Search Results (2,592)

Species belonging to the genus Seseli have long been known to be used as herbal remedies in traditional medicine for various purposes such as colds, inflammation, pain, and gastrointestinal disorders. Therefore, in this study, the flower parts of Seseli transcaucasicum (Schischk.) Pimenov & Sdobnina were extracted using methanol and acetone to investigate their phytochemical composition and antioxidant, antimicrobial, and cytotoxic activities. For this purpose, total phenolic content (TPC), DPPH free radical scavenging activity (RSA), phenolic component (PCs) profile, volatile component composition, antimicrobial effect, and cytotoxic potential on the HT29 human colorectal adenocarcinoma cell line were evaluated. When the results were examined, HPLC analysis of phenolic components revealed that both extracts contained particularly high levels of rosmarinic acid, catechin, and quercetin. Among these, rosmarinic acid was detected in the highest amount, with 15.195 mg/g in the methanol extract and 14.929 mg/g in the acetone extract. The volatile components of this plant were determined by GC-MS, and a total of 29 volatile compounds were identified. Among these, β-pinene (220.792 mg/kg), Δ3-carotene (81.898 mg/kg), α-sedrene (63.331 mg/kg), elixen (44.535 mg/kg), sabinene (40.822 mg/kg), and D-limonene (38.422 mg/kg) were identified as the most dominant compounds. It was observed that the methanol extract had a higher total phenolic content (77.389 ± 1.389 mg gallic acid equivalent/g extract) and higher free radical scavenging activity (40.933 ± 0.067 mg trolox equivalent/g extract) compared to the acetone extract. Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, and Candida albicans strains were used to determine the antimicrobial activities of plant extracts, and moderate inhibitory effects were observed against these microorganisms. The highest antimicrobial activity was determined by the 16 mm inhibition zone created against S. aureus by the methanol extract at a concentration of 100 mg/mL. The cytotoxic activity of the plant was determined by measuring its dose-dependent antiproliferative effect on HT29 cells. When the difference between solvents was examined, it was observed that the acetone extract at a concentration of 500 µg/mL reduced cell viability by 18.03%, while the methanol extract at the same concentration reduced viability by 30.56%. According to the results, S. transcaucasicum is rich in phenolic and terpenic compounds and exhibits antioxidant, antimicrobial, and cytotoxic effects. Therefore, this plant species is considered a promising resource for the development of naturally occurring biologically active compounds. Full article

The increasing prevalence of antimicrobial resistance in bacteria highlights the need for alternative membrane-active compounds with favorable safety profiles. β-Caryophyllene (BCP), a bicyclic sesquiterpene, has demonstrated antimicrobial effects; however, its biological responses in Gram-negative bacteria and associated membrane interactions remain insufficiently characterized. In this study, the growth inhibitory effect of BCP against E. coli ATCC 25922 was evaluated through OD595 growth kinetics, while hemocompatibility was assessed using sheep erythrocytes, and cannabidiol (CBD) was included as a comparative control. To investigate membrane-associated effects, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was performed using DPPE/DPPG (8:2) bilayers as a simplified phospholipid membrane model. BCP inhibited bacterial growth with an IC₅₀ of 0.83 mg/mL and exhibited low hemolytic activity (2.92% at 1 mg/mL). DSC analyses revealed concentration-dependent shifts in phase transition temperature and reductions in transition enthalpy (ΔH kJ/mol) 36% and 82% for BCP-5 and CBD-10 according to the control, indicating alterations in lipid organization and membrane thermotropic behavior. In contrast, CBD showed greater growth inhibitory potency (IC₅₀ of 0.042 mg/mL) but more pronounced disruption of membrane organization. Overall, these findings suggest that BCP exhibits moderate growth inhibition associated with membrane related effects and low hemolytic activity, providing insights into the relationship between physicochemical properties, membrane interactions, and biological responses. Full article

