Search Results (175)

Cyber-physical systems such as Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) have been applied in industrial automation and infrastructure management for decades. They are hybrid tools for administration, monitoring, and continuous control of real physical systems through their computational representation. SCADA systems have evolved along with computing technology, from their beginnings with low-performance computers, monochrome monitors and communication networks with a range of a few hundred meters, to high-performance systems with advanced 3D graphics and wired and wireless computer networks. This article presents a methodology for the design of a SCADA system with a 3D Visualization for Drinking Water Supply, and its implementation in the Lerma Basin System of Mexico City as a case study. The monitoring of water consumption from the wells is presented, as well as the pressure levels throughout the system. The 3D visualization is generated from the GIS information and the communication is carried out using a hybrid radio frequency transmission system, satellite, and telephone network. The pumps that extract water from each well are teleoperated and monitored in real time. The developed system can be scaled to generate a simulator of water behavior of the Lerma Basin System and perform contingency planning. Full article

Spectrometers play a crucial role in photonic applications, but their design involves trade-offs related to miniaturization, spectral fidelity, and their measurement dynamic range. We demonstrated a high-resolution, low-stray-light spectrometer with a compact size comprising two symmetric multiple-diffraction monochromators. We analyzed the spectral resolution and stray light and built a platform with two double-diffraction monochromators. Multiple diffractions on one grating increased the spectral resolution without volumetric expansion, and the subtractive double-monochromator configuration suppressed stray light effectively. The simulation and experimental results show that compared with single diffraction, repeated diffractions improved the resolution by 5–7 times. The spectral resolution of the home-built setup was 18.8 pm at 1480 nm. The subtractive double monochromator significantly weakened the stray light. The optical signal-to-noise ratio was increased from 34.76 dB for the single monochromator to 69.17 dB for the subtractive double monochromator. This spectrometer design is promising for broadband high-resolution spectral analyses. Full article

In this work, we report the formation of multiple mode-locking states in an Erbium/Ytterbium co-doped fiber laser, such as domain-wall (DW) dark pulses, high-order dark harmonic pulses, dissipative soliton resonance (DSR) pulses, and dual-wavelength h-shaped pulses. By increasing the pump power and adjusting the quarter-wave retarder (QWR) plates, we experimentally achieve 310th-order harmonic dark pulses. DSR pulses emerge at a pump power of 1.01 W and remain stable up to 9.07 W, reaching a maximum pulse width of 676 ns and a pulse energy of 1.608 µJ, while Dual-wavelength h-shaped pulses have a threshold of 1.42 W and maintain stability up to 9.07 W. Using a monochromator, we confirm that these h-shaped pulses result from the superposition of a soliton-like pulse and a DSR-like pulse, emitting at different wavelengths but locked in time. The fundamental repetition rate for dark pulsing, DSR, and h-shaped pulses is 321.34 kHz. This study provides new insights into complex pulse dynamics in fiber lasers and demonstrates the versatile emission regimes achievable through precise pump and polarization control. Full article

Laser-Directed Energy Deposition (LDED) has recently been widely used for 3D-printing metal components and repairing high-value parts. One key performance indicator of the LDED process is represented by melt pool stability and spatter behavior. In this research study, an off-axis vision monitoring system is employed to characterize spatter formation based on different anomalies in the process. This study utilizes a 1 kW fiber laser-based LDED system equipped with a monochrome high-dynamic-range (HDR) vision camera and an SP700 Near-IR/UV Block visible bandpass filter positioned at various locations. To extract meaningful features from the original images, a novel image processing algorithm is developed to quantify spatter counts, orientation, area, and distance from the melt pool under harsh conditions. Additionally, this study analyzes the average number of spatters for different laser power settings, revealing a strong positive correlation. Validation experiments confirm over 93% detection accuracy, underscoring the robustness of the image processing pipeline. Furthermore, spatter detection is employed to assess the impact of spatter formation on deposition continuity. This research study provides a method for detecting spatters, correlating them with LDED process parameters, and predicting deposit quality. Full article

