Search Results (357)

Background: Panoramic radiography is one of the most widely used imaging examinations in dental practice, providing a broad view of the jaws and adjacent head and neck structures. Although primarily prescribed for odontogenic assessment, its field of view may reveal non-odontogenic findings with potential clinical significance. Methods: A structured narrative review was conducted according to SANRA criteria. A literature search was performed in PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, Scopus, and Web of Science for English-language publications from January 2010 to May 2026. Backward and forward citation tracking of relevant articles, key reviews, and reference textbooks was also performed. Eligible studies and authoritative sources addressing non-odontogenic findings detectable on panoramic radiographs were qualitatively synthesized. Results: The review focuses on carotid artery calcifications, maxillary sinus abnormalities, mandibular radiomorphometric signs related to low skeletal bone mineral density, elongation or calcification of the stylohyoid complex, sialoliths, tonsilloliths, calcified lymph nodes, phleboliths, and laryngeal cartilage calcifications. These findings range from benign anatomical variants to radiographic indicators that may require medical or specialist evaluation. Conclusions: Panoramic radiography should be regarded as a tool for recognition and clinical suspicion rather than definitive diagnosis of extraoral or systemic disease. Dentists play a central role in systematically assessing the entire image, documenting relevant abnormalities, correlating them with patient history and risk factors, and initiating appropriate referral when indicated. Full article

Background: Odontogenic keratocysts are developmental cysts of the jaws that often remain asymptomatic until they reach considerable size and are most frequently located in the mandibular angle and ramus regions. Due to their high recurrence potential, the optimal treatment approach remains controversial. The aim of this study was to evaluate treatment modalities associated with lower recurrence rates in odontogenic keratocysts. Material and Methods: Patients diagnosed with odontogenic keratocyst between 2000 and 2024 at the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Gazi University, were retrospectively evaluated. Associations between gender, age, lesion localization, histological subtype, treatment modality, and recurrence were analyzed. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS for Windows (version 27). Results: A total of 291 cases were included, with an overall recurrence rate of 16.2%. The highest recurrence rate was observed in patients treated with enucleation (19.2%), whereas a lower recurrence rate was found in cases treated with marsupialization (5%). No recurrence was observed in patients who underwent resection. A statistically significant association was found between treatment modality and recurrence (p = 0.014). Conclusions: Treatment selection for odontogenic keratocysts should be carefully planned. In the present study, marsupialization was associated with a lower recurrence rate than enucleation in selected cases. However, because of the retrospective design and non-randomized treatment allocation, these findings should be interpreted with caution and should not be considered evidence of a causal relationship. Long-term clinical and radiological follow-up remains essential because of the potential for late recurrence. Full article

Impaction of the mandibular third molar in proximity to the mandibular canal increases the risk of inferior alveolar nerve injury. Panoramic radiography is routinely used to assess this relationship. Automated classification of molar–canal overlap could support clinical triage and reduce unnecessary CBCT referrals, while Federated Learning (FL) enables multi-center collaboration without sharing patient data. We compared Local Learning (LL), FL, and Centralized Learning (CL) for binary overlap/no-overlap classification on cropped panoramic radiographs partitioned across eight independent labelers in a simulated heterogeneous multi-center setting. A pretrained ResNet-34 was trained under each paradigm and evaluated using per-client metrics with locally optimized thresholds and pooled test performance with a global threshold. Performance was assessed using area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) and threshold-based metrics, alongside training dynamics, Grad-CAM visualizations, and server-side aggregate monitoring signals. On the test set, CL achieved the highest performance (AUC 0.831; accuracy ≈ 0.782), FL showed intermediate performance (AUC 0.757; accuracy ≈ 0.703), and LL generalized poorly across clients (AUC range ≈ 0.619–0.734; mean ≈ 0.672). Training curves suggested overfitting, particularly in LL models, and Grad-CAM indicated more anatomically focused attention in CL and FL. Overall, centralized training provided the strongest performance, while FL offers a privacy-preserving alternative that outperforms LL. Full article