Postharvest spoilage of cherry tomatoes caused by pathogenic microorganisms and oxidative browning leads to significant economic losses and food waste. Natural bioactive compounds are gaining increasing attention as alternatives to synthetic pesticides. In this study, a nanoemulsion (NED) formulation of nature-derived 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol was developed and evaluated for its potential to preserve cherry tomato quality during storage. The NED was prepared using high-pressure homogenization, and demonstrated good water solubility and stability. The particles and polydispersity index of NED were an average size of 80–170 nm and 0.2389, respectively. The conductivity and zeta potential of the nanoemulsion were detected as 1.007 mS/cm and 1.611 mV, respectively. Antimicrobial assays showed that the nanoemulsion effectively inhibited the growth of major postharvest pathogens, including human-pathogenic bacterial S. aureus, and phytopathogenic fungal B. cinerea, with minimum inhibitory concentration values of 1.0, 2.0 μL/mL, respectively. Preservation performance tests indicated that the nanoemulsion was effective under both room temperature and refrigerated conditions. When applied to cherry tomatoes, the NED significantly reduced surface bacterial quantity, and preserved fruit quality, as evidenced by a lower weight loss rate, and higher levels of soluble sugars, protein, total phenolics, flavonoids, and ascorbic acid, and total antioxidant capacity (all comparisons were statistically evaluated by one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s HSD test, p < 0.05). Importantly, the NED can be completely removed after three times of washing. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that NED is an effective and safe bioactive preservative under laboratory-scale conditions. However, further validation under commercial postharvest handling conditions is necessary prior to practical application. This work provides a fundamental basis for the application of nanoencapsulated natural phenolic compounds in the postharvest preservation of fruits and vegetables. Full article

Background/Objectives: The increasing global prevalence of chronic diseases has intensified the search for potential natural therapeutic agents. Fagonia arabica is a medicinal plant widely used in traditional medicine; however, comparative information on the phytochemical composition and biological activities of its leaves and seeds remains limited. To the best of our knowledge, this study represents the first comparative investigation of the phytochemical profiles and bioactivities of methanolic leaf (FALE) and seed (FASE) extracts of F. arabica collected from Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Methods: Methanolic extracts were analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS), and their total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), antioxidant, antimicrobial, anticancer, and antidiabetic activities were evaluated using standard in vitro assays. Results: GC–MS analysis identified 60 and 68 compounds in FALE and FASE, respectively, with (9Z,12Z,15Z)-octadeca-9,12,15-trienoic acid, hexadecanoic acid, dimethyl-2,3,4,7,8,9,11,12,14,15,16,17-dodecahydro-1H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-ol, and (1R,3aR,5aR,5bR,7aR,9S,11aR,11bR,13aR,13bR)-3a,5a,5b,8,8,11a-Hexamethyl-1-(prop-1-en-2-yl)-1,2,3,4,5,6,7,7a,9,10,11,11b,12,13,13a,13b-hexadecahydrocyclopenta[a]chrysen-9-ol as major constituents. FASE exhibited higher TPC and TFC values (104.13 mg GAE/g and 62.16 mg QE/g, respectively) than FALE. Both extracts demonstrated antioxidant activity, with FASE showing greater potency against DPPH and ABTS radicals (IC₅₀ = 63.3 and 42.4 μg/mL, respectively). FASE also displayed broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity, particularly against Staphylococcus aureus (MIC = 7.81 μg/mL). Furthermore, FASE exhibited stronger concentration-dependent cytotoxicity against MCF-7 and HepG2 cells, with IC₅₀ values of 106.8 and 89.5 μg/mL, respectively, compared with 112.5 and 103.1 μg/mL for FALE. Apoptosis induction in MCF-7 and HepG2 cells was associated with upregulation of caspase-3, caspase-8, caspase-9, and Bax, alongside downregulation of Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL. In addition, FASE exhibited potent α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities (IC₅₀ = 61.62 and 67.38 μg/mL, respectively), comparable to acarbose. Conclusions: These findings highlight F. arabica seed extract as a promising source of multifunctional bioactive compounds with potential pharmaceutical application. Full article