This study presents an automated computer vision system for assessing the cleanliness of plastic mirror caps used in the automotive industry after a washing process. These components are highly visible and require optimal surface conditions prior to painting, making the detection of residual contaminants critical for quality assurance. The system acquires high-resolution monochrome images under various lighting configurations, including natural light and infrared (IR) at 850 nm and 940 nm, with different angles of incidence. Four blob detection algorithms—adaptive thresholding, Laplacian of Gaussian (LoG), Difference of Gaussians (DoG), and Determinant of Hessian (DoH)—were implemented and evaluated based on their ability to detect surface impurities. Performance was assessed by comparing the total detected blob area before and after the cleaning process, providing a proxy for both sensitivity and false positive rate. Among the tested methods, adaptive thresholding under 30° natural light produced the best results, with a statistically significant z-score of +2.05 in the pre-wash phase and reduced false detections in post-wash conditions. The LoG and DoG methods were more prone to spurious detections, while DoH demonstrated intermediate performance but struggled with reflective surfaces. The proposed approach offers a cost-effective and scalable solution for real-time quality control in industrial environments, with the potential to improve process reliability and reduce waste due to surface defects. Full article

The double crystal monochromator (DCM) is a spectrometer in synchrotron radiation beamlines, and its stability directly impacts the quality of the emitted light. In order to meet the requirements of the fourth generation of synchrotron light sources, researchers have designed a DCM using an active control method to ensure stability by actively compensating for crystal displacement through voice coil motors. The active control method imposes high demands on the vibration isolation performance of the DCM frame. In response to external excitation characteristics, this paper proposes a quasi-zero stiffness (QZS) isolation system based on a compressed buckling beam structure. Random vibration simulations using finite element analysis revealed that, under different operating conditions, the 3σ displacement of the core part of the DCM is maintained at the nanometer level. Moreover, this paper presents a calculation method based on elastic potential energy to establish force equilibrium equations for negative stiffness and analyzes stress distribution in the beam during vibration using the derived deflection curve. Validation through finite element simulations confirms the method’s accuracy in calculating negative stiffness and stress distribution. Because of the structural similarities, some of the results of this paper can be applied to the study of negative stiffness honeycomb materials. Full article

Through mechanical analysis, a comparison of the same type of cold rolled steel produced by two steel manufacturers, supplier 1 and supplier 2, has been carried out. The considered material is a steel that has undergone a quenching and partitioning heat treatment, i.e., a rapid cooling from the austenitizing temperature, followed by a holding treatment at a suitable temperature, so that the residual austenite is stabilized at room temperature. The following tests for mechanical properties were carried out: formability, through Nakajima test, tensile test, bending test, hole expansion test and fatigue strength analysis, through high cycle fatigue and low cycle fatigue test. In addition, to derive useful data for future simulations, tensile and Nakajima tests were analyzed by digital image correlation, which uses a monochrome camera to capture frames during the test, in order to analyze local deformations on investigated samples. Finite elements modeling has been carried out. A suitable calibration of a material card for the Abaqus Finite Element Analysis software has been performed. Through the combination of obtained results, a rational comparison of the two analyzed products has been obtained. Full article

Applying deep neural networks (DNNs) to broadband seismic wave impedance inversion is challenging, especially in generalizing from synthetic to field data, which limits the exploitation of their nonlinear mapping capabilities. While many research studies are about advanced and enhanced architectures of DNNs, this article explores how variations in input data affect DNNs and consequently enhance their generalizability and inversion performance. This study introduces a novel data pre-processing strategy based on histogram equalization and an iterative testing strategy. By employing a U-Net architecture within a fully convolutional neural network (FCN) exclusively trained on synthetic and monochrome data, including post-stack profile, and 1D linear background impedance profiles, we successfully achieve broadband impedance inversion for both new synthetic data and marine seismic data by integrating imaging profiles with background impedance profiles. Notably, the proposed method is applied to reverse time migration (RTM) data from the Ceduna sub-basin, located in offshore southern Australia, significantly expanding the wavenumber bandwidth of the available data. This demonstrates its generalizability and improved inversion performance. Our findings offer new insights into the challenges of seismic data fusion and promote the utilization of deep neural networks for practical seismic inversion and outcomes improvement. Full article