Background: Lateral cephalometric radiographs and large-field cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) routinely used in orthodontics and maxillofacial radiology can reveal incidental pituitary tumors in the sellar region. Given the regular use of these imaging modalities, a structured overview of how pituitary tumors present on dental radiographs and how often they occur is clinically relevant. Methods: A scoping review was conducted according to PRISMA-ScR. MEDLINE via PubMed, Livivo, and Google Scholar were searched up to 20 January 2026 using MeSH terms and keywords for pituitary tumors and dental radiology. Human studies in English or German reporting on radiological presentation, clinical manifestation and epidemiology of pituitary tumors in the context of dental imaging were included. Study selection was performed independently by two reviewers. Results: Of 150 records, 15 studies were included: 2 case–control studies, 5 observational studies, 6 case reports, 1 questionnaire-based study and 1 neurosurgical guideline. Pituitary tumors most frequently presented with enlargement, deformation, or double contour of the sella turcica; growth hormone-producing adenomas additionally showed cephalometric changes such as mandibular and frontal sinus enlargement. The evidence is largely descriptive and does not permit robust estimates of prevalence or diagnostic accuracy but consistently identifies radiological “red flags” and recurrent clinical constellations, especially in acromegaly or unexplained craniofacial changes. Conclusions: Pituitary tumors, among the most common brain tumors, may first be suspected on routine dental radiographs. Distinct radiographic abnormalities combined with suggestive clinical features should prompt timely endocrine and neuroradiological evaluation, underscoring the need for heightened awareness among dental professionals. Full article

Aphasia is a complex neurological syndrome that includes a multitude of signs and symptoms that describe a patient’s inability to use language (understanding and producing spoken and/or written language) after it has already been acquired, which is caused by cerebral lesions situated in the dominant (left) cerebral hemisphere in right-handed people. Aphasia has a prevalence of 25–30% in acute ischemic stroke (especially in arterial infarcts). In patients who suffered cerebral venous and dural sinuses thrombosis (CVST), aphasia has been noticed in almost 20% of cases, its presence being considered a negative predictive factor. We report the case of a 22-year-old right-handed woman with obesity and active smoking (10 cigarettes/day), undergoing treatment with oral contraceptives who presented to the Emergency Department with an intense headache, resistant to usual analgesic treatment, accompanied by language disorders onset within 24 h. The neurological examination was normal, except for language assessment, which revealed the severe impairment of the repetition domain (she was unable to repeat simple words), and difficulty in naming objects with some hesitations and mild comprehension difficulties (especially in complex orders). She underwent neuroimaging examinations at admission. Native Head Computed Tomography revealed spontaneous hyperdensity (parenchymatous hematoma) in the left temporal lobe. Cranial magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) confirmed venous infarction in the left temporal area and a hypointense signal on MRI T2*SW (susceptibility-weighted) in the region of the left lateral sinus and left jugular vein bulb, which confirmed the thrombosis at this level. Associated cortical vein thrombosis was diagnosed on indirect radiological grounds, since hemorrhagic transformation obscured the direct visualization of the adjacent cortical veins. MR venography was not performed at that time, but instead at the 1-month follow-up, MR venography confirmed the chronic, partial thrombosis of the left lateral sinus and left jugular vein bulb. Laboratory data demonstrated an elevated D-dimer and the presence of homozygosity for MTHFR C677T and PAI-1 4G/4G. Anticoagulation in the form of low-molecular-weight heparin was immediately started, followed by chronic treatment with oral anticoagulant (apixaban) and folic acid. The headaches resolved within three days, and her neurological examination was almost normal: the repetition continued being altered for complex phrases. We did not observe any left lateral sinus thrombosis recurrence, or other extra-cerebral embolic events (deep vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolism) during the follow-up year. The immediate anticoagulation since the admission resulted in a favorable outcome. Taking into consideration our interest in monitoring patients with aphasia secondary to CVST, we also analyzed data from the literature regarding the incidence of conduction aphasia and other aphasic syndromes in this CVST. Due to the limited number of articles identified in the last 21 years (2005–2026) in the literature, we concluded that conduction aphasia is an extremely rare clinical presentation in this kind of pathology and further studies should be conducted in order to identify significant statistical data. Full article

