectional design to analyze the effect of psychological factors on students’ psychological well-being. Participants were 190 university students enrolled in undergraduate or graduate programs at a public university. Based on previous research and grounded theoretical models, a conceptual model was proposed to analyze the influence of affect states/experiences (emotion regulation difficulties, anxiety and depression, perceived stress, self-compassion, gratitude, and satisfaction with life) on psychological well-being, including the indirect effect of emotions (negative emotions, positive activation emotions, self-efficacy emotions, prosocial emotions, and serenity emotions), using a path analysis. Multigroup analyses were also performed to test the moderating effect of gender and education level. Findings indicated that self-efficacy emotions had an indirect effect on the relationship between anxiety and depression, self-compassion, and psychological well-being. Both prosocial and self-efficacy emotions indirectly impacted the relationship between gratitude, satisfaction with life, and psychological well-being. Being a female and a bachelor student played a moderating role in the final model. The findings suggest that psychological interventions focused on self-efficacy and prosocial emotions are needed to increase psychological well-being in university students. Full article

Many studies have focused on ageing and gut microbiota, but the correlation between gut microbiota and physical function in older adults, especially those with longevity, remains obscure and deserves further exploration. In this study we investigated changes in the gut microbiota and the association between gut microbiota and physical function in adults with longevity. This is a prospective observational study. Fifty-one older adults aged ≥ 60 years (including 27 participants aged 90 years and above) were enrolled. Information on clinical data, physical function including intrinsic capacity by Integrated Care for Older People (ICOPE) tool, and dietary habits of participants was collected and analysed. Gut microbiota structure and functional pathways were analysed by Metagenomics. Intrinsic capacity (measured as ICOPE scores) of adults’ longevity (aged 90–98, longe group) was significantly lower than older adults aged 60–89 years (CON group) (5.44 ± 2.15 vs. 6.71 ± 1.46, p = 0.017). Gut microbiota of the longe group is enriched in Akkermansia and Bifidobacterium, which may be beneficial to health. Gut microbiota was closely related to daily milk (including plain milk, flavoured milk with a content of cow’s milk or reconstituted milk of ≥80%, or reconstituted milk or fermented milk with a content of cow’s milk or milk powder of ≥80%) consumption, anxiety, and physical function including grip strength by the Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB). Bacteroides plebeius and Bacteroides eggerthii were increased in long-living adults with better physical function. Escherichia coli was more abundant in frail young-old adults. Grip strength is positively correlated with the abundance of Roseburia hominis, Eubacterium rectale, Eubacterium eligens, and Roseburia intestinalis (p < 0.05). Pathways related to amino acid synthesis that include L-isoleucine, L-valine, and L-threonine were over-presented in long-living adults of better physical function. Adults with longevity showed comparable gut microbiota abundance to younger elderly individuals. The gut microbiota of long-living adults showed higher abundance of potentially beneficial bacteria, and the altered bacteria are closely associated with physical function. Changes in the gut microbiota may precede clinical indicators during the process of ageing. Gut microbiota may be a potential biomarker for longevity and healthy ageing. Nutrition and emotional state can be important influencing factors. Full article

Electroencephalogram (EEG) signals provide a direct and non-invasive means of interpreting brain activity and are increasingly becoming valuable in embedded emotion-aware systems, particularly for applications in healthcare, wearable electronics, and human–machine interactions. Among various EEG-based emotion recognition techniques, deep learning methods have demonstrated superior performance compared to traditional approaches. This advantage stems from their ability to extract complex features—such as spectral–spatial connectivity, temporal dynamics, and non-linear patterns—from raw EEG data, leading to a more accurate and robust representation of emotional states and better adaptation to diverse data characteristics. This study explores and compares deep and shallow neural networks for human emotion recognition from raw EEG data, with the goal of enabling real-time processing in embedded and edge-deployable systems. Deep learning models—specifically convolutional neural networks (CNNs) and recurrent neural networks (RNNs)—have been benchmarked against traditional approaches such as the multi-layer perceptron (MLP), support vector machine (SVM), and k-nearest neighbors (kNN) algorithms. This comparative study investigates the effectiveness of deep learning techniques in EEG-based emotion recognition by classifying emotions into four categories based on the valence–arousal plane: high arousal, positive valence (HAPV); low arousal, positive valence (LAPV); high arousal, negative valence (HANV); and low arousal, negative valence (LANV). Evaluations were conducted using the DEAP dataset. The results indicate that both the CNN and RNN-STM models have a high classification performance in EEG-based emotion recognition, with an average accuracy of 90.13% and 93.36%, respectively, significantly outperforming shallow algorithms (MLP, SVM, kNN). Full article

