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23 pages, 1406 KB  
Review
Amniotic Fluid and Ocean Water: Evolutionary Echoes, Chemical Parallels, and the Infiltration of Micro- and Nanoplastics
by Antonio Ragusa
Toxics 2025, 13(9), 776; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics13090776 - 13 Sep 2025
Viewed by 764
Abstract
Background: Abiogenesis is hypothesized to have occurred in the aquatic environments of the early Earth approximately 3.8–4.0 billion years ago, in oceans containing high concentrations of ions (Na+ ≈ 470 mmol/L, Cl ≈ 545 mmol/L, Mg2+ ≈ 51–53 mmol/L, Ca [...] Read more.
Background: Abiogenesis is hypothesized to have occurred in the aquatic environments of the early Earth approximately 3.8–4.0 billion years ago, in oceans containing high concentrations of ions (Na+ ≈ 470 mmol/L, Cl ≈ 545 mmol/L, Mg2+ ≈ 51–53 mmol/L, Ca2+ ≈ 10 mmol/L, K+ ≈ 10 mmol/L, SO42− ≈ 28–54 mmol/L, HCO3 ≈ 2.3 mmol/L). Primitive membranes evolved ion-regulatory mechanisms to sustain electrochemical gradients, enabling metabolic activity. Objectives: This review compares the composition of amniotic fluid (AF) to seawater, framing AF as a “biological ocean” for the fetus, and evaluates the impact of micro- and nanoplastics (MNPs) on this protected milieu. Methods: We synthesized data from published studies on concentrations of and ions and other important substances in AF during pregnancy and compared them with marine values. Reports of MNPs detected in placenta, AF, and human organs were systematically reviewed. Results: AF exhibits high ionic similarity to seawater, although the absolute concentrations of ions are lower, reflecting evolutionary conservation. Recent analytical studies identified MNPs in samples of human placenta (4–10 particles per 1 g of tissue), meconium (median 3–5 particles per g), and AF (detectable in >60% of tested samples). Co-exposure to heavy metals, persistent organic pollutants, and endocrine disruptors were reported in 20–40% of maternal–fetal samples. Conclusions: The analogy between oceans and AF underscores a conserved evolutionary continuum. However, the infiltration of MNPs into intrauterine environments is a novel toxicological challenge with potential implications for neurodevelopment, immune programming, and epigenetic regulation. Within the One Health framework, protecting AF from anthropogenic contaminants is as critical as safeguarding marine ecosystems. Full article
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15 pages, 3677 KB  
Article
Contextual Feature Expansion with Superordinate Concept for Compositional Zero-Shot Learning
by Soohyeong Kim and Yong Suk Choi
Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(17), 9837; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15179837 - 8 Sep 2025
Viewed by 470
Abstract
Compositional Zero-Shot Learning (CZSL) seeks to enable machines to recognize objects and attributes (i.e., primitives),learn their associations, and generalize to novel compositions, enabling systems to exhibit a human-like ability to infer and generalize. The existing approaches, multi-label and multi-class classification, face inherent trade-offs: [...] Read more.
Compositional Zero-Shot Learning (CZSL) seeks to enable machines to recognize objects and attributes (i.e., primitives),learn their associations, and generalize to novel compositions, enabling systems to exhibit a human-like ability to infer and generalize. The existing approaches, multi-label and multi-class classification, face inherent trade-offs: the former suffers from biases against unrelated compositions, while the latter struggles with exponentially growing search spaces as the number of objects and attributes increases. To overcome these limitations and address the exponential complexity in CZSL, we introduce Concept-oriented Feature ADjustment (CoFAD), a novel method that extracts superordinate conceptual features based on primitive relationships and expands label feature boundaries. By incorporating spectral clustering and membership function in fuzzy logic, CoFAD achieves state-of-the-art performance while using 2×–4× less GPU memory and reducing training time by up to 50× on large-scale dataset. Full article
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29 pages, 17388 KB  
Article
Formation of Periodic Mosaic Structures Using Operations in Galois Fields
by Dina Shaltykova, Yelizaveta Vitulyova, Akhat S. Bakirov and Ibragim Suleimenov
Symmetry 2025, 17(9), 1415; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym17091415 - 1 Sep 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 571
Abstract
Mosaic ornaments and periodic geometric patterns are deeply rooted in cultural heritage and contemporary design, where symmetry plays a fundamental role in both aesthetic and cognitive perception. This study develops an algebraic method for generating symmetrical and periodic mosaic structures using operations in [...] Read more.
