Search Results (123)

Energy is a critical resource, and its optimization is central to sustainable building design. Occupant comfort, significantly influenced by factors, including mean radiant temperature (MRT), alongside air temperature, velocity, and humidity, is another key consideration. This paper introduces a hybrid crow search optimization (CSA) and penguin search optimization algorithm (PeSOA), termed (HCRPN), designed to simultaneously optimize building energy consumption and achieve MRT levels conducive to thermal comfort by adjusting HVAC system parameters. We first validate HCRPN using ZDT-1 and Shaffer N1 multi-objective benchmarks. Subsequently, we employ EnergyPlus simulations, utilizing a single-objective Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) for initial parameter analysis to generate a dataset. Following correlation analyses to understand parameter relationships, we implement our hybrid multi-objective approach. Comparative evaluations against state-of-the-art algorithms, including MoPso, NSGA-II, hybrid Nsga2/MOEAD, and Mo-CSA, validated the effectiveness of HCRPN. Our findings demonstrate an average 7% reduction in energy consumption and a 3% improvement in MRT-based comfort relative to existing methods. While seemingly small, even minor enhancements in MRT can have a noticeable positive impact on well-being, particularly in large, high-occupancy buildings. Full article

The escalating global contamination of aquatic ecosystems by pharmaceuticals and endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) stemming from diverse anthropogenic sources represents a critical and pervasive threat to planetary Earth. These contaminants exhibit bioaccumulative properties in long-lived organisms and undergo trophic biomagnification, leading to elevated concentrations in apex predators. This review synthesizes current knowledge regarding the far-reaching impacts of pharmaceutical and EDC pollution on the reproductive biology of aquatic fauna, focusing on the heightened vulnerability of the endangered African penguin. A rigorous literature review across key scientific databases—PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar—using targeted search terms (e.g., penguins, contaminants of emerging concern, penguin species, seabird species, Antarctica, pharmaceuticals, personal care products, EDCs) underpins this analysis. This review explores the anthropogenic sources of pharmaceuticals and EDCs in aquatic ecosystems. It discusses the mechanisms by which these chemicals disrupt the reproductive physiology of aquatic fauna. Recent studies on the ecological and population-level consequences of these contaminants are also reviewed. Furthermore, the review elaborates on the urgent need for comprehensive mitigating strategies to address their effects on vulnerable penguin populations. These approaches hold the potential to unlock innovative pathways for conservation initiatives and the formulation of robust environmental management policies aimed at safeguarding aquatic ecosystems and the diverse life they support. Full article

As modern generative models advance rapidly, AI-generated images exhibit higher resolution and lifelike details. However, the generated images may not adhere to world knowledge and common sense, as there is no such awareness and supervision in the generative models. For instance, the generated images could feature a penguin walking in the desert or a man with three arms, scenarios that are highly unlikely to occur in real life. Current AI-generated image detection methods mainly focus on low-level features, such as detailed texture patterns and frequency domain inconsistency, which are specific to certain generative models, making it challenging to identify the above-mentioned general semantic fakes. In this work, (1) we propose a new task, reasoning AI-generated image detection, which focuses on identifying semantic fakes in generative images that violate world knowledge and common sense. (2) To benchmark the new task, we collect a new dataset Spot the Semantic Fake (STSF). STSF contains 358 images with clear semantic fakes generated by three different modern diffusion models and provides bounding boxes as well as text annotations to locate the fakes. (3) We propose RADAR, a reasoning AI-generated image detection assistor, to locate semantic fakes in the generative images and output corresponding text explanations. Specifically, RADAR contains a specialized multimodal LLM to process given images and detect semantic fakes. To improve the generalization ability, we further incorporate ChatGPT as an assistor to detect unrealistic components in grounded text descriptions. The experiments on the STSF dataset show that RADAR effectively detects semantic fakes in modern generative images. Full article

This study aimed to evaluate the presence of emerging pollutants [perfluorinated compounds, phthalates and bisphenol A (BPA)] in chinstrap penguins (Pygoscelis antarctica) and krill (Euphausia superba) from Deception Island (South Shetland Islands, Antarctica) to provide data on the occurrence of emerging pollutants in Antarctica. For this purpose, thirty-four samples were studied, including four samples of adult tissue and six samples of chick tissue, as well as krill samples from the area. The selected samples were subjected to extraction processes and subsequent analytical determination of perfluorooctane sulfonate, perfluorooctanoic acid, di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, mono(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate and BPA using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Our results highlight that the analyzed organic pollutants, except for BPA, are clearly present in Pygoscelis antarctica and Euphausia superba from Deception Island. Full article