Machine learning applied to image-based number recognition has made significant strides in recent years. Recent use of Large Language Models (LLMs) in natural language search and generation of text have improved performance for general images, yet performance limitations still exist for data subsets related to color blindness. In this paper, we replicated the training of six distinct neural networks (MNIST, LeNet5, VGG16, AlexNet, and two AlexNet modifications) using deep learning techniques with the MNIST dataset and the Ishihara-Like MNIST dataset. While many prior works have dealt with MNIST, the Ishihara adaption addresses red-green combinations of color blindness, allowing for further research in color distortion. Through this research, we applied pre-processing to accentuate the effects of red-green and monochrome colorblindness and hyper-parameterized the existing architectures, ultimately achieving better overall performance than currently published in known works. Full article

This study proposes a method for estimating the spectral images of fluorescence spectral distributions emitted from plant grains and leaves without using a spectrometer. We construct two types of multiband imaging systems with six channels, using ordinary off-the-shelf cameras and a UV light. A mobile phone camera is used to detect the fluorescence emission in the blue wavelength region of rice grains. For plant leaves, a small monochrome camera is used with additional optical filters to detect chlorophyll fluorescence in the red-to-far-red wavelength region. A ridge regression approach is used to obtain a reliable estimate of the spectral distribution of the fluorescence emission at each pixel point from the acquired image data. The spectral distributions can be estimated by optimally selecting the ridge parameter without statistically analyzing the fluorescence spectra. An algorithm for optimal parameter selection is developed using a cross-validation technique. In experiments using real rice grains and green leaves, the estimated fluorescence emission spectral distributions by the proposed method are compared to the direct measurements obtained with a spectroradiometer and the estimates obtained using the minimum norm estimation method. The estimated images of fluorescence emissions are presented for rice grains and green leaves. The reliability of the proposed estimation method is demonstrated. Full article

Background and aim: Telomere length (TL) is a key biomarker of cellular aging, with shorter telomeres associated with age-related diseases. Lifestyle interventions mitigating telomere shortening are essential for preventing such conditions. This study aimed to examine the effects of two weight loss dietary strategies, based on a moderately high-protein (MHP) diet and a low-fat (LF) diet on TL in individuals with overweight or obesity. Methods and Results: A total of 164 participants, aged 18–65 years from the OBEKIT trial received the MHP (n = 83) or the LF diet (n = 81) for 4 months and had TL data for analyses. TL was measured at baseline and after 4 months of the intervention using monochrome multiplex quantitative polymerase chain reaction (MMqPCR). Both groups experienced significant improvements in anthropometric and biochemical parameters after the dietary intervention (p < 0.001). The MHP group showed an increase in TL (+0.16 ± 0.13) compared to the LF group (−0.05 ± 0.13) in multiple-adjusted models (p = 0.016). An interaction was observed between the sex and dietary group, where women in the MHP group had increased TL (+0.23 ± 0.16) after 4 months compared to women in the LF group (−0.13 ± 0.15; p = 0.001); no differences between dietary groups were found in men. This increase in TL for women was associated with an increase in protein intake (p = 0.006), measured through dietary questionnaires. Conclusion: This study shows that a MHP diet may have a protective effect on TL during weight loss, particularly in women, potentially contributing to healthier aging. These results highlight the importance of considering macronutrient composition in dietary interventions aimed at preserving TL. Full article