Background/Objectives: Dynamic navigation and robot-assisted implant workflows depend on robust intraoral perception. Marker-based tracking introduces workflow complexity and is sensitive to occlusions, motivating markerless alternatives. This study evaluates whether a single-stage YOLO instance segmentation model (YOLO-seg) can provide a practical markerless perception layer for dental navigation, combining accurate per-tooth delineation with low, predictable inference latency. Methods: YOLO-seg was trained end to end on an intraoral RGB corpus of 400 training, 20 validation, and 100 testing images, combining a public source and a partner-hospital in-house set. A two-stage YOLO + SAM baseline was implemented for comparison. Segmentation quality was evaluated on a 50-image held-out clinical test set at three complementary levels (per-instance matching, per-class union, and global union), with paired Wilcoxon signed-rank tests, Cliff’s delta effect sizes, and 95% bootstrap confidence intervals. Runtime was assessed under matched inference-only and end-to-end conditions on N = 100 frames at a 640 × 640 resolution on an NVIDIA RTX A2000 GPU. Results: YOLO-seg significantly outperformed YOLO + SAM across all primary metrics, with very large effect sizes (Cliff’s delta: 0.76–0.94; Wilcoxon p < 10⁻⁸ on every metric except precision at IoU ≥ 0.5). YOLO-seg reached AP₅₀ = 0.716 and recall = 0.973 versus 0.383 and 0.398 for YOLO + SAM. Under matched inference-only timing, YOLO-seg ran at 27.08 ms per frame (36.9 FPS) versus 1302.78 ms (0.77 FPS), an approximately 48-fold latency gap intrinsic to the two-stage forward pass. Conclusions: YOLO-seg shows strong potential as a 2D perception module for dental navigation, balancing per-instance segmentation fidelity with real-time feasibility under the tested conditions. These results support its use as a 2D perception front-end for future integration with stereo-based 3D reconstruction and robot-assisted navigation; 3D registration accuracy, implant-placement error, and robotic execution remain outside the scope of the present study. Full article

Background/Objectives: Osteoporosis is highly relevant to dentistry, oral surgery, and implantology. Because panoramic radiographs are routinely acquired in dental practice, they may enable opportunistic pre-screening. This pilot study evaluated established radiomorphometric indices on orthopantomograms (OPGs) and introduced a new qualitative index, the Mini Osteoporosis Pre-Screening (MOPS) index, based on the appearance of the cervical vertebral bodies visible on panoramic radiographs. Methods: This retrospective study analyzed 40 pseudonymized patient datasets, each including both OPG and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) examinations. DXA findings served as the reference standard in the study group. In addition 80 OPG scans from a control group of young adults without clinical or anamnestic evidence of osteoporosis were assessed. Two independent examiners with backgrounds in radiology and dentistry evaluated four indices: mandibular cortical width (MCW), panoramic mandibular index (PMI), mandibular cortical index (MCI), and MOPS. Results: Relative to the reference standard, MOPS demonstrated diagnostic accuracy ranging from 83% to 100% across selected groups. In women, accuracy ranged from 90% to 100%, with a sensitivity of 1.0 and specificity of 0.9. MCI and MOPS were more robust than MCW, whereas PMI showed limited applicability in routine clinical images. Conclusions: Panoramic radiographs can show osteoporosis-related changes in the mandible and cervical spine. MOPS offers a rapid, cost-neutral pre-screening method and may help dentists identify patients who warrant DXA referral. Larger prospective studies are needed to confirm its clinical utility. Full article

Periodontal disease is a chronic inflammatory condition driven by polymicrobial biofilms whose interaction with the host immune response drives the destruction of tooth-supporting tissues. Within these communities, bacterial cell–cell communication—particularly quorum sensing (QS)—coordinates virulence factor expression, biofilm maturation, and interspecies behaviour, allowing pathogens to mount population-dependent attacks on the host. Disrupting these signals has therefore drawn growing attention as an anti-virulence strategy for biofilm-associated oral infection. Quorum quenching (QQ)—the inhibition or disruption of QS pathways—prevents bacteria from coordinating these virulence-related activities. The candidate inhibitors investigated to date fall into three broad classes: conventional antibiotics used at sub-inhibitory concentrations, plant-derived natural compounds, and synthetic molecules designed to interfere with signal synthesis, signal reception, or signal transduction. In experimental work on periodontal pathogens, agents from each class reduce biofilm formation, suppress virulence factor production, and disrupt microbial communication within polymicrobial biofilms. Clinical translation, however, lags behind the laboratory evidence. Most data still come from in vitro systems and animal models, and the ecological complexity of the oral biofilm makes therapeutic targeting difficult: signals that drive virulence in pathogens also support cooperation among commensals. Toxicity profiles, pharmacokinetics, and well-powered clinical trials are needed before quorum-quenching agents can be considered for routine periodontal care. Even with these caveats, targeting bacterial communication offers a different therapeutic logic from conventional antimicrobials: attenuating virulence rather than killing cells, and so exerting weaker selective pressure for resistance. Further dissection of QS networks in oral biofilms—and the rational design of quenching agents that act on pathogenic rather than commensal signalling—may yield useful adjuncts to current periodontal therapy. Full article

Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the influence of panoramic radiograph quality on the performance of an artificial intelligence (AI)-based tooth detection system and to identify specific image quality criteria associated with detection accuracy. Methods: A total of 424 panoramic radiographs were retrospectively selected from a clinical database. Radiographic quality was assessed using a modified Clinical Image Evaluation Chart, including criteria related to bite block presence, anteroposterior positioning, occlusal plane curvature, patient movement, anatomical coverage, overlapping contact points, air gap, contrast, cervical spine overlap, symmetry of the ascending mandibular ramus, and the number of visible teeth. Automated tooth detection was performed using a convolutional neural network based on the Mask R-CNN architecture (SynbrAIn, Italy). AI detection outputs were validated against expert human evaluation. Spearman’s rank correlation analyses were conducted to assess associations between individual image quality criteria and the number of AI detection errors per radiograph. Results: Significant negative associations were observed between AI detection errors and the number of visible teeth (ρ = −0.311, p < 0.001), presence of a bite block (ρ = −0.248, p < 0.001), reduced patient movement (ρ = −0.204, p < 0.001), correct anteroposterior positioning (ρ = −0.165, p < 0.001), and overall image quality score (ρ = −0.120, p = 0.010). In contrast, the presence of an air gap above the anterior teeth (ρ = 0.099, p = 0.042) and overlapping contact points (ρ = 0.122, p = 0.012) were positively associated with increased detection errors. No significant associations were identified for occlusal plane curvature, contrast, cervical spine overlap, anatomical coverage, or mandibular ramus symmetry. Overall, the AI system was more sensitive to indicators of anatomical completeness and patient positioning than to minor radiographic imperfections. Conclusions: Panoramic radiograph quality, particularly indicators of anatomical completeness and patient positioning, is associated with the performance of AI-based tooth detection. While the AI system demonstrated robustness to common image quality variations, adherence to standardized acquisition protocols remains important to minimize detection errors. Full article

Objectives: Cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) is central to three-dimensional assessment in oral surgery and implant dentistry; however, CBCT-derived gray values expressed as HU-like units are not equivalent to true CT-derived Hounsfield Units (HU). This brief methodological secondary analysis evaluated the reliability and practical limitations of such values in assessing radiographic changes after peri-implantitis surgery. Methods: The analysis used the imaging protocol and group-level radiological data from a previously published prospective clinical cohort, conducted under the same protocol and ethical approval of the Institutional Ethics Committee of the Medical University of Lublin (KE-0254/248/11/2023; 23 November 2023). The source cohort included 57 patients treated after implant removal for severe peri-implantitis with small-particle dentin (n = 22), Bio-Oss (n = 15), or spontaneous healing without grafting (n = 20). CBCT scans were analyzed in OnDemand3D (version 1.0.11.1007) using manually selected square regions of interest (ROI; 30 × 30 pixels). No external phantom calibration, cross-device normalization, or formal intra-/inter-observer reproducibility assessment was available in the secondary dataset. Results: The previously reported mean study-site values were 779.62 ± 325.92 gray-value units for small-particle dentin, 910.51 ± 155.03 gray-value units for Bio-Oss, and 206.04 ± 174.21 gray-value units for controls. These findings are presented as protocol-dependent attenuation patterns, not as direct material rankings, bone-density thresholds, or proof of regeneration. Variability remained substantial, with study-site coefficients of variation of 41.8%, 17.0%, and 84.6%, respectively, and high adjacent-site variability. Interpretation was constrained by manual ROI placement, lack of calibration, absence of observer-agreement metrics, unequal follow-up timing, and CBCT sensitivity to scatter, beam hardening, field of view, reconstruction settings, and metal-related artifacts. Conclusions: CBCT-derived gray values may be useful as relative indicators of local radiographic attenuation change within a standardized protocol, but they should not be interpreted as absolute measures of bone density. Future regenerative oral surgery studies should combine standardized acquisition, explicit ROI methodology, repeated measurements, observer-agreement analysis, and complementary clinical, radiographic, or histological outcomes. Full article