Background: Here, we report the isolation and identification of a Paenibacillus polymyxa strain from the citizen science project, Swab and Send. P. polymyxa is well known for its production of polymyxin E (colistin), and polymyxin B. Polymyxins are ranked in the highest-priority critically important antimicrobial classification by the WHO and are of particular importance for treating Gram-negative multi-drug-resistant pathogens. Due to their clinical use, most of the literature focusses on these polymyxin variants, and there is sparse genetic research on other polymyxin variants. Methods: The Paenibacillus polymyxa 1G strain was isolated and tested for antimicrobial activity using a combination of on-agar and liquid-based inhibition assays to detect antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli. The isolate was also tested for activity in liquid media against a panel of isolates showing various resistances to test if our strain could overcome current clinically important resistance mechanisms. Our isolate was whole-genome-sequenced, and bioinformatics was carried out on the resulting sequence to analyse the relevant biosynthetic gene cluster. The cell-free supernatant from the P. polymyxa 1G isolate was also analysed using mass spectrometry to confirm the production of the polymyxin. Results: P. polymyxa 1G was active on agar and resulted in antimicrobial activity, with a 99% reduction in area under the curve when tested in liquid media against E. coli. P. polymyxa 1G did not inhibit the growth of E. coli containing mcr-1 or mcr-4 colistin-resistance genes. Using whole genome sequencing, we are able to describe the biosynthetic gene cluster of the putative polymyxin A, compare the pmxA, pmxB, and pmxE genes to five other polymyxin genes that encode known polymyxin variants, and provide mass spectrometry data that supports the production of polymyxin A₁ (1157 m/z) and A₂ (1143 m/z). Conclusions: Here, we report the isolation and identification of a P. polymyxa strain producing a polymyxin A-like compound that was discovered through the citizen science project, Swab and Send. We add to the genetic and mass spectrometry data for polymyxin A, and demonstrate that this putative polymyxin A, produced naturally by our strain, is unable to overcome the current clinically relevant resistance mechanisms to colistin. Full article

The valorization of agro-industrial by-products has gained increasing attention as a sustainable strategy to support circular economy principles and reduce environmental impacts. Spain, the world’s largest olive oil producer, generates substantial amounts of olive pomace (OP), which can represent up to 80% of the processed olive mass. Due to their hydrophilic nature, approximately 98% of olive phenolic compounds remain in OP after oil extraction, making this by-product a valuable source of bioactive compounds with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and cardioprotective properties. Numerous extraction strategies have been investigated to maximize phenolic recovery while reducing processing costs and environmental impacts. Conventional solvent-based techniques, such as solid–liquid extraction (SLE) and liquid–liquid extraction (LLE), remain widely used, while greener approaches, including microwave-, ultrasound-, supercritical fluid-, pressurized liquid-, and high-pressure-assisted extraction, among others, have gained increasing attention. In addition, deep eutectic solvents (DES) have been applied either alone or in combination with green extraction technologies to enhance extraction efficiency. This review provides a comprehensive overview of extraction techniques for OP valorization and the analytical methodologies used to characterize OP extracts, including spectrophotometric and chromatographic approaches. The biological activities of OP-derived phenolics and their food applications are also discussed, highlighting their valorization potential. Full article

Atlantic bonito (Sarda sarda) is a commercially important fish species with high nutritional value that is widely harvested along the Portuguese coast; however, it is highly susceptible to lipid oxidation and microbial deterioration during refrigerated storage. This study investigated the effectiveness of oregano oil (OO) emulsion coatings, with and without fish gelatin, to preserve quality and increase shelf life of Atlantic bonito fillets stored at 5 °C for 10 days. Emulsions were produced by high-intensity ultrasound treatment and subsequently, applied as surface coatings. Physicochemical, microbiological, and quality-related parameters, including pH, water activity, lipid oxidation, protein oxidation, color, and texture, were evaluated throughout storage. Water activity of the coated fillets remained stable (p > 0.05), whereas pH values remained below 6.0 until day 7. Coated fillets exhibited reduced oxidative deterioration and delayed microbial growth compared with uncoated fillets, with the 10% OO emulsion coating (OO₁₀) showing the higher effectiveness in maintaining color stability and limiting oxidation. The OO₁₀ emulsion coating with fish gelatin (FO₁₀) improved antimicrobial performance, although the gelatin matrix appeared to modulate the release of bioactive compounds from OO. Overall, OO emulsion coatings represent a promising natural preservation approach for extending the shelf life and maintaining the quality attributes of refrigerated fish products. Full article