Background/Objectives: Performing hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining and immunohistochemistry (IHC) on the same specimen slide provides advantages that include specimen conservation and the ability to combine the H&E context with biomarker expression at the individual cell level. We previously used invisible deposited chromogens and dual-camera imaging, including monochrome and color cameras, to implement simultaneous H&E and IHC. Using this approach, conventional H&E staining could be simultaneously viewed in color on a computer monitor alongside a monochrome video of the invisible IHC staining, while manually scanning the specimen. Methods: We have now simplified the microscope system to a single camera and increased the IHC multiplexing to four biomarkers using translational assays. The color camera used in this approach also enabled multispectral imaging, similar to monochrome cameras. Results: Application is made to several clinically relevant specimens, including breast cancer (HER2, ER, and PR), prostate cancer (PSMA, P504S, basal cell, and CD8), Hodgkin’s lymphoma (CD15 and CD30), and melanoma (LAG3). Additionally, invisible chromogenic IHC was combined with conventional DAB IHC to present a multiplex IHC assay with unobscured DAB staining, suitable for visual interrogation. Conclusions: Simultaneous staining and detection, as described here, provides the pathologist a means to evaluate complex multiplexed assays, while seated at the microscope, with the added multispectral imaging capability to support digital pathology and artificial intelligence workflows of the future. Full article

This article provides information on the processing of chromium-containing waste from the Aktobe ferroalloy compounds plant using chemical reagents followed by high-temperature heat treatment for the synthesis of a composite chromite pigment used in the textile industry. This technology was developed for the first time for the purpose of recycling industrial waste and rational use of natural resources. The obtained pigments were analyzed by the X-ray phase of a D878-PC75-17.0 incident beam monochromator and the phase composition of the composite chromite pigment was studied. The thermogravimetric analysis of the composite chromite pigments was performed using a TGA/DSC 1HT/319 analyzer to determine the change in mass with time and temperature. According to the TGA results, the mass loss was determined to be 0.18% of the total mass. The elemental composition of the composite chromite pigment was determined using a JEOL JSM-6490 LV SEM device and the content of chromium oxide (Cr₂O₃) was determined, which reached up to 50%. The thermodynamic patterns of the processes occurring during the production of chromite pigments were studied using the integrated Chemistry software pack HSC-6. The results of testing printed and processed cotton and composite fabrics by the proposed method showed that the color fastness to washing and wet and dry friction is 4 points and the wear resistance assessment is 4860 and 6485 cycles, respectively. Composite chromite pigment based on technogenic wastes is recommended for use in various coloring compositions, including those used for printing on cotton and composite fabrics. Full article

A concept of a high throughput, user-friendly, versatile bending magnet beamline at the fourth-generation synchrotron radiation facility SKIF, currently being constructed in Koltsovo (a science town near Novosibirsk, Russia), is proposed. The beamline is designed to implement the conventional and most demanded synchrotron techniques: XAS (X-ray absorption spectroscopy); XRD (X-ray diffraction), both powder and single-crystal, including the in situ mode; and XRF (X-ray fluorescence analysis). The beamline is conceived to be as simple as possible, but it is multifunctional, being a base beamline for the education and training of students, future synchrotron users, and beamline scientists. A number of potential beamline optical layouts are modeled in the XRT (XRayTracer) program package. The resulting beam characteristics at the sample position are discussed. A monochromator model is proposed. Surface distortions and their influence on the rocking curve of the Si111 crystal due to incoming heat loads are realistically modeled. The optimum design of the station is defined. The range of crystalline objects that are possible to be studied at the proposed station is emphasized, and future perspectives are outlined. Full article

In conventional camera or monochromator-based spectroscopy, different wavelengths, spanning from short ultraviolet region to long infrared region, are calculated under steady-state conditions due to the temporally multiplexed nature of conventional CMOS/CCD-equipped spectrometers, which limit the refresh rates to the order of milliseconds for most tools available on the market. These refresh rates might not be suitable for most temporally dynamic effects that govern the behavior of disparate effects, such as phase transition in phase-change materials, conformal changes in molecules, and microbial community evolution, among others. Pump-probe methods are often presented as a solution to the capture speed limitation, but in themselves are not applicable universally and are not truly “real-time”. In this work, we present an evolution to the conventional spectrometers, increasing its speed by over 4 orders of magnitude while maintaining reasonable spectral resolution. We additionally present a path that combines our technique with supercontinuum light sources for even more ambitious future applications. Full article