Search Results (33)

Phosphorus (P) is an essential mineral in poultry nutrition, but its low bioavailability from conventional feed ingredients presents a significant challenge for efficient utilization. This study investigated the effects of different P sources (monocalcium phosphate (MCP) and calcium humophosphate (CHP)) and three phytase concentrations (0, 1000, or 2000 FTU/kg of feed) on broiler performance and ileal nutrient digestibility. A total of 600 Cobb 500 male broilers were fed one of six different dietary treatments with 10 replicates per treatment from 11 to 21 d of age. The birds and feed were weighed at 1, 10, and 21 d of age to determine growth performance. At 21 d of age, ileal digesta was collected from all the birds to determine dry matter, organic matter, Ca, P, and ash digestibility. The results indicated that phytase supplementation at 1000 and 2000 FTU/kg improved the feed conversion ratio and P digestibility compared with the non-supplemented group. The broilers fed CHP showed superior P digestibility compared to those fed MCP, regardless of phytase concentration. The results also indicated interactive effects between P source and phytase concentration on the digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, and ash. The findings suggest that CHP enhances nutrient digestibility and could optimize P utilization in broiler diets with phytase inclusion. This report reveals a better understanding of the effects of P sources and phytase concentration on feed digestibility. Further studies are needed to confirm these findings and support improvements in broiler performance under commercial production conditions. Full article

A novel bioactive glass–ceramic was developed using biogenic hydroxyapatite (BHA) synthesized from Rapana venosa (Black Sea) shells and monocalcium phosphate monohydrate [Ca(H₂PO₄)₂·H₂O] via solid-state synthesis. The prepared batches were obtained by combining BHA with SiO₂, B₂O₃, and Na₂O, melted at 1200 °C and melt-quenched in water to form glass–ceramic materials. Dense biogenic hydroxyapatite-based ceramics were successfully sintered at 1200 °C (2 h hold) using a 25 mass % sintering additive composed of 35 mass % B₂O₃, 45 mass % SiO₂, 10 mass % Al₂O₃, and 10 mass % Na₂O. Structural characterization was carried out using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The resulting materials consisted of a well-defined crystalline hydroxyapatite phase [Ca₁₀(PO₄)₆(OH)₂] alongside an amorphous phase. In samples with increased SiO₂ and reduced B₂O₃ content (composition 3), a finely dispersed Na₃Ca₆(PO₄)₅ crystalline phase appeared, with a reduced presence of hydroxyapatite. Bioactivity was assessed in simulated body fluid (SBF) after 10 and 20 days of immersion, confirming the material’s ability to support apatite layer formation. The main structural units SiO₄, PO₄, and BO₃ are interconnected through Si–O–Si, B–O–B, P–O–P, and mixed Si–O–Al linkages, contributing to both structural stability and bioactivity. Full article

This study examined the degree of monomer conversion (DC) and mechanical properties of experimental orthodontic adhesives containing monocalcium phosphate monohydrate (MCPM), Sr-bioactive glass (Sr-BAG) nanoparticles, and andrographolide. Experimental adhesives were prepared with a 4:1 powder-to-liquid ratio, containing methacrylate monomers with varying formulations of glass fillers and additives. DC was measured using ATR-FTIR (n = 5) with and without bracket placement under two curing protocols: conventional LED (1200 mW/cm², 20 s) and high-intensity LED (3200 mW/cm², 3 s). The biaxial flexural strength and modulus were tested after 4-week water immersion (n = 8). Transbond XT was used as the commercial comparison. Transbond XT exhibited higher DC (33–38%) than the experimental materials. Conventional LED curing produced higher DC than high-intensity LED, while bracket placement reduced DC by approximately 10% in the experimental materials but minimally affected Transbond XT. Transbond XT demonstrated a superior biaxial flexural strength (188 MPa) compared to the experimental adhesives (106–166 MPa, p < 0.05). However, the experimental formulations with low additive concentrations showed a comparable biaxial flexural modulus (5.0–5.5 GPa) to Transbond XT (5.6 GPa) (p > 0.05). Although the experimental adhesives exhibited lower DC and strength than the commercial product, their values still met the ISO standards, suggesting their potential clinical viability despite their modified compositions. Full article