In this study, pathogenic bacteria were isolated from diseased Pelteobagrus fulvidraco collected from a yellow catfish farm in northern China. The recovered isolate was subjected to Gram staining, transmission electron microscopy observation, 16S rRNA gene sequencing and whole-genome sequencing, followed by systematic analyses of its antimicrobial resistance, pathogenicity and genomic characteristics. Combined with artificial infection assays and multiple comparative verifications, the pathogen was identified as Vibrio mimicus. Clinical observation of naturally infected fish revealed that superficial skin ulcers of varying severity constituted the hallmark clinical sign of this disease. Genomic analysis uncovered major virulence-related genes, including tlh, vmh and tdh, as well as key antimicrobial resistance genes such as crp and ugd. Artificial infection trials confirmed the strong virulence of this isolate against P. fulvidraco, with distinct clinical manifestations triggered by injections of bacterial suspensions at different concentrations. Mortality was first observed in the high-dose group at 2–3 days post-injection, yet no cutaneous ulceration was detected at this stage. The peak incidence and mortality occurred between 3 and 7 days post-challenge, with diseased fish exhibiting lesions identical to those seen in naturally infected individuals. The median lethal dose (LD₅₀) of the isolate was determined to be 1.72 × 10⁵ CFU/mL. Growth gradient assays across varying temperatures and pH values identified the optimal culture conditions for this strain: 33 °C and pH 8.5. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing demonstrated that the isolate was highly susceptible to piperacillin, norfloxacin, roxithromycin, azithromycin, furazolidone, ceftriaxone and tetracycline, whereas it displayed high-level resistance to compound sulfamethoxazole and clindamycin. Collectively, this work lays a scientific foundation for the isolation, identification and comprehensive research of Vibrio mimicus-induced ulcerative disease in yellow catfish. Full article

Stipagrostis plumosa is a desert grass that remains relatively underexplored with respect to its phytochemical composition and biological activities, particularly against pathogens of veterinary relevance. This study aimed to characterize the phytochemical profile of S. plumosa and evaluate the antioxidant, antimicrobial, and cytotoxic activities of its extracts and solvent fractions. Aerial parts of S. plumosa were collected during the flowering season from Al-Quwai’iyah, Saudi Arabia, and subjected to methanolic extraction followed by solvent fractionation. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents, antioxidant activity, antimicrobial activity against bacterial and fungal strains, and cytotoxicity against MCF-7 and A549 cells were evaluated. GC–MS was used to characterize the ethyl acetate and chloroform fractions. The crude methanolic extract contained 72.1 mg GAE/g extract of total phenolics and 13.6 mg QE/g extract of total flavonoids. The ethyl acetate fraction exhibited the strongest antioxidant activity (IC₅₀ = 72.48 µg/mL) and the most pronounced antimicrobial activity, whereas the chloroform fraction showed the highest cytotoxic activity against MCF-7 and A549 cells, with IC₅₀ values of 173.52 and 194.17 µg/mL, respectively. GC–MS profiling revealed diverse phenolic derivatives, fatty acids and their esters, oxygenated compounds, and phytosterol-related constituents. Stigmasta-3,5-dien-7-one (14.70%) and vanillic acid (7.18%) predominated in the ethyl acetate fraction, while hexadecanoic acid methyl ester (5.28%) was among the major constituents of the chloroform fraction. Overall, the fraction-dependent biological activities and diverse phytochemical profiles highlight S. plumosa as a promising source of natural bioactive compounds with potential relevance to veterinary health and the development of alternative antimicrobial strategies. Full article

Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) is a clinically relevant opportunistic pathogen whose persistence and antimicrobial tolerance are largely driven by biofilm formation and quorum-sensing (QS)-regulated virulence. Targeting QS has therefore emerged as an antivirulence strategy that attenuates pathogenicity without exerting strong selective pressure on bacterial growth. This systematic review (2020–2024) analyzes recent advances in the identification of QS inhibitors against PA, emphasizing studies that integrate in silico approaches. Forty-six studies met the inclusion criteria. All employed molecular docking, and 36.9% (n = 17) incorporated molecular dynamics simulations. While valuable for initial detection, these computational predictions have inherent limitations in accurately estimating binding energy and conformational dynamics, requiring empirical validation to confirm actual biological activity. Approximately one-fifth of the studies were exclusively computational, whereas the remainder combined in silico screening with in vitro and, in some cases, in vivo assays. The most frequently investigated QS regulators were LasR, PqsR, and RhlR, alongside additional virulence-associated proteins. The evaluated compounds encompassed phytochemicals, synthetic molecules, nanomaterials and natural product-derived compounds, several of which demonstrated experimental evidence of biofilm attenuation and reduction in QS-regulated virulence factors. Overall, the findings highlight the value of integrating computational and experimental strategies to rationally prioritize antivirulence candidates. However, the intrinsic complexity and redundancy of the QS network suggest that future research should increasingly focus on multitarget approaches and on the exploration of chemically diverse and previously underexplored compound libraries to improve efficacy against PA biofilms. Full article

Background: Endophytic fungi are important sources of structurally diverse antimicrobial natural products, but their potential to yield antitubercular scaffolds remains insufficiently explored. This study aimed to uncover new decalin polyketides from the endophytic fungus, Trichoderma longicollum 17007, and to evaluate their biological activity. Methods: Feature-based molecular networking (FBMN) analysis of the ethyl acetate extract from rice-based cultures was performed using trichoharzin as a seed compound to guide targeted isolation. Structures were established by HRMS, 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy, NOESY analysis, and quantum chemical ECD calculations. Cytotoxicity and activity against the avirulent Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Ra strain were evaluated, and genome mining was performed to identify a candidate biosynthetic gene cluster. Results: Six new decalin polyketides, tandyukisins K–P (1–6), and two known analogues, trichoharzin (7) and tandyukisin J (8), were isolated. Compounds 1–6 are C1-O-acetylated analogues bearing a 3-methylpentenedioate-type acyl side chain. Comparative ¹³C NMR analysis revealed empirical features useful for assigning side-chain attachment site, double-bond position and geometry. Tandyukisins K (1) and P (6) showed moderate activity against the avirulent M. tuberculosis H37Ra strain, with a MIC value of 12.5 μg/mL. Conclusions: These findings expand the structural diversity of decalin polyketides and provide the first evidence of antitubercular activity by this compound family. Full article

Background/Objectives: Antimicrobial resistance is a critical threat to global public health. Eugenol is a bioactive compound with broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity that has attracted increasing interest as a naturally derived antimicrobial agent with potential complementary applications to conventional antibiotics, but its clinical application is severely limited by its high volatility, low water solubility and thermo-oxidative instability. The main objective of this study was to develop eugenol-loaded microparticles using a ternary biopolymer matrix, to characterise their main physicochemical properties, and to evaluate their in vitro antimicrobial efficacy against clinically relevant bacterial reference strains. Methods: The microparticles were formulated from an emulsion of maltodextrin, gum arabic and soy lecithin, and encapsulated using a spray-drying technique. Product recovery, particle morphology assessed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), particle size distribution determined by laser diffraction, and encapsulation efficiency quantified by GC-FID were analysed. Subsequently, antimicrobial activity was evaluated by comparing the microparticles with free eugenol using agar well diffusion and broth microdilution assays to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) against eight bacterial strains. Results: The spray-drying process achieved a product recovery of 61.88% and an encapsulation efficiency of 52.45%. The resulting microparticles exhibited a smooth, spherical morphology with diameters of less than 20 µm. In microbiological assays, microencapsulation significantly reduced MIC values by 4- to 16-fold compared with free eugenol for susceptible strains. The formulation exhibited potent activity against most of the Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogens tested, except for Pseudomonas aeruginosa, which remained resistant to both formulations. Conclusions: The encapsulation of eugenol in this optimised biopolymer matrix substantially improved its antimicrobial efficacy against the tested bacterial strains. These findings highlight the potential of spray-dried eugenol microparticles as a promising antimicrobial formulation and provide a basis for their further development for topical applications. Further studies are warranted to evaluate their pharmaceutical performance and antimicrobial mechanisms. Full article