The Belle II experiment has collected a 364 fb⁻¹ sample of collisions at the ${\rm Y}\left(4S\right)$ resonance. This dataset, with its low particle multiplicity and well-constrained initial state, provides an ideal environment for studying semileptonic and missing energy B decays. In this paper, I will present recent results on these decays, emphasizing their impact on the determination of CKM matrix elements and potential new physics. I will also discuss the techniques used for missing energy reconstruction and the challenges of signal-background discrimination. Future analysis prospects with larger datasets will also be highlighted. Full article

Antarctica and the Southern Ocean are important sinks in the global mercury (Hg) cycle, and in the marine environment, inorganic Hg can be converted by bacteria to monomethylmercury (MeHg), a highly bioavailable and toxic compound that biomagnifies along food webs. In the Southern Ocean, higher concentrations of Hg and MeHg have typically been reported in the coastal waters of the Ross and Amundsen Seas, where katabatic winds can transport Hg from the Antarctic Plateau and create coastal polynyas, which results in spring depletion events of atmospheric Hg. However, some studies on MeHg biomagnification in Antarctic marine food webs have reported higher Hg concentrations in penguins from sub-Antarctic waters and, unexpectedly, higher levels in juvenile krill than those in adult Antarctic krill. In light of recent estimates of the phytoplankton and zooplankton biomass and distribution in the Southern Ocean, this review suggests that although most studies on MeHg biomagnification refer to the short diatom–krill–vertebrate food chain, alternative and more complex pelagic food webs exist in the Southern Ocean. Thus, juvenile krill and micro- and mesozooplankton grazing on very small autotrophs and heterotrophs, which have high surface-to-volume ratios for MeHg ad-/absorption, may accumulate more Hg than consumers of large diatoms, such as adult krill. In addition, the increased availability of Hg and the different diet contribute to a greater metal accumulation in the feathers of Adélie penguins from the Ross Sea than that of those from the sub-Antarctic. Full article

The aim of this study was to evaluate the concentration of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in chinstrap penguins (Pygoscelis antarctica) and krill (Euphausia superba) from Deception Island (South Shetland Islands, Antarctica) to provide additional data of the PCB presence in Antarctica. To this end, 34 samples of different tissues corresponding to four adult specimens and six chicks, and krill from the area were studied. The selected samples were analyzed for the determination of 27 congeners of PCBs by gas chromatography. Adult specimens accumulated PCBs mainly in the liver (33%, 1330.82 ± 733.69 pg·g⁻¹ wet weight, w.w.) and muscle (25%, 1029.73 ± 823.4 pg·g⁻¹ w.w.), whereas the brain showed the highest levels in chicks (36%, 1215.83 ± 955.19 pg·g⁻¹ w.w.). Regarding krill, our results were five to eight times lower than the levels found in krill from King George Island and from the Ross Sea. Further, a distribution analysis of PCBs in penguins according to Regulation 2013/39/UE and Commission Regulation (EU) No 277/2012 was also performed, and PCBs were categorized into three groups (dioxin-like-mono-ortho, non-dioxin-like-indicators, and others-non-dioxin-like). The data indicate that the content of the other group was generally higher than that of the other two PCB groups for both adults and chicks. Notably, the liver consistently exhibited the highest proportion of the other group. Full article

This review synthesizes current research on hydrofoil-propelled robots inspired by the swimming mechanisms of sea turtles and penguins. It begins by summarizing the swimming kinematics of these organisms, highlighting their superior aquatic performance as the primary motivation for biomimetic design. Next, established analytical methods for characterizing hydrofoil locomotion patterns are presented, along with a clear delineation of the decoupled motion components exhibited by sea turtle flippers and penguin wings. Such decoupling provides a systematic framework for guiding the design of driving mechanisms. Building on this biomechanical foundation, the review critically examines recent advances in biomimetic flexible hydrofoils that enhance propulsion efficiency through three synergistic mechanisms to enhance thrust generation, while identifying key challenges in material durability and non-linear fluid–structure interactions. The review then surveys existing hydrofoil actuation systems, which commonly reproduce coupled motions with multiple degrees of freedom (DOFs). Finally, representative biomimetic robots are examined: sea turtle-inspired forelimbs typically incorporate three DOFs, whereas penguin-inspired wings usually offer two DOFs. By aligning robotic designs with the decoupled motion patterns of the source organisms, this review offers critical insights to advance the development of hydrofoil propulsion systems for enhanced aquatic performance. Full article