Background: Preoperative assessment of Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma (HNSCC) aggressiveness is often hindered by the sampling errors of incisional biopsies. While Contrast-Enhanced Computed Tomography (CECT) is the standard for staging, its potential to serve as a non-invasive complementary radiological tool of the entire tumor volume remains underutilized. Objective: To evaluate the predictive performance of preoperative CECT-derived tumor volume, densitometric values, and morphological features as predictors of histopathological grade and lymph node metastasis (pN) in HNSCC. The primary outcome was predicting lymph node metastasis (pN+), and the secondary outcome was predicting histopathological grade. Methods: This retrospective observational study analyzed 42 patients with SCC of the oral cavity, larynx, or maxilla. Quantitative (3D volume, Hounsfield Units [HU], HU Delta) and qualitative (margins, lobulations, necrosis) CT parameters were correlated with definitive histopathology. Diagnostic performance was assessed using Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve analysis and Spearman’s rank correlation. Results: High-grade tumors (G2/G3) demonstrated significantly larger median volumes (18.1 vs. 2.9 cm³, p = 0.006), lower contrast density (55 vs. 68 HU, p = 0.010), and reduced vascular wash-in (23 vs. 30 HU Delta, p = 0.008) compared to G1 lesions. ROC analysis identified a volume threshold of ≥9.43 cm³ for high-grade disease (AUC = 0.865; sensitivity 67.6%, specificity 100%). For regional metastasis (pN+), tumor volume was the only significant predictor (25.4 vs. 6.2 cm³, p = 0.036), with an optimal cut-off of ≥6.76 cm³ (AUC = 0.769; sensitivity 100%). Strong negative correlations were observed between contrast enhancement and internal necrosis (r = −0.812, p < 0.001). Conclusions: Preoperative CECT parameters show promise as non-invasive imaging surrogates of HNSCC aggressiveness. A paradoxical reduction in contrast enhancement characterizes high-grade biology, reflecting disorganized neo-angiogenesis and internal hypoxia. Integrating 3D volumetric analysis and morphological markers shows potential as a complementary exploratory tool that, pending future prospective validation, may support risk stratification and surgical planning alongside traditional histopathological assessment. Full article

Background/Objectives: Furcation defects pose a significant challenge in the diagnosis and treatment planning of periodontal diseases. Accurate clinical identification of furcation involvement is essential for improving treatment outcomes. This study aimed to evaluate the accuracy and effectiveness of various artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms in detecting furcation defects (FD) in mandibular molars. Methods: A total of 654 panoramic radiographs were randomly selected from patients who visited the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology at the Faculty of Dentistry, Ankara University. Each image was labeled as either “healthy” or “FD” and subsequently preprocessed. The performance of different deep learning algorithms in identifying FD was subsequently evaluated. Results: In the classification models employed, the highest scores were calculated as accuracy 97.9%, precision 97.10%, sensitivity 97.08%, and F1 score 97.09% in the Xception model. In the segmentation tests, the highest scores were calculated as accuracy 99.96%, precision 99.26%, sensitivity 97.57%, and F1 score 98.41% in the ENet model. Conclusions: Results of this study indicated that the use of artificial intelligence systems in detecting furcation involvement in mandibular molar teeth in panoramic radiography images is promising. Further studies covering larger data sets, including maxillary molar teeth, will increase the success rates in detecting furcation involvement. Full article

