Search Results (84)

Mitomycin C (MMC) is a widely employed chemotherapeutic agent, particularly in non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC), where it functions by inducing DNA cross-linking and promoting tumor cell apoptosis. However, the tumor microenvironment (TME) significantly influences the therapeutic efficacy of MMC. Among the key regulators within the TME, the complement system and the coagulation pathway play a crucial role in modulating immune responses to cancer therapies, including MMC. This article explores the interaction between platinum nanoparticles (PtNPs) with human serum (HS) of NMIBC patients (T1 and Ta subtypes) at three different points: before the chemotherapy instillation of MMC (t₀) and three (t₃) and six months (t₆) after the treatment with MMC. This novel nanoproteomic strategy allowed the identification of a TME proteomic signature associated with the response to MMC treatment. Importantly, two proteins involved in the immune response were found to be deregulated across all patients (T1 and Ta subtypes) during MMC treatment: prothrombin (F2) downregulated and complement component C7 (C7) upregulated. By understanding how these biomarker proteins interact with MMC treatment, novel therapeutic strategies can be developed to enhance treatment outcomes and overcome resistance in NMIBC. Full article

Background and Objectives: This study aimed to compare the effects of HIPEC procedures using oxaliplatin and mitomycin C on serum electrolyte, glucose, and lactate levels, with a specific focus on the carrier solutions employed. Materials and Methods: A retrospective analysis was performed on 82 patients who underwent cytoreductive surgery and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) for colorectal peritoneal metastases. Patients were assigned to one of two groups based on the chemotherapeutic agent used: oxaliplatin (n = 63) or mitomycin C (MMC, n = 19). The oxaliplatin group was further subdivided based on the carrier solution used: 5% dextrose (D5W, n = 29) or peritoneal dialysate (n = 34). The assignment of regimens was based on institutional protocols and surgeon preference. Pre- and post-HIPEC serum levels of sodium, potassium, bicarbonate, glucose, and lactate were compared. Results: Significant biochemical changes were observed across groups, depending on both the chemotherapeutic agent and carrier solution. In the MMC group (peritoneal dialysate), only lactate increased significantly post-HIPEC (p = 0.001). In the oxaliplatin–peritoneal dialysate group, significant changes were observed in bicarbonate (p = 0.009), glucose (p = 0.001), and lactate (p < 0.001), whereas sodium and potassium remained stable. The oxaliplatin–D5W group showed significant changes in all parameters: sodium (p = 0.001), potassium (p = 0.001), bicarbonate (p = 0.001), glucose (p < 0.001), and lactate (2.4 → 7.6 mmol/L, p < 0.001). Between-group comparisons revealed significant differences in sodium, potassium, glucose, and lactate changes (p < 0.05), but not in bicarbonate (p = 0.099). Demographic and clinical characteristics—including age, sex, primary disease, ICU stay, and 90-day mortality were similar across groups. Conclusions: The use of dextrose-containing solutions with oxaliplatin was associated with marked metabolic disturbances, including clinically meaningful hyponatremia, hypokalemia, and hyperglycemia in the early postoperative period. These findings suggest that the choice of carrier solution is as important as the chemotherapeutic agent in terms of perioperative safety. Closer postoperative electrolyte monitoring is recommended when using dextrose-based regimens. The retrospective design and sample size imbalance between groups are acknowledged limitations. Nonetheless, this study offers clinically relevant insights and lays the groundwork for future prospective research. Full article

A pivotal role of metabolic reprogramming in urothelial carcinoma is hallmarked by the dependence of two-fold faster proliferation of urothelial carcinoma cell line T24 than benign cell line TRT-HU1 on five-fold higher glucose (basal) 16 mM vs. 3 mM in McCoy’s 5A media and Keratinocyte Serum Free media, respectively. Here, we report that an additional 10% increase to 17.6 mM and 3.3 mM glucose significantly shortens the doubling time by 3 h and 1 h for T24 and TRT-HUI, respectively. T24 grown at 17.6 mM glucose lowers the confocal localization of the fatty acid mimetic, Betulinic Acid (BA) conjugated to FITC (BA-FITC) with Mito Tracker Red (mitochondrial marker), which doubles the IC50 of BA and BA-FITC by lowering cell cycle arrest in the G0/G1 phase from 54.2% to 43.8% and caspase-3/7 mediated apoptosis and by reversing caspase-3, p53, PTEN, GAPDH, and XIAP gene expression induced by BA in T24 grown at basal glucose (16 mM). Besides slowing the glycogen and pH decline of T24 at basal glucose, BA exhibited an eight-fold higher IC50 than Mitomycin C (MC) on TRT-HU1 by not mimicking the glucose-insensitive cycle arrest and apoptosis of MC. Overall, the glucose sensitivity of the lower IC50 of BA-FITC and BA on T24 vs. TRT-HU1 supports the safety of BA conjugates for theragnostic purposes. Full article