Antimicrobial resistance is a major global health challenge that has created an urgent need for new antibacterial agents capable of overcoming emerging resistance mechanisms. Among nitrogen-containing heterocycles, pyrrolidine has been widely investigated in medicinal chemistry due to its structural versatility, favourable physicochemical properties, and ability to enhance interactions with biological targets. This review provides a comprehensive and critical overview of pyrrolidine-based compounds investigated for antibacterial applications. Relevant studies describing clinically approved antibiotics, natural products, synthetic derivatives, hybrid molecules, and antibacterial adjuvants containing a pyrrolidine scaffold were collected, classified, and critically evaluated, with particular emphasis on structural features, antibacterial activity, and structure–activity relationships. The reviewed evidence demonstrates that the pyrrolidine moiety is present in several antibacterial drug classes, including carbapenems, cephalosporins, fluoroquinolones, lincosamides, streptogramins, and tetracyclines, where it contributes to improved target affinity, antibacterial potency, and pharmacokinetic behaviour. Numerous recently reported pyrrolidine derivatives have shown promising activity against clinically relevant, multidrug-resistant bacterial pathogens. The pyrrolidine scaffold is valuable for the design of next-generation antibacterial agents and resistance-modifying compounds, though further in vivo studies and pharmacological evaluation are required to support their clinical development. Full article

Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) from traditional foods are a useful source of natural biopreservatives. This study isolated and characterized indigenous LAB from goat meat produced in the argan grove ecosystem of the Souss-Massa region, Morocco, to identify strains that could improve food safety and shelf life. LAB were isolated under anaerobic conditions and screened by Gram staining, catalase test, growth profiling, and biochemical assays. Proteolytic, gelatinase, and hemolytic activity were assessed, together with antimicrobial activity against foodborne pathogens by agar well diffusion. The most promising strains were identified by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The selected isolates belonged to Latilactobacillus and Enterococcus. Several isolates strongly inhibited Salmonella enterica, Listeria monocytogenes and Staphylococcus aureus, and none were hemolytic or gelatinase-positive. The sustained inhibition even after neutralization of pH suggested that the antimicrobial effects might be mediated by bacteriocin-like compounds or other non-acidic metabolites. In the strains tested, L. sakei MG4013 gave the best results because of its wide range of antimicrobial activity and absence of hemolytic, gelatinase, proteolytic and lipolytic activities. Goat meat from the Souss-Massa region therefore harbours LAB with biopreservative potential, with potential for use as natural preservatives in traditional meat products or as starter cultures in fermented foods. However, before being used as natural preservatives or starter cultures, they need to be further validated in food matrices. Full article

The increasing demand for sustainable agricultural practices has intensified the search for natural alternatives for the control of plant pathogens. This study aimed to evaluate the in vitro inhibitory activity of plant extracts obtained from agro-industrial byproducts, including pomegranate peel (Punica granatum), chestnut peel (Castanea sativa), and grape pomace (Vitis vinifera), against the bacterium Pseudomonas savastanoi and the fungus Colletotrichum fioriniae. Antibacterial activity was assessed using the disk diffusion and Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) methods. Antifungal activity was evaluated for all extracts through mycelial growth inhibition, spore quantification, and viability assays. Based on its overall antimicrobial performance and extraction yield, the P. granatum extract was selected for evaluation in a detached olive fruit bioassay. The results showed that the pomegranate peel extract exhibited an inhibition halo of $9.80\pm 0.10$ mm against Pseudomonas savastanoi, with a MIC of 5.0 mg/mL and a predominantly bacteriostatic effect. Regarding antifungal activity, the Castanea sativa extract showed the highest inhibition of mycelial growth, reaching 27.27% after 3 days and reducing sporulation by up to 44.36%, whereas the Punica granatum and Vitis vinifera extracts exhibited only moderate inhibitory effects. In the sporulation assay, all extracts reduced spore production and increased early conidial germination, a transient response not accompanied by enhanced fungal development. In the detached olive fruit bioassay, pre-treatment with the P. granatum extract delayed disease progression and reduced final disease severity from 100% in the positive control to 64%, whereas simultaneous application of the extract and the pathogen did not provide a protective effect. Overall, the findings highlight the potential of plant-derived agro-industrial byproducts as sources of bioactive compounds for sustainable plant disease management strategies. Full article