Mosaic ornaments and periodic geometric patterns are deeply rooted in cultural heritage and contemporary design, where symmetry plays a fundamental role in both aesthetic and cognitive perception. This study develops an algebraic method for generating symmetrical and periodic mosaic structures using operations in Galois fields. The approach demonstrates that the intrinsic properties of finite fields naturally give rise to symmetry and periodicity, eliminating the need for specific initial patterns, even when applied to relatively simple algebraic expressions such as the Bernoulli lemniscate and the cissoid of Diocles. The proposed algorithm offers the advantages of simplicity and the ability to provide gradual transitions from one mosaic structure to another. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that standardization of algebraic expressions used for mosaic generation can be efficiently achieved through discrete logarithm operations. A novel method for computing discrete logarithms is introduced. The results confirm that symmetrical structures of high complexity can be obtained through simple expressions, and their periodicity becomes more pronounced with increasing field characteristics. This approach offers practical applications in textile and wallpaper design, smart materials, and psychological testing, while also suggesting new perspectives for the analysis of mosaic-like natural systems where symmetry is a defining property. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Mathematics)
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23 pages, 2095 KB  
Article
A Unified Theoretical Analysis of Geometric Representation Forms in Descriptive Geometry and Sparse Representation Theory
by Shuli Mei
Mathematics 2025, 13(17), 2737; https://doi.org/10.3390/math13172737 - 26 Aug 2025
Viewed by 1169
Abstract
The primary distinction between technical design and engineering design lies in the role of analysis and optimization. From its inception, descriptive geometry has supported military and engineering applications, and its graphical rules inherently reflect principles of optimization—similar to the core ideas of sparse [...] Read more.
The primary distinction between technical design and engineering design lies in the role of analysis and optimization. From its inception, descriptive geometry has supported military and engineering applications, and its graphical rules inherently reflect principles of optimization—similar to the core ideas of sparse representation and compressed sensing. This paper explores the geometric and mathematical significance of the center line in symmetrical objects and the axis of rotation in solids of revolution, framing these elements within the theory of sparse representation. It further establishes rigorous correspondences between geometric primitives—points, lines, planes, and symmetric solids—and their sparse representations in descriptive geometry. By re-examining traditional engineering drawing techniques from the perspective of optimization analysis, this study reveals the hidden mathematical logic embedded in geometric constructions. The findings not only support the deeper integration of mathematical reasoning in engineering education but also provide an intuitive framework for teaching abstract concepts such as sparsity and signal reconstruction. This work contributes to interdisciplinary understanding between descriptive geometry, mathematical modeling, and engineering pedagogy. Full article
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19 pages, 390 KB  
Article
Application of Partial Discrete Logarithms for Discrete Logarithm Computation
by Dina Shaltykova, Yelizaveta Vitulyova, Kaisarali Kadyrzhan and Ibragim Suleimenov
Computers 2025, 14(9), 343; https://doi.org/10.3390/computers14090343 - 22 Aug 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 656
Abstract
A novel approach to constructing an algorithm for computing discrete logarithms, which holds significant interest for advancing cryptographic methods and the applied use of multivalued logic, is proposed. The method is based on the algebraic delta function, which allows the computation of a [...] Read more.
A novel approach to constructing an algorithm for computing discrete logarithms, which holds significant interest for advancing cryptographic methods and the applied use of multivalued logic, is proposed. The method is based on the algebraic delta function, which allows the computation of a discrete logarithm to be reduced to the decomposition of known periodic functions into Fourier–Galois series. The concept of the “partial discrete logarithm”, grounded in the existence of a relationship between Galois fields and their complementary finite algebraic rings, is introduced. It is demonstrated that the use of partial discrete logarithms significantly reduces the number of operations required to compute the discrete logarithm of a given element in a Galois field. Illustrative examples are provided to demonstrate the advantages of the proposed approach. Potential practical applications are discussed, particularly for enhancing methods for low-altitude diagnostics of agricultural objects, utilizing groups of unmanned aerial vehicles, and radio geolocation techniques. Full article
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18 pages, 1910 KB  
Article
Hierarchical Learning for Closed-Loop Robotic Manipulation in Cluttered Scenes via Depth Vision, Reinforcement Learning, and Behaviour Cloning
by Hoi Fai Yu and Abdulrahman Altahhan
Electronics 2025, 14(15), 3074; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14153074 - 31 Jul 2025
Viewed by 784
Abstract
Despite rapid advances in robot learning, the coordination of closed-loop manipulation in cluttered environments remains a challenging and relatively underexplored problem. We present a novel two-level hierarchical architecture for a depth vision-equipped robotic arm that integrates pushing, grasping, and high-level decision making. Central [...] Read more.