The article presents methods for processing low-grade phosphate raw materials from the Chilisay deposit using a circulation method to produce mineral fertilizers and feed monocalcium phosphate. A study was conducted on the process of obtaining high-quality monocalcium phosphate, and optimal parameters for the decomposition of low-grade phosphate raw materials were determined. Based on the research, it was established that for the decomposition of phosphate raw materials, phosphoric acid with a concentration of 36–42% P₂O₅ should be used; the recycle phosphoric acid rate should be 540–560% of the stoichiometric amount required for the formation of monocalcium phosphate (MCP); the decomposition temperature should be 95–100 °C; the decomposition duration should be 40–50 min; the filtration temperature of the insoluble residue should be 85–90 °C; the crystallization temperature of MCP should be 40–45 °C; and the crystallization duration should be 85–90 min. For the sulfation of the mother solution and the production of recycle phosphoric acid, sulfuric acid with a concentration of 86–93% H₂SO₄ should be used; the sulfuric acid rate should be 95–100% of the stoichiometric amount required for the decomposition of dissolved Ca(H₂PO₄)₂. After drying the wet residue, monocalcium phosphate was obtained with the following composition: P₂O₅—55%, Ca—18.01%, H₂O—4.0%, F—0.01%, As—0.004%, Pb—0.002%. The obtained monocalcium phosphate is used in agriculture as a mineral fertilizer and feed monocalcium phosphate. Full article

The application of green manure (GM), particularly leguminous varieties, demonstrates significant benefits for crop cultivation in acidic soils by enhancing the soil organic nitrogen (No) pool. To maximize these agronomic advantages, it is crucial to implement scientifically grounded application strategies. To this end, an incubation experiment was conducted to investigate the content, movement distance, and accumulation of acidic soil organic N (No) at different distances from the GM application microsite. Stylosanthes GM (10 or 40 ton/ha) was applied with or without phosphate fertilizer (monocalcium phosphate, MCP) at 44 kg/ha P, placed on the surface of soil cylinders. The GM/fertilizer and soil were incubated for 14 and 28 d. The results indicated the total organic nitrogen (TNo) content—including both non-acid-hydrolyzable N (NAHNo) and acid-hydrolyzable N (AHNo) fractions—significantly (p < 0.05) increased at the GM microsite after GM application. The influence of GM generally weakened as the distance from the site increased, and the spatial impact range exhibited significant modulation by three key parameters: incubation period, GM rates, and MCP addition. Subsequent analysis revealed a positive correlation between GM rate/incubation period and the movement distance of No fractions at GM microsite, demonstrating rate-dependent temporal dynamics. They were also increased by the addition of MCP after a longer incubation period but inhibited after a shorter period. This information will improve the efficiency of GM use, with or without MCP addition, and decrease the environmental load due to N pollution caused by GM. Full article

Cranio-maxillofacial bone reconstruction, especially for large defects, remains challenging. Synthetic biomimetic materials are emerging as alternatives to autogenous grafts. Tissue engineering aims to create natural tissue-mimicking materials, with calcium phosphate-based scaffolds showing promise for bone regeneration applications. This study developed a porous calcium metaphosphate (CMP) scaffold with physicochemical properties mimicking natural bone, aiming to create a prevascularized synthetic bone graft. The scaffold, fabricated using sintered monocalcium phosphate with poly (vinyl alcohol) as a porogen, exhibited pore sizes ranging from 0 to 400 μm, with the highest frequency between 80 and 100 μm. The co-culture of endothelial cells (ECs) with human alveolar osteoblasts (aHOBs) on the scaffold led to the formation of tube-like structures and intrinsic VEGF release, reaching 10,455.6 pg/mL This level approached the optimal dose for vascular formation. Conversely, the co-culture with mesenchymal stem cells did not yield similar results. Combining ECs and aHOBs in the CMP scaffold offers a promising approach to developing prevascularized grafts for cranio-maxillofacial reconstruction. This innovative strategy can potentially enhance vascularization in large tissue-engineered constructs, addressing a critical limitation in current bone regeneration techniques. The prevascularized synthetic bone graft developed in this study could significantly improve the success rate of maxillofacial reconstructions, offering a viable alternative to autogenous grafts. Full article