Bivalves use byssal threads for attachment and locomotion, periodically shedding and regenerating them. In the winged pearl oyster Pteria penguin—known for its strong byssus and its role in the pearl industry—shedding may occur when the byssal stalk reaches a critical size, although the underlying mechanism remains unclear. This study investigated whether artificial manipulation of the byssus (via trimming) could stimulate thread production and promote shedding in adult P. penguin from two size groups. Byssal threads attached to the substrate were trimmed every 3–5 days over a 30-day period and compared to untrimmed controls. Oysters with trimmed byssus produced significantly more threads, with smaller individuals outperforming larger ones in both thread count and byssal stalk diameter. Moreover, small oysters exhibited a higher frequency of complete byssal shedding. These findings suggest that trimming stimulates thread production and accelerates stalk thickening, potentially triggering shedding due to spatial constraints at the attachment site. This response appears to reflect an adaptive mechanism for maintaining effective attachment and may help explain how mechanical or environmental cues influence byssal dynamics. Understanding this process offers new insight into the behavioral and physiological plasticity of P. penguin, with potential applications in pearl oyster management and aquaculture. Full article

Background/Objectives: This study aimed to demonstrate the safety and suitability of an infant formula manufactured from partially hydrolysed whey protein (PHF) compared to standard formula manufactured from intact cow’s milk proteins (IPF; whey–casein ratio, 60:40) in healthy term infants. Methods: This multicentre, randomised, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial included infants of mothers who intended to exclusively formula feed. Infants ≤ 28 days of age received PHF or IPF for at least 90 and up to 180 days. A group of exclusively breastfed infants was included for reference. The safety evaluation consisted of an equivalence analysis of weight gain within +/−3 g/d after 90 days, further growth parameters, and adverse events. Results: Of the 249 infants randomised, 143 (76 IPF; 67 PHF), as well as 45 breastfed infants, completed the study per protocol. The mean difference in daily weight gain between the formula groups was within the equivalence margins (−2.4 g/d (95% CI 0.3–4.5)) with estimated means (SEM) of 34.9 (0.78) g/d (IPF) and 32.5 (0.76) g/d (PHF). No significant differences in weight gain, length, and head circumference or in the number, severity, or type of adverse events were observed. Comparable growth patterns were observed in the breastfed group. Conclusions: The PHF is safe and supports adequate infant growth with a daily weight gain non-inferior to a standard IPF. Full article

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are increasingly detected in remote environments. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the types and concentrations of PFAS found in the air, water, soil, sediments, ice, and precipitation across different remote environments globally. Most of the recent studies on PFAS remote occurrence have been conducted for the Arctic, the Antarctica, and the remote regions of China. Elevated perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) in Meretta and Resolute Lakes reflects the impact of local sources like airports, while PFAS in lakes located in remote regions such as East Antarctica and the Canadian High Arctic suggest atmospheric deposition as a primary PFAS input. Long-chain PFAS (≥C7) accumulate in sediments, while short-chain PFAS remain in water, as shown in Hulun Lake. Oceanic PFAS are concentrated in surface waters, driven by atmospheric deposition, with PFOA and PFOS dominating across oceans due to current emissions and legacy contamination. Coastal areas display higher PFAS levels from local sources. Arctic sediment analysis highlights atmospheric deposition and ocean transport as significant PFAS contributors. PFAS in Antarctic coastal areas suggest local biological input, notably from penguins. The Tibetan Plateau and Arctic atmospheric data confirm long-range transport, with linear PFAS favoring gaseous states, while branched PFAS are more likely to associate with particulates. Climatic factors like the Indian monsoon and temperature fluctuations affect PFAS deposition. Short-chain PFAS are prevalent in snowpacks, serving as temporary reservoirs. Mountainous regions, such as the Tibetan Plateau, act as cold traps, accumulating PFAS from atmospheric precursors. Future studies should focus on identifying and quantifying primary sources of PFAS. Full article