Despite rapid advances in robot learning, the coordination of closed-loop manipulation in cluttered environments remains a challenging and relatively underexplored problem. We present a novel two-level hierarchical architecture for a depth vision-equipped robotic arm that integrates pushing, grasping, and high-level decision making. Central to our approach is a prioritised action–selection mechanism that facilitates efficient early-stage learning via behaviour cloning (BC), while enabling scalable exploration through reinforcement learning (RL). A high-level decision neural network (DNN) selects between grasping and pushing actions, and two low-level action neural networks (ANNs) execute the selected primitive. The DNN is trained with RL, while the ANNs follow a hybrid learning scheme combining BC and RL. Notably, we introduce an automated demonstration generator based on oriented bounding boxes, eliminating the need for manual data collection and enabling precise, reproducible BC training signals. We evaluate our method on a challenging manipulation task involving five closely packed cubic objects. Our system achieves a completion rate (CR) of 100%, an average grasping success (AGS) of 93.1% per completion, and only 7.8 average decisions taken for completion (DTC). Comparative analysis against three baselines—a grasping-only policy, a fixed grasp-then-push sequence, and a cloned demonstration policy—highlights the necessity of dynamic decision making and the efficiency of our hierarchical design. In particular, the baselines yield lower AGS (86.6%) and higher DTC (10.6 and 11.4) scores, underscoring the advantages of content-aware, closed-loop control. These results demonstrate that our architecture supports robust, adaptive manipulation and scalable learning, offering a promising direction for autonomous skill coordination in complex environments. Full article
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15 pages, 447 KB  
Article
Effects of a 12-Week Exercise Intervention on Primitive Reflex Retention and Social Development in Children with ASD and ADHD
by Norikazu Hirose, Yuki Tashiro and Tomoya Takasaki
Children 2025, 12(8), 987; https://doi.org/10.3390/children12080987 - 28 Jul 2025
Viewed by 4488
Abstract
Objective: Retained primitive reflexes are associated with delayed motor and behavioral development in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). This study examined the effects of a 12-week structured exercise intervention on reflex integration, motor coordination, and socio-behavioral outcomes in [...] Read more.
Objective: Retained primitive reflexes are associated with delayed motor and behavioral development in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). This study examined the effects of a 12-week structured exercise intervention on reflex integration, motor coordination, and socio-behavioral outcomes in these populations. Method: Fifteen children with ASD (13 boys, 2 girls) and twelve with ADHD (8 boys, 4 girls), aged 6–12 years, participated in rhythmic, balance, and coordination-based exercises. Primitive reflexes, including the asymmetrical tonic neck reflex (ATNR), were assessed using standardized protocols, and fine motor coordination was evaluated using the Finger and Thumb Opposition Test (FOT). Behavioral outcomes were measured using the Social Responsiveness Scale-2 (SRS-2) for the ASD group and the Conners 3 for the ADHD group. Results: The ASD group showed significant reductions in left-standing ATNR retention scores (p = 0.012) and improvements in right-hand FOT scores (p = 0.023). In the ADHD group, significant improvements were also observed in right-hand FOT scores (p = 0.007). Furthermore, Conners 3 Total and Global Index scores significantly decreased in the ADHD group (p = 0.016 and 0.020, respectively). Reflex retention patterns appeared broader and more bilateral in ASD than in ADHD, suggesting distinct motor developmental profiles. Conclusions: Short-term rhythmic, balance, and whole-body coordination exercise interventions may support behavioral and motor development in children with ASD and ADHD. Tailored programs emphasizing reflex integration hold promise for clinical and educational applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effects of Exercise Interventions on Children)
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19 pages, 3729 KB  
Article
The Application of Migration Learning Network in FMI Lithology Identification: Taking Glutenite Reservoir of an Oilfield in Xinjiang as an Example
by Yangshuo Dou, Xinghua Qi, Weiping Cui, Xinlong Ma and Zhuwen Wang
Processes 2025, 13(7), 2095; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13072095 - 2 Jul 2025
Viewed by 468
Abstract
Formation Microresistivity Scanner Imaging (FMI) plays a crucial role in identifying lithology, sedimentary structures, fractures, and reservoir evaluation. However, during the lithology identification process of FMI images relying on transfer learning networks, the limited dataset size of existing models and their relatively primitive [...] Read more.