Soil in the karst region usually features high geogenic cadmium (Cd) and limited available phosphorus (P). Appropriate phosphate amendment is crucial for alleviating Cd accumulation in food crops and reducing health risks. However, the interaction of Cd and P in geogenic Cd-rich soil-plant systems is poorly understood. In this study, a pot experiment was conducted to investigate the translocation of Cd in the soil-pepper system under different amendment rates of Ca(H₂PO₄)₂. The results showed that the biomass of pepper was not affected by the application rates of Ca(H₂PO₄)_2, even up to 0.45 g/kg, but was affected by the application of nitrogen and potassium fertilizers. High contents of total Cd (6.19 mg/kg) and bioavailable Cd (2.72 mg/kg, 44%) in the studied soils resulted in elevated Cd content in pepper, and it decreased in the order of root (8.18 mg/kg) > stem (4.89 mg/kg) > fruit (3.88 mg/kg). This indicates that pepper planted in the studied soils may present potential health risks. Furthermore, phosphate amendment neither influences the bioavailable Cd in rhizosphere soil nor Cd uptake and transport in pepper plants. The findings of this study highlight that monocalcium phosphate is not a suitable choice for reducing the accumulation of Cd in pepper fruits in the studied soil and that other remediation strategies are needed. Full article

This study aimed to determine the standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) in various feed ingredients using the direct method. This study comprised eight experimental diets: a Ca–P-free diet and seven experimental diets, each containing monocalcium phosphate (MCP), dicalcium phosphate (DCP), monosodium phosphate (MSP) + limestone, corn, and soybean meal (SBM) as the sole sources of Ca and/or P. These diets provided 4.21 g/kg of non-phytate P from MCP, DCP, or MSP, and the MSP + limestone diet included 7.50 g/kg of Ca. The corn and SBM diets formulated to determine P digestibility maintained a dietary Ca/total P ratio of 1.4 through the addition of limestone. Chromic oxide was added to the diets as an indigestible index. On day 18, 256 male and 256 female broilers were individually weighed and randomly assigned to eight treatments, each with four replicates for each sex (eight birds per cage). This allocation followed a randomized complete block design based on body weight. On day 21, the birds were euthanized using carbon dioxide, and ileal digesta samples were collected from the distal two-thirds section of the ileum. No significant interactions between the experimental diets and sex regarding the SID of Ca or P were detected, and no effect of sex on the SID was observed. The standardized ileal Ca digestibility of MCP, DCP, limestone, corn, and SBM was found to be 84.7%, 70.1%, 52.6%, 88.6%, and 81.6%, respectively. The standardized ileal P digestibility of MCP, DCP, MSP, corn, and SBM was determined to be 91.8%, 76.8%, 94.4%, 73.1, and 88.4%, respectively. Given the variable digestibility of Ca and P across different feed ingredients, the consideration of the specific type of ingredients used in diet formulation is crucial. Full article

The micro-arc oxidation (MAO) technique was employed to produce calcium phosphate coatings on titanium surfaces using an electrolyte composed of hydroxyapatite and calcium carbonate in an aqueous solution of orthophosphoric acid. The coatings’ morphology and composition were regulated by adjusting electrical parameters, specifically the duty cycle and voltage. This study examined the effects of the duty cycle and voltage during the MAO process on the microstructure and composition of calcium phosphate coatings on VT1–0 titanium substrates. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was utilized to analyze the microstructure and thickness of the coatings, while X-ray diffraction (XRD) was employed to determine their phase composition. The findings reveal that the surface morphology of the calcium phosphate coatings transitions from a porous, sponge-like structure to flower-like formations as the duty cycle and voltage increase. A linear increase in the voltage within the applied duty cycles led to a rise in the size of the forming particles of amorphous/crystalline structures containing phases of monetite (CaPO₃(OH)), monocalcium phosphate monohydrate (Ca(H₂PO₄)₂·H₂O), and calcium pyrophosphate (γ–Ca₂P₂O₇). Full article

Various natural wastes can be promising for mining more valuable compounds if some specialized extraction techniques are adopted. Hydroxyapatite (HA) is a significant biomaterial that can be extracted from waste bovine bones by heating them at 700 °C and 900 °C. Based on this idea, we made a novel dicalcium phosphate (DCP) bone cement (BC) by extracting HA via the reaction with monocalcium phosphate monohydrate (MCPM) and trisodium citrate. The setting time, injectability, and compressive strength (CS) of this DCPBC were examined using various analytical techniques, such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) attached with energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy, and Fourier-transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The phase composition, surface morphology, and chemical compositions of HA and DCP were evaluated. A Gillmore needle apparatus was used to measure the initial and final setting times of the specimens. The CS values of the prepared specimens were determined using INSTRON Series IX. The in vitro dissolution behavior of all samples was evaluated by immersing them in simulated body fluid (SBF) over 7 days at 37 °C. The final setting times of samples 3, 4, and 5 were 20, 24, and 18 min, respectively. In addition, the CS value of sample 1 before immersion in SBF was much lower (1.23 MPa) compared to sample 5 (21.79 MPa) after 7 days of immersion. The CS of the DCP after 3 days of immersion was increased to 33.75 MPa. The in vitro results for the dissolution and bioactivity of HA showed the highest degradation rate after 1 day of immersion and then decreased with the increase in the immersion duration. The HA layer thickness was considerably improved with longer incubation times. The proposed injectable DCP bone cement may have potential in future orthopedic applications. Full article