Background: In this study, we compare the 12-month results of eyes that underwent ab externo, open-conjunctival XEN45 gel stent placement with mitomycin C (MMC) with and without the intraoperative addition of Ologen collagen matrix (XEN45 and XEN45 + Ologen groups, respectively). Methods: Intraocular pressure (IOP) measurements were recorded postoperation at 1 month, 3 months, 6 months, and 9 months, and 12 months, and IOP reduction, reduction in number of IOP-lowering medications, and success rate were compared between XEN45 and XEN45 + Ologen groups. A complete success was defined as a ≥20% drop from baseline IOP at 12 months without the use of medications and without any of the following: an additional procedure (e.g., needling), a recorded IOP ≥ 21 mm Hg at two consecutive visits, or the occurrence of catastrophic events (e.g., no light perception (NLP)). A qualified success was defined as an IOP reduction of ≥20% from baseline with the use of medications. We included 145 eyes with at least 1 month of follow-up data, 46 in the XEN45 group and 99 in the XEN45 + Ologen group. Of these, 113 eyes had 12 months of follow-up data comprising 41 XEN45 eyes and 72 XEN45 + Ologen eyes. Results: There were no significant differences in the IOP change from baseline between XEN45 and XEN45 + Ologen groups except at the 3-month postop timepoint (p < 0.05). At the 12-month follow-up, 41.5% (17/41) of XEN45 eyes and 52.8% (38/72) of XEN45 + Ologen eyes met complete or qualified success criteria. Conclusions: No significant differences in success rate and decrease in the number of IOP-lowering medications from baseline were identified between XEN45 and XEN45 + Ologen groups. Full article

Background: This study aimed to report the efficacy and safety of peribleb autologous blood injections in patients with hypotony maculopathy following trabeculectomy. Methods: In this retrospective chart-review study, patients with hypotony maculopathy from over-filtering bleb following mitomycin C (MMC)-augmented trabeculectomy treated with ≥1 peribleb autologous blood injections, ≥12 months of follow-up, and macula optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging were included. Patients with previous laser cyclophotocoagulation were excluded. Hypotony maculopathy was defined as choroidal folds in the macular region, as assessed by OCT. Results: Nine patients met the inclusion criteria (mean age 62.3 ± 17.0). The mean intraocular pressure (IOP) at hypotony maculopathy diagnosis was 3.8 ± 1.5 mmHg. Most (n = 7) patients received a single injection (4 injections n = 1, 5 injections n = 1). Significant improvements in mean overall IOP after blood injection were observed (8.3 ± 2.4 mmHg; p = 0.008). Improvements in visual acuity and the resolution of hypotony maculopathy were observed in patients requiring a single injection only. No intra-operative adverse events were recorded. Successful bleb surgical revision was performed for two patients refractory to blood injections. Conclusions: Peribleb autologous blood injection increased IOP, improved visual acuity, and resolved hypotony maculopathy in 5.3 weeks in 7/9 patients. This procedure is not a contra-indication for further surgical revision. Full article

Cistus monspeliensis L. (C. monspeliensis) is used in Italian folk medicine. This study was performed to determine genotoxic and antigenotoxic effects of C. monspeliensis leaf extract against mitomycin C (MMC) using an in vitro cytokinesis-block micronucleus assay (CBMN) in the Chinese Hamster Ovarian K1 (CHO-K1) cell line. The phytochemical composition of C. monspeliensis extract was evaluated using an untargeted metabolomic approach by employing UPLC-PDA-ESI/MS. The automated in vitro CBMN assay was carried out using image analysis systems with a widefield fluorescence microscope and the ImageStreamX imaging flow cytometer. The phytochemical profile of C. monspeliensis extract showed, as the most abundant metabolites, punicalagin, myricetin, gallocathechin, and a labdane-type diterpene. C. monspeliensis, at the tested concentrations of 50, 100, and 200 μg/mL, did not induce significant micronuclei frequency, thus indicating the absence of a genotoxic potential. When testing the C. monspeliensis extract for antigenotoxicity in the presence of MMC, we observed a hormetic concentration-dependent effect, where low concentrations resulted in a significant protective effect against MMC-induced micronuclei frequency, and higher concentrations resulted in no effect. In conclusion, our findings demonstrate that C. monspeliensis extract is not genotoxic and, at low concentration, exhibits an antigenotoxic effect. In relation to this final point, C. monspeliensis may act as a potential chemo-preventive against genotoxic agents. Full article

In this study, we reported two patients with clinical pictures compatible with the diagnosis of bilateral Fuchs’ superficial marginal keratitis (FSMK) treated with surgical treatment and anti-inflammatory drugs. The cases suffered from bilateral photophopia, blurred vision, and pseudopterygium with normal intraocular pressure (IOP). Pseudopterygia extended from temporal and nasal sides and had a gray line between the corneal normal epithelium with no lipid deposits. The first case had a bilateral high mixed astigmatic error and the second had dry eye symptoms. No abnormalities, including systemic inflammatory disease, were found in the laboratory investigations. The first case had bilateral pseudopterygium excision, mitomycin C (MMC) application, and pedicled conjunctival flap transplantation. The patient was followed regularly, and her condition was stable without any recurrence or deterioration in the ocular findings. The second case had conjunctival resection + amniotic membrane transplantation + MMC application six times on the right eye and three times on the left eye during 4 years and suffered recurrences after each operation. Her visual acuity severely decreased with the elevated IOP of both eyes. The patient refused to do any further surgical intervention. Despite its rarity, FSMK should be considered when peripheral corneal infiltration, corneal thinning, and pseudopterygia are observed in both eyes. Full article