Formation Microresistivity Scanner Imaging (FMI) plays a crucial role in identifying lithology, sedimentary structures, fractures, and reservoir evaluation. However, during the lithology identification process of FMI images relying on transfer learning networks, the limited dataset size of existing models and their relatively primitive architecture substantially compromise the accuracy of well-log interpretation results and practical production efficiency. This study employs the VGG-19 transfer learning model as its core framework to conduct preprocessing, feature extraction, and analysis of FMI well-log images from glutenite formations in an oilfield in Xinjiang, with the objective of achieving rapid and accurate intelligent identification and classification of formation lithology. Simultaneously, this paper emphasizes a systematic comparative analysis of the recognition performance between the VGG-19 model and existing models, such as GoogLeNet and Xception, to screen for the model exhibiting the strongest region-specific applicability. The study finds that lithology can be classified into five types based on physical structures and diagnostic criteria: gray glutenite, brown glutenite, fine sandstone, conglomerate, and mudstone. The research results demonstrate the VGG-19 model exhibits superior accuracy in identifying FMI images compared to the other two models; the VGG-19 model achieves a training accuracy of 99.64%, a loss value of 0.034, and a validation accuracy of 95.6%; the GoogLeNet model achieves a training accuracy of 96.1%, a loss value of 0.05615, and a validation accuracy of 90.38%; and the Xception model achieves a training accuracy of 91.3%, a loss value of 0.0713, and a validation accuracy of 87.15%. These findings are anticipated to provide a significant reference for the in-depth application of VGG-19 transfer learning in FMI well-log interpretation. Full article
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11 pages, 2051 KB  
Article
Ocular Ultrasound as a Key to Diagnosing Uveitis-Masked Syndromes: Tips and Tricks
by Valeria Albano, Rosanna Dammacco, Ilaria Lolli, Claudia Ventricelli, Enrico Settimo, Angelo Miggiano, Maria Grazia Pignataro, Paolo Ferreri, Francesco Boscia, Silvana Guerriero and Giovanni Alessio
Clin. Pract. 2025, 15(5), 84; https://doi.org/10.3390/clinpract15050084 - 23 Apr 2025
Viewed by 1112
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Uveitis-masked syndromes or masquerade syndromes (UMSs) are a group of ocular conditions with several systemic underlying causes, malignant or nonmalignant, that mimic the inflammatory status of the uvea. They are often difficult to detect and diagnose with traditional techniques, [...] Read more.