This study explores various potential substitutes for gypsum in the production of compost for white button mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus). During compost preparation, calcium sulfate (CaSO₄) was replaced with calcium carbonate (CaCO₃), ammonium sulfate ((NH₄)₂SO₄), and monocalcium phosphate (Ca(H₂PO₄)₂). Complete replacement of gypsum with calcium carbonate led to a significant pH increase during the second phase of composting, adversely affecting mushroom mycelium growth. Compost parameters were observed to be similar in scenarios where calcium sulfate was supplemented with calcium carbonate in 8:2 and 6:4 ratios, both with and without the presence of ammonium sulfate, and in 3:1 and 1:1 mixtures of calcium sulfate and monocalcium phosphate, when compared to traditional gypsum-based processes. All experimental compost mixtures yielded comparable mushroom crops in cultivation trials. Notably, the 8:2 mixture of calcium sulfate and calcium carbonate demonstrated superior performance in cultivation trials relative to the 6:4 mixture. However, supplementing these mixtures with ammonium sulfate resulted in similar crop yields. Monocalcium phosphate also emerged as a promising partial gypsum substitute, showing comparable crop production in both 3:1 and 1:1 ratios to the technological optimum. The exploration of alternative calcium sources like calcium carbonate and monocalcium phosphate reflects the adaptability of the industry in response to resource availability challenges. The potential use of byproducts like ammonium sulfate from the composting process itself offers a cost-effective and environmentally friendly approach to compost formulation, underscoring its worldwide relevance. Full article

This study explores the potential utilization of walstromite (BaCa₂Si₃O₉) as a foundational material for creating new bioceramics in the form of scaffolds through 3D printing technology. To achieve this objective, this study investigates the chemical–mineralogical, morphological, and structural characteristics, as well as the biological properties, of walstromite-based bioceramics. The precursor mixture for walstromite synthesis is prepared through the sol–gel method, utilizing pure reagents. The resulting dried gelatinous precipitate is analyzed through complex thermal analysis, leading to the determination of the optimal calcination temperature. Subsequently, the calcined powder is characterized via X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy, indicating the presence of calcium and barium silicates, as well as monocalcium silicate. This powder is then employed in additive 3D printing, resulting in ceramic scaffolds. The specific ceramic properties of the scaffold, such as apparent density, absorption, open porosity, and compressive strength, are assessed and fall within practical use limits. X-ray diffraction analysis confirms the formation of walstromite as a single phase in the ceramic scaffold. In vitro studies involving immersion in simulated body fluid (SBF) for 7 and 14 days, as well as contact with osteoblast-like cells, reveal the scaffold’s ability to form a phosphate layer on its surface and its biocompatibility. This study concludes that the walstromite-based ceramic scaffold exhibits promising characteristics for potential applications in bone regeneration and tissue engineering. Full article