The range of possible inflammatory changes in the oral cavity and in the maxillary and mandibular bones may present with diverse patterns and characteristics in both clinical and radiological evaluation. In most cases, a standard radiological examination, such as dental panoramic radiograph (DPR), has significant limitations in assessing early or complex bone changes associated with chronic bone inflammation. Advanced imaging with multidetector computed tomography or cone-beam computed tomography (MDCT or CBCT) can improve lesion characterization and surgical planning when a detailed evaluation of tooth-bearing structures, tooth apices, cortical plates, and cancellous bone is required. Such imaging allows more detailed assessment of alterations in medullary bone morphology and architecture, as well as identification of possible periosteal reactions adjacent to chronic bone inflammation. Osteomyelitis of the jaws comprises a heterogeneous group of inflammatory bone disorders characterized by variable clinical presentations and a broad spectrum of radiological appearances. Depending on disease chronicity, host factors, and microbial burden, mandibular osteomyelitis may mimic odontogenic tumors, fibro-osseous lesions, or malignant bone pathologies. Quite often, dental treatment affects bone status and condition, leading to unwanted events such as bone inflammation. Imaging plays a central role in diagnosis; however, radiographic findings are often nonspecific, particularly in early or chronic stages. Each case of osteomyelitis underscores the importance of correlating imaging findings with clinical history and highlights the role of repeated imaging in distinguishing inflammatory bone disease from aggressive jaw lesions. This study aims to characterize diverse patterns of chronic mandibular osteomyelitis associated with various prior treatment modalities using CBCT. By presenting a series of illustrative cases from heterogeneous clinical settings, the authors highlight the nonspecific radiographic features and diagnostic challenges inherent in chronic bone inflammation. The focus remains on the interpretation of complex imaging findings rather than a comparative analysis of technical protocols. Full article

Background: This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence, morphology, and influencing factors of the second mesiobuccal (MB2) canal in maxillary molars and the middle-mesial canal in mandibular molars using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). Methods: A total of 146 CBCT scans acquired between 2023 and 2025 were retrospectively analyzed at the Oral Radiology Division, King Abdulaziz University Dental Hospital. Canal prevalence, morphometric dimensions, symmetry, and Vertucci configurations were recorded and correlated with age, sex, and voxel size. Results: MB2 canals were detected in 64.4% of maxillary first molars and 29.6% of second molars, while middle-mesial canals were found in 17.8% of mandibular first molars and 6.4% of second molars. Detection rates declined with increasing voxel size and patient age (p < 0.05). Bilateral symmetry was strong for MB2 (κ = 0.78) but moderate for mandibular canals (κ = 0.29). Vertucci Type I and II were most common in maxillary roots, and Type IV predominated in mandibular mesial roots. Conclusions: These findings confirm CBCT as a reliable tool for identifying complex canal systems and emphasize the importance of voxel resolution and anatomical understanding in enhancing endodontic diagnosis and treatment success. Full article

Medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ) represents a major clinical challenge for oral and maxillofacial surgery departments as well as dental practices. With increasing life expectancy and the more frequent use of medications associated with osteonecrosis, the incidence of MRONJ continues to rise. To date, there are no uniform treatment standards with scientifically proven effectiveness for this condition. To evaluate the impact of platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) on the outcomes of MRONJ treatment and to identify factors that may influence the effectiveness of PRF therapy, we conducted a comparative prospective study including 22 patients divided into two groups: patients treated with PRF and patients treated without PRF. PRF was prepared according to the PRF Duo Quattro Process protocol for PRF (Nice, France). The study was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT07464678). The following parameters were assessed: age, smoking status, gender, lesion location, body mass index (BMI), C-reactive protein (CRP) concentration, pain intensity, presence or absence of fistulas, soft tissue healing and radiological findings. Patients were evaluated preoperatively and postoperatively at 14 days, 6 weeks, and 6 months. The study demonstrated a reduction in pain after surgery among patients treated with PRF. In addition, the use of PRF resulted in improved healing outcomes in patients with elevated CRP. Higher BMI was associated with poorer therapeutic response to PRF. Improvements in soft tissue healing and disease stage were observed in the PRF group; however, these differences did not reach statistical significance. All findings should be interpreted with caution due to the limited sample size. There is still no standardized treatment for MRONJ. The use of platelet-rich fibrin as an inexpensive and safe adjunctive therapy may provide clinical benefits for patients, particularly through a significant reduction in pain. Further large-scale, multicenter studies are required to confirm these findings. Full article