Background and Objectives: Uveitis-masked syndromes or masquerade syndromes (UMSs) are a group of ocular conditions with several systemic underlying causes, malignant or nonmalignant, that mimic the inflammatory status of the uvea. They are often difficult to detect and diagnose with traditional techniques, such as ophthalmic exams. Ocular B (bidimensional)-ultrasound (OBU) is a non-invasive, repeatable, rapid ultrasound method effective in indirect signs that lead back to systemic diseases. It is comparable in effectiveness with other imaging tools. The cause of UMSs can often be serious, and therefore early diagnosis and prompt treatment are critical. This study aimed to identify the sonographic signs of these forms, which can help physicians discover the cause underlying UMS. Materials and Methods: This was a consecutive, retrospective, nonrandomized study. This study was conducted at the University Hospital Polyclinic of Bari, Italy, from January 2022 to December 2024. A total of 186 patients were included, from 10 to 85 years old. They all underwent B-scan ultrasonography (Quantel Medical ABSolu Ocular Ultrasound). Results: All patients reported blurred vision, which could be accompanied by visual reduction (<20/40, Snellen charts), photophobia, floaters, flashes, proptosis, and redness. In all cases, we noted peculiar ultrasonographic signs, which allowed us to discriminate the underlying systemic diagnosis, such as vitreous corpuscles, choroid thickening, and primitive or metastatic solid tumors. Finally, we identified different diseases, such as primary intraocular lymphoma (PIOL), other lymphoproliferative conditions, orbital plasmacytoma, uveal melanoma, metastasis, endogenous endophthalmitis, retinal detachment, central serous retinopathy, metallic foreign bodies, ocular amyloidosis, and drug-induced UMSs. The sensitivity and specificity of ocular ultrasound compared to multimodal ocular imaging in UMSs were as follows: for primary intraocular lymphoma (PIOL) and other lymphoproliferative conditions, 0.98 (95% CI, 0.80–1) and 0.68 (90% CI, 0.40–0.92), respectively; for orbital plasmacytoma, 0.64 (92% CI, 0.52–0.86) and 0.66 (93% CI, 0.48–0.89), respectively; uveal melanoma, 1.00 (98% CI, 0.88–1.00) and 0.98 (95% CI, 0.86–0.98), respectively; metastasis, 0.75 (95% CI, 0.53–0.85) and 0.85 (95% CI, 0.48–0.98), respectively; endogenous endophthalmitis, 1.00 (95% CI, 0.50–1.00) and 0.83 (95% CI, 0.48–0.98), respectively; retinal detachment, both were 1.00 (95% CI, 0.87–1.00 and 0.84–0.97, respectively); central serous retinopathy, 0.60 (80% CI, 0.41–0.88) and 0.85 (95% CI, 0.52–0.98), respectively; metallic foreign bodies, 1.00 (95% CI, 0.78–1.00) and 0.99 (95% CI, 0.99–1.00), respectively; ocular amyloidosis, 0.77 (82% CI, 0.52–0.90) and 0.83 (80% CI, 0.49–0.88), respectively; and drug-induced UMSs, 0.64 (95% CI, 0.49–0.88) and 0.85 (95% CI, 0.52–0.98), respectively. Conclusions: Diagnosing UMS accurately can be quite challenging, and many of its different types frequently go undetected. This complexity in identification often leads to underdiagnosis, meaning it is essential to improve awareness and understanding of the condition in order to achieve better recognition and treatment. Early detection of these forms is imperative. The use of OBU can help diagnose indirect signs of these forms early and treat them promptly. It compares well with other diagnostic imaging techniques, such as MRI, but this does not mean that it replaces them; it can offer added value in multimodal imaging. Full article
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17 pages, 17792 KB  
Article
A Novel Hand Teleoperation Method with Force and Vibrotactile Feedback Based on Dynamic Compliant Primitives Controller
by Peixuan Hu, Xiao Huang, Yunlai Wang, Hui Li and Zhihong Jiang
Biomimetics 2025, 10(4), 194; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics10040194 - 21 Mar 2025
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1334
Abstract
Teleoperation enables robots to perform tasks in dangerous or hard-to-reach environments on behalf of humans, but most methods lack operator immersion and compliance during grasping. To significantly enhance the operator’s sense of immersion and achieve more compliant and adaptive grasping of objects, we [...] Read more.