Background: Athletic success depends not only on physical performance and psychological well-being but also on the effective emotional regulation of adaptive processes to prevent sports injuries in stressful situations such as competition. This study analyzes the relationship between emotional state, pre-competitive anxiety, and injury incidence in female volleyball players throughout an entire competitive season. Methods: The POMS and CSAI-2 questionnaires were administered before 16 league matches to 21 high-performance players (mean age = 29.66 ± 5.19 years). Results: Players exhibited an iceberg mood profile with low levels of pre-competitive anxiety. Negative moods were higher at the start and decreased over time, while positive moods increased as matches progressed (p < 0.05). Anxiety remained stable throughout. Additionally, 28.6% of players experienced injuries; injured players showed higher cognitive anxiety, lower self-confidence, and emotional instability, suggesting a potential psychological risk profile for injury, even though group differences did not reach statistical significance. Significant correlations were found between Total Mood Disturbance (TMD) and cognitive anxiety (r = 0.49, p < 0.05) and between vigor and self-confidence (r = 0.52, p < 0.01), indicating a bidirectional relationship. A bidirectional relationship between mood and anxiety was confirmed, highlighting the POMS Total Mood Disturbance (TMD) index as a global emotional indicator. Conclusions: These findings suggest that managing worries, self-confidence, and emotional balance are key factors in injury prevention, emphasizing the importance of regularly monitoring and managing psychological indicators as part of injury prevention strategies. Full article

In recent years, the application of virtual reality (VR) for spatial evaluation has gained traction in the fields of architecture and interior design. However, for VR to serve as a viable substitute for real-world environments, it is essential that experiences within VR elicit emotional responses comparable to those evoked by actual spaces. Despite this prerequisite, there remains a paucity of studies that objectively compare and evaluate the emotional responses elicited by VR and real-world environments. Consequently, it is not yet fully understood whether VR can reliably replicate the emotional experiences induced by physical spaces. This study aims to investigate the influence of presentation modality on emotional responses by comparing a VR space and a real-world space with identical designs. The comparison was conducted using both subjective evaluations (Semantic Differential method) and physiological indices (electroencephalography and heart rate variability). The results indicated that the real-world environment was associated with impressions of comfort and preference, whereas the VR environment evoked impressions characterized by heightened arousal. Additionally, elevated beta wave activity and increased beta/alpha ratios were observed in the VR condition, suggesting a state of high arousal, as further supported by positioning on the Emotion Map. Moreover, analysis of pNN50 revealed a transient increase in parasympathetic nervous activity during the VR experience. This study is positioned as a pilot investigation to explore physiological and emotional differences between VR and real spaces. Full article

Background/Objectives: Virtual reality (VR) is becoming an increasingly popular therapeutic tool, with immersion being a key component that provides users with a sense of spatial presence in virtual environments. However, comprehensive research is lacking on the impact of static versus dynamic VR environments on changes in perceived spatial presence. The aim of this study was to assess the experience of spatial presence in virtual environments and to examine the relationship between spatial presence and users’ emotional responses during exposure to static and dynamic VR scenarios. The study also sought to compare the effects of static and dynamic environments on the occurrence of cybersickness symptoms. Methods: The study included 30 participants aged 18 to 26. Each participant was instructed to view two separate films, with each film lasting 20 min (with a 20 min break between them) in virtual reality using Oculus Meta Quest 2 VR goggles, and to share their experiences. Cybersickness was assessed using the Virtual Reality Sickness Questionnaire (VRSQ), emotional responses were evaluated using the International Positive and Negative Affect Schedule—Short Form (I-PANAS-SF), and spatial presence was measured with the Spatial Presence Experience Scale (SPES). Results: In the group of participants who viewed the dynamic film, a significant decrease in stress levels was observed after the projection as compared to the baseline resting state (p = 0.002), along with an increase in experienced relaxation (p < 0.001). In contrast, in the group that viewed the static film, no significant changes were found in stress levels (p = 0.464) or experienced relaxation (p = 0.455) when compared to baseline. The dynamic environment had the greatest impact on the occurrence of cybersickness symptoms, with all responses indicating a progressive increase compared to the static condition. The static environment produced only minor disturbances. Conclusions: These findings confirm that virtual environments can influence users’ emotional states, particularly highlighting the relationship between spatial presence and emotional experience. Full article