Underground cold storage gives rise to special challenges that require innovative solutions to ensure maximum energy efficiency. Conventional energy systems tend to be based on high energy use, so sustainable solutions are crucial. This study explores the novel idea of biomimetics and how it might be used in the planning and building of underground cold storage facilities as well as other infrastructure projects. Biomimetic strategies, inspired by termite mounds, gentoo penguin feathers, and beehive structures, are applied to minimize reliance on energy-intensive cooling systems. These natural models offer efficient thermal regulation, airflow optimization, and passive cooling mechanisms such as geothermal energy harvesting. The integration of naturally driven convection and ventilation ensures stable internal temperatures under varying conditions. Biomimicry was employed in Revit Architecture, coupled with structural optimization, to eliminate urban space’s limitations and further increase energy efficiency. The analytical work for this paper utilized a set of formulas that represent heat flow, thermal resistance, R-value, thermal transmittance, U-value, solar absorption, and G-value. The results pointed to very good insulation, with exterior walls having an R-value of 10.2 m²K/W and U-value of 0.98 W/m²K. Among the chosen 3-layer ETFE cushion with a U-value of 1.96 W/m²K, with a G-value of 0.50, showed good heat regulation and daylight management. Furthermore, bagasse-cement composites with a very low thermal conductivity of 0.10–0.30 W/m·K provided good insulation. This research proposes a scalable and sustainable approach in the design of underground cold storage by merging modelling based on Revit with thermal simulations. Biomimicry has been demonstrated to have the potential for changing subterranean infrastructure, conserving energy consumption, and creating eco-friendly construction practices. Full article

The global crisis of plastic pollution, particularly involving microplastics (MPs) and nanoplastics (NPs), has profound ecological implications. Birds, serving as bioindicators, are especially susceptible to these pollutants. This systematic review synthesizes the current research on the presence, distribution, and impact of MPs and NPs on avian species, alongside advancements in detection methodologies. MPs and NPs have been identified in over 200 bird species across 46 families, encompassing several ecosystems, from Antarctica to Labrador, including Australia, China, and South Europe. Seabirds such as penguins, gulls, and shearwaters exhibit a high burden of MPs in tissues and feces due to fishing debris, while terrestrial species face contamination from urban and agricultural sources. Depending on their composition, MPs can cause gastrointestinal damage, oxidative stress, and bioaccumulation of toxic chemicals, particularly polyethylene and polypropylene. However, challenges in detection persist due to methodological inconsistencies, though advances in spectroscopy and flow cytometry offer improved accuracy. Addressing this pollution is vital for bird conservation and ecosystem health, requiring international collaboration and standardized research protocols. Full article

Avian malaria has been a continuous problem in both wild and captive populations of penguins throughout the world. In Japan, where there are over 3000 captive penguins, avian malaria (by Plasmodium spp.) and haemoproteosis (by Haemoproteus spp.) have been sporadically detected throughout the country. However, no comprehensive studies have been carried out, and the national status of infection has been unknown until now. In this study, the prevalence and lineage composition of haemosporidian parasites was investigated in captive penguins throughout Japan for the first time. A total of 1203 penguins from 55 facilities were sampled from January 2010 to December 2019. Parasites were detected by nested PCR and microscopy of blood and tissue samples. The total prevalence was 7.48% for Plasmodium and 1.75% for Haemoproteus, of which some are suggested to have been acquired during the study period. The odds of infection were higher in individuals kept outdoors compared to indoors, re-confirming that exposure to vectors is one of the major factors. Additionally, the odds of death were higher in infected individuals, although differences between parasite lineages were also observed. This study provides an overview of avian malaria in penguins of Japan in the hope of guiding future studies and conservation actions in captivity. Full article

This paper discusses the modeling and solution of a cold chain logistics (CCL) problem using artificial intelligence of things (AIoT). The presented model aims to reduce the costs of the entire CCL network by maintaining the minimum quality of cold products distributed to customers. This study considers equipping distribution centers and trucks with IoT tools and examines the advantages of using these tools to reduce logistics costs. Also, four algorithms based on artificial intelligence (AI), including Genetic Algorithm (GA), Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), Gray Wolf Optimizer (GWO), and Emperor Penguin Optimizer (EPO), have been used in solving the mathematical model. The analysis results show that equipping trucks and distribution centers with the Internet of Things has increased the total costs by 15% compared to before. This approach resulted in a 26% reduction in operating costs and a 60% reduction in transportation costs. As a result of using the Internet of Things, total costs have been reduced by 2.78%. Furthermore, the performance of AI algorithms showed that the high speed of these algorithms is guaranteed against the high accuracy of the obtained results. So, EPO has achieved the optimal value of the objective function compared to a 70% reduction in the solution time. Further analyses show the effectiveness of EPO in the indicators of average objective function, average RPD error, and solution time. The results of this paper help managers understand the need to create IoT infrastructure in the distribution of cold products to customers. Because implementing IoT devices can offset a large portion of transportation and energy costs, this paper provides management solutions and insights at the end. As a result, there is a need to deploy IoT tools in other parts of the mathematical model and its application. Full article