Teleoperation enables robots to perform tasks in dangerous or hard-to-reach environments on behalf of humans, but most methods lack operator immersion and compliance during grasping. To significantly enhance the operator’s sense of immersion and achieve more compliant and adaptive grasping of objects, we introduce a novel teleoperation method for dexterous robotic hands. This method integrates finger-to-finger force and vibrotactile feedback based on the Fuzzy Logic-Dynamic Compliant Primitives (FL-DCP) controller. It employs fuzzy logic theory to identify the stiffness of the object being grasped, facilitating more effective manipulation during teleoperated tasks. Utilizing Dynamic Compliant Primitives, the robotic hand implements adaptive impedance control in torque mode based on stiffness identification. Then the immersive bilateral teleoperation system integrates finger-to-finger force and vibrotactile feedback, with real-time force information from the robotic hand continuously transmitted back to the operator to enhance situational awareness and operational judgment. This bidirectional feedback loop increases the success rate of teleoperation and reduces operator fatigue, improving overall performance. Experimental results show that this bio-inspired method outperforms existing approaches in compliance and adaptability during teleoperation grasping tasks. This method mirrors how human naturally modulate muscle stiffness when interacting with different objects, integrating human-like decision-making and precise robotic control to advance teleoperated systems and pave the way for broader applications in remote environments. Full article
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18 pages, 2269 KB  
Article
Persistence of Primitive Reflexes as Possible Predictive Factors for Progression, Prevention, and Early Rehabilitation Intervention in Idiopathic Scoliosis
by Liliana Vlădăreanu, Mădălina Gabriela Iliescu, Iulia Tania Andronache and Elena Danteș
Medicina 2025, 61(3), 427; https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina61030427 - 28 Feb 2025
Viewed by 1862
Abstract
Background and objectives: Idiopathic scoliosis is a three-dimensional spinal deformity characterized by a lateral curvature exceeding 10 degrees in the frontal plane accompanied by vertebral rotation in the transverse plane. Despite extensive research on genetic and neurological factors, its etiology is uncertain. [...] Read more.
Background and objectives: Idiopathic scoliosis is a three-dimensional spinal deformity characterized by a lateral curvature exceeding 10 degrees in the frontal plane accompanied by vertebral rotation in the transverse plane. Despite extensive research on genetic and neurological factors, its etiology is uncertain. This prospective observational study aims to investigate the relation between the primitive reflexes, specifically, the asymmetric tonic neck reflex (ATNR), symmetric tonic neck reflex (STNR), and spinal Galant reflex (SGR), which play key roles in early motor development and postural control and the severity of idiopathic scoliosis (measured via the Cobb angle and the Nash–Moe rotational quota. Additionally, the study evaluated whether the retention of primitive reflexes correlates with increased progression risk over 12 months of conservative treatment. Materials and Methods: Our study cohort included 162 patients, aged 7–19 years, diagnosed with idiopathic scoliosis, who underwent clinical examination and assessment of retained primitive reflexes using standardized grading systems. Results: A total of 162 patients (95 girls, 67 boys; mean age: 12.73 ± 2.74 years) met the inclusion criteria. In 73.5% of the cases, scoliosis was detected, with the majority occurring in the dorsal region (40.1%). The mean initial Cobb angle was 13.49° ± 7.14°, with no significant change after 12 months of conservative treatment (p = 0.584). Nash–Moe rotation scores were 1 in 52.5% and 2 in 22% of the cases. Retention of the following primitive reflexes were identified at baseline: Moro (19.1%), ATNR (38.3%), STNR (44.4%), and GSR (27.8%). GSR retention significantly correlated with the Cobb angle (p = 0.011; R = 0.233). All the reflex scores decreased significantly after 12 months, but no correlation existed between the retained reflexes and scoliosis progression. Patients with a history of quadrupedal locomotion had significantly lower ATNR (p = 0.002), STNR (p < 0.001), and GSR (p = 0.017) retention. Conclusions: These findings suggest that primitive reflex testing could serve as an early screening tool in scoliosis risk stratification, being a cost-effective, non-invasive instrument for identifying at-risk children before clinically significant deformity develops. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Sports Medicine and Sports Traumatology)
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17 pages, 41301 KB  
Article
Fossil or Non-Fossil: A Case Study in the Archaeological Wheat Triticum parvicoccum (Poaceae: Triticeae)
by Diego Rivera, P. Pablo Ferrer-Gallego, Concepción Obón, Francisco Alcaraz, Emilio Laguna, Nikolay P. Goncharov and Mordechai Kislev