Background: Physical and mental health issues are increasingly becoming a global focus of attention, and telemedicine is widely attracting academic interest. Objectives: This exploratory study aimed to investigate the therapeutic potential of immersive virtual blue spaces for individuals with distinct lifestyle backgrounds—specifically, office workers and retirees. The research explores how different virtual waterscapes influence emotional and physiological states in populations with varying stress profiles and life rhythms. Methods: A mixed-methods design was employed, combining quantitative measurements with qualitative interviews. In September 2023, forty participants (20 office workers and 20 retirees) from Hualien, Taiwan, were exposed to 360° VR simulations of three blue environments: a forest stream, a forest waterfall, and a beach scene. Pre- and post-session assessments included physiological indicators (blood pressure and heart rate) and emotional states measured using the Profile of Mood States (POMS) scale. Results: Significant physiological relaxation was observed among retirees. Office workers demonstrated greater emotional improvements, with noticeable variation depending on the type of virtual environment. Comparative analysis highlighted the stream landscape’s unique benefit for reducing depression and enhancing positive mood states. Thematic findings from post-session interviews further indicated that emotional responses were moderated by individual background and prior emotional experiences. Conclusions: These findings underscore the short-term therapeutic potential of virtual blue spaces for diverse user groups and reveal the influence of personal context on their effectiveness. The study supports the integration of VR-based nature exposure into personalized digital healthcare interventions and offers a foundation for future development in immersive therapeutic technologies. Full article

Plant vegetation is nature’s symphony, offering sensory experiences that influence ecological systems, human well-being, and emotional states and significantly impact human societal progress. This study investigated the emotional and perceptual impacts of specific monocultural vegetation (palm and rubber) in Nigeria, through audiovisual interactions using facial expression analysis, soundscape, and visual perception assessments. The findings reveal three key outcomes: (1) Facial expressions varied significantly by vegetation type and time of day, with higher “happy” valence values recorded for palm vegetation in the morning (mean = 0.39), and for rubber vegetation in the afternoon (mean = 0.37). (2) Gender differences in emotional response were observed, as male participants exhibited higher positive expressions (mean = 0.40) compared to females (mean = 0.33). (3) Perceptual ratings indicated that palm vegetation was perceived as more visually beautiful (mean = 4.05), whereas rubber vegetation was rated as having a more pleasant soundscape (mean = 4.10). However, facial expressions showed weak correlations with soundscape and visual perceptions, suggesting that other cognitive or sensory factors may be more influential. This study addresses a critical gap in soundscape research for monocultural vegetation and offers valuable insights for urban planners, environmental psychologists, and restorative landscape designs. Full article

This research aims to investigate, using the C-A-B theory, the buying decision-making processes of Gen Z consumers in the United States when exposed to fast fashion brand advertising messages including greenwashing elements. Responses of 345 valid participants from the Amazon Mturk platform were analyzed through Mplus 8.11 and SPSS 29. Two-step, structural equation modeling was implemented to test the hypothesis. Additionally, 5000 bootstrapping iterations were used to examine the indirect effects. Study findings indicated that Gen Z consumers responded positively and negatively to fast fashion brands’ product promotional messages. Despite feeling skeptical and betrayed over the greenwashing assertion, they intend to purchase the goods. A contributing factor to this unforeseen purchasing intention may be their indifference towards environmental concerns. Moreover, when greenwashing assertions are infused with product advantages through strategic ingenuity and aligned with the specific demands of certain generations, the perception of positive emotional reaction supersedes the negative, hence facilitating the purchase of the green product. Furthermore, there is evidence of optimism biases, a cognitive bias where they exaggerate their capacity to identify instances of greenwashing, prioritize more on their certain needs, and underestimate the associated environmental risk for others. This clarifies the paradoxical buying patterns of Gen Z consumers. Although Gen Z is the youngest demographic, their tastes for fast fashion apparel may alter as they develop and their lifestyles adapt, influenced by both positive and negative emotional reactions to fast fashion brands. Consequently, the fast fashion business must retain this customer by utilizing sustainability messaging instead of misleading greenwashing assertions in the future. Full article