With the phase-out of amalgam and the increase in minimally invasive dentistry, there is a growing need for high-strength composite materials that can kill residual bacteria and promote tooth remineralization. This study quantifies how antibacterial polylysine (PLS) and re-mineralizing monocalcium phosphate monohydrate (MCPM) affect Streptococcus mutans biofilms and the strength of dental composites. For antibacterial studies, the MCPM-PLS filler percentages were 0-0, 8-4, 12-6, and 16-8 wt% of the composite filler phase. Composite discs were immersed in 0.1% sucrose-supplemented broth containing Streptococcus mutans (UA159) and incubated in an anaerobic chamber for 48 h. Surface biomass was determined by crystal violet (CV) staining. Growth medium pH was measured at 24 and 48 h. Biofilm bacterial viability (CFU), exo-polysaccharide (water-soluble glucan (WSG) and water-insoluble glucan (WIG)), and extracellular DNA (eDNA) were quantified. This was by serial dilution plate counting, phenol-sulfuric acid microassay, and fluorometry, respectively. The biaxial flexural strengths were determined after water immersion for 1 week, 1 month, and 1 year. The MCPM-PLS wt% were 8-4, 8-8, 16-4 and 16-8. The normalized biomass, WSG, and WIG showed a linear decline of 66%, 64%, and 55%, respectively, as the PLS level increased up to 8%. The surrounding media pH (4.6) was all similar. A decrease in bacterial numbers with the 12-6 formula and a significant reduction with 16-8 compared to the 0-0 formulation was observed. The eDNA concentrations in biofilms formed on 12-6 and 16-8 formulations were significantly less than the 0-0 control and 8-4 formulations. Doubling MCPM and PLS caused a 14 and 19% reduction in strength in 1 week, respectively. Average results were lower at 1 month and 1 year but affected less upon doubling MCPM and PLS levels. Moreover, a 4% PLS may help to reduce total biomass and glucan levels in biofilms on the above composites. Higher levels are required to reduce eDNA and provide bactericidal action, but these can decrease early strength. Full article

This article discusses the method of obtaining phosphorus-containing components from cottrel dust from the industrial wastes of the New-Jambul phosphorus plant. Accumulated industrial waste heavily pollutes the environment and has a direct impact on all living things. Therefore, their processing is of special interest for the state and grant programs have been allocated in order to obtain new valuable substances. In order to solve these problems, a number of experimental works have been carried out to study the chemical and mineralogical composition and chemical structures during the heat treatment of cottrel dust—the waste of phosphorus production. The optimal parameters of the process of obtaining mono-calcium phosphate from cottrel dust were determined and the process of crystallization of mono-calcium phosphate was studied. A method has been developed for obtaining a phosphorus-containing fertilizer based on cottrel dust from the industrial waste of the New-Jambul phosphorus plant by means of sulfuric acid solutions. The advantage of the resulting phosphorus-containing fertilizer is that it has a high solubility and digestibility of phosphorus plants. They are also high in phosphorus-containing substances that ensure the growth and yield of agricultural plants. The developed method for obtaining phosphorus-containing fertilizers is aimed at reducing the accumulated industrial waste, which in turn allows you to regulate and improve the environmental situation in the region. Full article

Ceramic materials in Na₂O-CaO-P₂O₅ system were obtained by firing cement-salt stone made from pastes based on powder mixtures including calcium citrate tetrahydrate Ca₃(C₆H₅O₇)₂∙4H₂O, monocalcium phosphate monohydrate (MCPM) Ca(H₂PO₄)₂∙H₂O and/or sodium dihydrogen phosphate NaH₂PO₄. The phase composition of the obtained samples of cement-salt stone after adding water, hardening and drying included brushite CaHPO₄∙2H₂O, monetite CaHPO₄ and also unreacted Ca₃(C₆H₅O₇)₂∙4H₂O, Ca(H₂PO₄)₂∙H₂O and/or NaH₂PO₄. The phase composition of ceramics in Na₂O-CaO-P₂O₅ system obtained by firing cement-salt stone was formed due to thermal conversion of hydrated salt and heterophase reactions between components presented in samples during firing. The phase composition of ceramic samples based on powder mixture of Ca₃(C₆H₅O₇)₂∙4H₂O and Ca(H₂PO₄)₂∙H₂O after firing at 900 °C included β-calcium pyrophosphate (CPP) β-Ca₂P₂O₇. The phase composition of ceramic samples based on powder mixture of Ca₃(C₆H₅O₇)₂∙4H₂O, and NaH₂PO₄ after firing at 900 °C included β-sodium rhenanite β-CaNaPO_4. The phase composition of ceramic samples based on powder mixture of Ca₃(C₆H₅O₇)₂∙4H₂O, Ca(H₂PO₄)₂∙H₂O and NaH₂PO₄ after firing at 900 °C included β-Ca₂P₂O₇, β-CaNaPO_4, double calcium-sodium pyrophosphate Na₂CaP₂O₇, and Na-substituted tricalcium phosphate Сa₁₀Na(PO₄)₇. Obtained ceramic materials in Na₂O-CaO-P₂O₅ system including biocompatible and biodegradable phases could be important for treatments of bone tissue defects by means of approaches of regenerative medicine. Full article