Genes 2025, 16(3), 274; https://doi.org/10.3390/genes16030274 - 25 Feb 2025
Viewed by 841
Abstract
Background/Objectives: The archaeobotanical taxon “Triticum parvicoccum” was first described in 1980 as a small-grained, naked, free-threshing, and dense ear tetraploid wheat species (2n = 4x = 28) identified from archaeological remains. This primitive tetraploid, cultivated in the Levant approximately [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: The archaeobotanical taxon “Triticum parvicoccum” was first described in 1980 as a small-grained, naked, free-threshing, and dense ear tetraploid wheat species (2n = 4x = 28) identified from archaeological remains. This primitive tetraploid, cultivated in the Levant approximately 9000 years ago and subsequently dispersed throughout the Fertile Crescent, represents a potential contributor of the BBAA genomes to T. aestivum. This study aims to resolve the complex nomenclatural status of this taxon, which has remained ambiguous due to competing interpretations under fossil and non-fossil taxonomic regulations. Methods: We conducted a comprehensive nomenclatural review to evaluate the taxonomic validity of T. parvicoccum, analyzing previous research on the classification of archaeobotanical materials in relation to fossil status. Results: Our analysis demonstrated that archaeobotanical materials do not qualify as fossils and led to the validation of the taxon at a subspecific rank as a non-fossil entity: T. turgidum subsp. parvicoccum Kislev. subsp. nov. The holotype was established using a charred rachis fragment from Timnah (Tel Batash), an archaeological site on the inner Coastal Plain (Shfela) adjacent to the western piedmont of the Judean Mountains, Israel. Conclusions: This study resolves the longstanding nomenclatural uncertainty surrounding this archaeologically significant wheat taxon, providing a valid taxonomic designation that reflects its biological and historical importance while adhering to current botanical nomenclature standards. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Quality Gene Mining and Breeding of Wheat)
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17 pages, 2722 KB  
Article
Recognition of State of Health Based on Discharge Curve of Battery by Signal Temporal Logic
by Jing Ning, Bing Xiao and Wenhui Zhong
World Electr. Veh. J. 2025, 16(3), 127; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj16030127 - 24 Feb 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1139
Abstract
In order to study an algorithm that recognizes the state of health (SOH) of a battery rapidly and can be easily integrated into the micro-controller unit (MCU), it is proposed that signal temporal logic (STL) language is employed to describe the discharge curves, [...] Read more.
In order to study an algorithm that recognizes the state of health (SOH) of a battery rapidly and can be easily integrated into the micro-controller unit (MCU), it is proposed that signal temporal logic (STL) language is employed to describe the discharge curves, because the STL language is a formal language with strict mathematical definitions and the syntax is composed of simple logic, “and”, “or”, and “not”, under the constraints of time and parameter variation ranges, which is realizable and interpretable. Firstly, the drop voltage amplitude, drop time, voltage rebound amplitude, voltage rebound time, starting voltage, and ending voltage of the discharge curve are selected as the features of the STL formula, so the first-level and second-level primitive formulas are constructed to express the voltage of a battery in good health and poor health clearly. Secondly, the impurity measures of the information gain, misclassification gain, Gini gain, and robust extended gain are presented as the objective functions. Thirdly, the interpreter embedded in the MCU can interpret and execute each STL sentence. The voltage of a battery in good health rises slowly and falls slowly, while the voltage of a battery in poor health rises quickly and falls quickly. When the STL describes the discharge curve as “slow down slow up”, the battery is in good health. When the STL describes the discharge curve as “fast down, fast up”, the battery is in poor health. Among the different objective functions, the highest mean accuracy of the STL reaches 87.5%. In terms of the mean runtime, the extended misclassification gain and the extended Gini gain of the first-level primitives are 00851s and 0.0993, respectively. Under the same mean accuracy of 87%, the information gain and Gini gain of the second-level primitives are 0.2593 s and 0.2341 s. Compared with the existing machine learning algorithms, in terms of the mean runtime, the STL algorithm is superior to the CNN-BiLSTM-MHA model, RNN-LSTM-GRU model, and EC-MKRVM model. In terms of the mean accuracy, compared with the highest correct rate of the CNN-BiLSTM-MHA model, that is, 91.7%, the difference is 4%. As a means of quickly detecting whether the battery is in a healthy state, the accuracy difference is negligible, so the STL algorithm is apparently superior in terms of performance and realizability. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Lithium-Ion Battery Diagnosis: Health and Safety)