Sustainability has gained significant importance in today’s educational context due to growing environmental concerns. This highlights the need to address this concept in teacher education so that future educators are equipped to help students develop competencies in this area. This study explores the use of soundscapes in environmental education, focusing on exploratory listening in relation to natural and urban sounds within the context of sustainability. The study examined the ability of 151 pre-service teachers (62 in music education and 89 in general education) to identify, characterize, and respond emotionally to these sounds. The methodology included an ad hoc task based on Schafer’s principles to identify sound elements, the PANAS questionnaire to assess emotional states before the listening activity, and a questionnaire to evaluate the emotions experienced during the task. The results indicate limited competence in characterizing sound elements, with music education students performing better than their general education peers. Furthermore, natural environments were associated with positive emotions, while urban environments elicited negative feelings, with no significant differences between the two groups. These findings underscore the importance of integrating soundscape awareness into university curricula to promote greater environmental consciousness and emotional well-being. Full article

Background/Objectives: Fibromyalgia is a debilitating syndrome characterized by persistent pain. Emerging evidence highlights the role of emotional and cognitive processes in modulating pain experience. Anger, for example, can influence pain and patients’ adjustment to the disease. Studies showed that metacognitions and anger rumination can worsen state anger, thereby increasing perceived pain intensity. The present study aims to investigate the presence of a relationship between pain, dysfunctional metacognitions, anger rumination, and state anger. Methods: The study included 446 participants who self-reported having a diagnosis of fibromyalgia confirmed by a rheumatologist or pain specialist. Participants completed self-report measures of metacognitions, anger rumination, state anger, and pain intensity. The serial mediation analysis was performed using Hayes’ PROCESS macro (Model 6). Results: Pain intensity showed a significant positive effect on negative beliefs about worry (β = 0.09; p < 0.05), need to control thoughts (β = 0.09; p < 0.05), and cognitive self-consciousness (β = 0.12; p < 0.05), but not on anger rumination. Across all serial mediation models, the direct effect of pain intensity on state anger remained significant even after controlling for the effect of mediators, indicating partial mediation. Conclusions: This study suggests a vicious cycle involving dysfunctional metacognitions, anger rumination, state anger, and pain intensity. Our findings also indicate a potential influence of pain on metacognitions and suggest a direct association between pain intensity and state anger. Interventions for anger management in fibromyalgia should consider dysfunctional metacognitions and anger rumination. Full article

Background/Objectives: The ability of young adults to control their balance is generally effortless and can occur automatically with minimal cognitive involvement. However, this ability may be compromised when integration conflicts arise due to impairments in vestibular, visual, or somatosensory functions. Hence, psychomotor symptoms linked to emotional states can also influence postural control. The purpose of this study was to understand the effects of anxiety and depression on balance in young adults. Methods: Our study included 50 young adults (21.86 ± 2.63 years), consisting of 13 males and 37 females. Anxiety and depressive symptoms were evaluated using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), while balance was assessed through the Modified Clinical Test for the Sensory Interaction on Balance (mCTSIB). Data analysis was conducted using Pearson’s correlation coefficient test and the Kruskal–Wallis test. Results: Pearson’s correlation analysis indicated that young adults exhibited stable postural control. However, a positive correlation (0.259, p < 0.1) was observed between anxiety levels and the sway index. Additionally, positive correlations were found between anxiety and both somatosensory (0.281, p < 0.05) and visual (0.276, p < 0.1) ratios. Conclusions: The results suggest that higher anxiety levels are associated with reduced postural balance, with sensory inputs, particularly visual and somatosensory, playing a key role in this decreased stability. Full article

Background: Women carry out an array of demanding tasks due to their multiple roles as mothers, workers, spouses, and caregivers. Their responsibilities to the family and society are essential throughout life, but they become even more important at times of crisis and unanticipated events. All these obligations may have a detrimental effect on their mental health and general well-being. According to the social model of health, through personal development groups, women improve their health because they can transform their personalities, enhance their social and personal abilities, and strengthen their resilience to unforeseen occurrences, health crises, and adversity. Aim of the study: This follow-up study examined the viewpoints of women regarding the durability and efficacy of group therapy’s positive impact on their resilience and mental health, especially through unforeseen circumstances and crises. This group of women had taken part in group therapy six years ago to strengthen their resilience and improve their mental health. Methods: Data collection was implemented through semi-structured in-person interviews conducted from December 2020 to March 2021. Five topics emerged from the framework analysis: (a) personal development and mental health; (b) reinforcement of their resilience; (c) group therapy and women’s health during the COVID-19 pandemic; (d) an assessment of group therapy on women’s health through imagery; (e) future recommendations. Results: Most of the women stated that group treatment had a beneficial impact in terms of improving their individual abilities. The group experience was described as a bridge that allowed them to recognize and accept their emotions. Since COVID-19, women have developed helpful coping strategies to deal with daily tension, loneliness, and work-related stress. Conclusions: Our research results indicate that group therapy is a useful tool for women’s empowerment and mental health in times of crises and adversity. Social policy should take it into account in order to meet women’s highly demanding roles and personal needs. Full article

Background: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) has a significant impact on patients’ physical, psychological, and social well-being. Emotional disorders are common and contribute to a higher prevalence of symptoms compared to that in the general population. This study aimed to analyze the relationship between the emotional profiles and symptomatology in patients undergoing hemodialysis (HD). Methods: A multicenter, cross-sectional, observational/analytical study was developed in seven centers of the Spanish Renal Foundation in the Community of Madrid (Spain). The study protocol was reviewed and approved by the Clinical Research Ethics Committee of Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid (C.I. 20/685-E). In the study, two validated measurement scales were used: the Mood Rating Scale (EVEA) to assess the “emotional profile” and the Palliative care Outcome Scale, Renal Symptoms (POS-S Renal) to evaluate “symptomatology”. Results: The sample (245 patients) was predominantly male (65.7%; n = 161), with a mean age of 63.52 years (SD = 14.99) and an average HD treatment duration of 81.44 months (SD = 96.62). The analysis of the symptom–emotion relationships revealed that patients with a sadness–depression profile had a higher probability of experiencing weakness or a lack of energy (OR = 1.741; CI 95% 1.01–3.00) and feelings of depression (OR = 3.236; CI 95% 1.98–5.30). Additionally, patients with an anger–hostility profile exhibited a significant association with pain (OR = 3.463; CI 95% 1.34–8.94) and excessive sleepiness (OR = 3.796; CI 95% 1.21–11.95), indicating that this emotional state substantially increases the likelihood of developing these symptoms. Conclusions: The emotional profiles of CKD patients undergoing HD significantly influence their symptomatology. While positive emotions may play a protective role in preventing debilitating symptoms, negative emotions increase the risk of their onset. These findings highlight the importance of addressing emotional well-being as part of comprehensive care for HD patients. Full article

(1) Background: Immersive virtual reality (IVR) has emerged as a promising non-pharmacological intervention to promote relaxation and improve emotional well-being in this population. (2) Methods: This crossover study evaluated the effects of IVR on anxiety and psychological well-being in a sample of eight participants with mild dementia attending a day-care center. Participants underwent two conditions: an experimental condition involving relaxing nature-based VR scenarios (Nature Treks VR) and a control condition using personalized YouTube videos on a tablet. Each condition lasted 12 sessions. Assessments included heart rate (HR), the I-PANAS-SF, the reduced State–Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI-r), behavioral observations, and a subjective response questionnaire. (3) Results: A significant reduction in HR over time was found during IVR exposure, suggesting a calming physiological effect not observed in the control condition. While changes in PANAS and STAI-r scores were not statistically significant, the PANAS score improvement in the experimental condition approached statistical significance (p = 0.054) and was just below the minimal clinically important difference (MCID), suggesting a potentially meaningful trend. Behavioral responses were higher during YouTube sessions, likely due to personalized content. All participants rated the IVR experience positively on the subjective questionnaire, indicating high acceptability, though social desirability bias cannot be excluded. (4) Conclusions: IVR appears to be a feasible and acceptable intervention for individuals with dementia, warranting further investigation. Full article