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26 pages, 56274 KB  
Review
Chemical Evolution of Life on Earth
by Lei Lei and Zachary Frome Burton
Genes 2025, 16(2), 220; https://doi.org/10.3390/genes16020220 - 13 Feb 2025
Viewed by 4448
Abstract
Background/Objectives: The origin of genes and genetics is the story of the coevolution of translation systems and the genetic code. Remarkably, the history of the origin of life on Earth was inscribed and preserved in the sequences of tRNAs. Methods: Sequence [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: The origin of genes and genetics is the story of the coevolution of translation systems and the genetic code. Remarkably, the history of the origin of life on Earth was inscribed and preserved in the sequences of tRNAs. Methods: Sequence logos demonstrate the patterning of pre-life tRNA sequences. Results: The pre-life type I and type II tRNA sequences are known to the last nucleotide with only a few ambiguities. Type I and type II tRNAs evolved from ligation of three 31 nt minihelices of highly patterned and known sequence followed by closely related 9 nt internal deletion(s) within ligated acceptor stems. The D loop 17 nt core was a truncated UAGCC repeat. The anticodon and T 17 nt stem-loop-stems are homologous sequences with 5 nt stems and 7 nt U-turn loops that were selected in pre-life to resist ribozyme nucleases and to present a 3 nt anticodon with a single wobble position. The 7 nt T loop in tRNA was selected to interact with the D loop at the “elbow”. The 5′-acceptor stem was based on a 7 nt truncated GCG repeat. The 3′-acceptor stem was based on a complementary 7 nt CGC repeat. In pre-life, ACCA-Gly was a primitive adapter molecule ligated to many RNAs, including tRNAs, to synthesize polyglycine. Conclusions: Analysis of sequence logos of tRNAs from an ancient Archaeon substantiates how the pre-life to life transition occurred on Earth. Polyglycine is posited to have aggregated complex molecular assemblies, including minihelices, tRNAs, cooperating molecules, and protocells, leading to the first life on Earth. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Population and Evolutionary Genetics and Genomics)
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20 pages, 3302 KB  
Article
Distinct Phenotypic and Molecular Characteristics of CD34 and CD34+ Hematopoietic Stem/Progenitor Cell Subsets in Cord Blood and Bone Marrow Samples: Implications for Clinical Applications
by Ameera Gaafar, Fatheia Nabeil Hamza, Rama Yousif, Zakia Shinwari, Aminah Ghazi Alotaibi, Alia Iqniebi, Khalid Al-Hussein, Amer Al-Mazrou, Pulicat Subramanian Manogaran, Tusneem Elhassan, Marcela Marquez-Méndez, Mahmood Aljurf, Hind Al-Humaidan and Ayodele Alaiya
Diagnostics 2025, 15(4), 447; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics15040447 - 12 Feb 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1954
Abstract
Background/Objectives: We aimed to identify the molecular signatures of primitive CD34+ and CD34 hematopoietic stem/progenitor cell (HSC/HPC) subsets in cord blood and bone marrow samples. Methods: CD34+ and CD34 HSC/HPC subsets from cord blood and bone marrow were characterized [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: We aimed to identify the molecular signatures of primitive CD34+ and CD34 hematopoietic stem/progenitor cell (HSC/HPC) subsets in cord blood and bone marrow samples. Methods: CD34+ and CD34 HSC/HPC subsets from cord blood and bone marrow were characterized using flow cytometry, real-time PCR, and proteomic analysis to evaluate their phenotypic and molecular profiles. Results: Our findings revealed a significantly higher percentage of LinCD34CD38Low/− (−/−) cells than of LinCD34+CD38Low/− (+/−) cells in cord blood. Aldehyde dehydrogenase levels were significantly lower in (−/−) than in (+/−) cells. Clonogenic ability was lower in (−/−) than in (+/−) cells. However, CD34 cells exhibited potent megakaryocyte/erythrocyte differentiation ability. Importantly, the HSC/HPC subsets expressed pluripotency or stemness genes (SOX2, Nanog, and OCT4); however, OCT4 expression significantly increased in (−/−) compared with (+/−) cells. We identified 304 proteins in the HSC/HPC subsets—85.6% had similar expression patterns in the two subsets; only 14.4% were differentially expressed between (−/−) and (+/−) cells. This implies their comparability at the protein level. Certain proteins were implicated in cellular-development-, gene-expression-, and embryonic-development-related signaling networks. Conclusions: Distinct biological and functional characteristics were observed between (−/−) and (+/−) HSC/HPC subsets. Some of the identified proteins may be novel HSC/HPC subsets markers for clinical applications after validation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Clinical Laboratory Medicine)
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