Background: Non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) comprises about 75% of all bladder cancers. Although NMIBC is treatable, it poses significant costs and burdens to patients due to high recurrence rates. We conducted an updated meta-analysis of studies that evaluated the efficacy of and outcomes after treatment with mitomycin C (MMC), gemcitabine (GEM), and docetaxel (DOCE) for NMIBC recurrence and progression. Methods: We searched the PubMed and Cochrane databases for observational cohort studies and randomized clinical trials (RCT) conducted between 2009 and 2022 that assessed the efficacy of GEM, DOCE, or MMC, alone or in combination, regarding NMIBC outcomes. A total of 49 studies that met the inclusion criteria were reviewed for their quality, sample size, outcomes, and potential for bias, and relevant data were extracted for the meta-analysis. Separate meta-analyses were performed to assess the risks of recurrence or progression when comparing GEM/DOCE or MMC vs. other treatments. Study heterogeneity was assessed by I² statistics. Results: Among 31 studies comparing GEM or MMC to other treatments for NMIBC recurrence, there were statistically significant risk reductions of 24% for GEM (pooled relative risk (RR) of 0.76; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.64–0.87) and 37% for MMC (pooled RR = 0.63; 95% CI 0.58–0.68). Recurrence-free survival (RFS) for GEM or MMC alone was 69.5% (95% CI 66.6–72.3%) and 67.2% (95% CI 66.2–68.2%), respectively. Studies assessing the combination of treatments had a pooled RFS of 44.6% (95% CI 40.4–48.7%). Fewer studies examined the risk of NMIBC progression, with large variability and inconclusive results across them. Conclusions: Our findings corroborate recent guidelines indicating that both GEM and MMC are effective treatments that reduce tumor recurrence and improve survival of NMIBC, although with large variability across the studies. Fewer studies evaluated DOCE treatment, with inconclusive results. Women and minorities were generally underrepresented, raising concerns about the generalizability of the findings and highlighting the importance of including a broader patient population in future RCTs. Full article

Post-operative fibrosis of the filtering bleb limits the success of glaucoma filtration surgery (GFS). To minimise subconjunctival scarring following GFS, treatment with antimetabolites such as Mitomycin C (MMC) has become standard practice; however, their use is associated with considerable side effects. This study aimed to investigate the anti-scarring properties of 3′,4′-dihydroxyflavonol (DiOHF). GFS was performed in New Zealand white rabbits who received eye drops of DiOHF three times daily and vehicle eye drops after surgery (n = 5) or a single intraoperative treatment of MMC (n = 5). Blebs were imaged immediately following surgery and on days 7, 15, 21, and 28 for clinical examination. On day 28, eyes were harvested to assess collagen deposition, expression of α-SMA, oxidative stress, angiogenesis, fibroblast activity, and inflammation in the conjunctiva/Tenon’s layer. At 7 and 28 days post-GFS, MMC-treated blebs were more ischaemic than DiOHF- or vehicle-treated blebs. On day 28, DiOHF treatment significantly suppressed collagen accumulation, CD31 expression, Vimentin expression, and CD45 expression compared to the vehicle control. No difference was observed in 3-Nitrotyrosine or αSMA expression between treatment groups. Treatment with DiOHF reduced conjunctival scarring and angiogenesis in rabbits with GFS, which was comparable to MMC. DiOHF may be a safer and more effective wound-modulating agent than conventional antifibrotic therapy in GFS. Full article

Ocular adnexal sebaceous carcinoma (SebCA) represents one of the most clinically problematic periocular tumors, often requiring aggressive surgical resection. The pathobiology of this tumor remains poorly understood, and few models exist that are suitable for preclinical testing. The aim of this study was to establish new cell lines to serve as models for pathobiological and drug testing. With patient consent, freshly resected tumor tissue was cultured using conditional reprogramming cell conditions. Standard techniques were used to characterize the cell lines in terms of overall growth, clonogenicity, apoptosis, and differentiation in vitro. Additional analyses including Western blotting, short tandem repeat (STR) profiling, and next-generation sequencing (NGS) were performed. Drug screening using mitomycin-C (MMC), 5-fluorouricil (5-FU), and 6-Diazo-5-oxo-L-norleucine (DON) were performed. JHH-SebCA01, JHH-SebCA02, and JHH-SebCA03 cell lines were established from two women and one man undergoing surgical resection of eyelid tumors. At passage 15, they each showed a doubling time of two to three days, and all could form colonies in anchorage-dependent conditions, but not in soft agar. The cells contained cytoplasmic vacuoles consistent with sebaceous differentiation, and adipophilin protein was present in all three lines. STR profiling confirmed that all lines were derived from their respective patients. NGS of the primary tumors and their matched cell lines identified numerous shared mutations, including alterations similar to those previously described in SebCA. Treatment with MMC or 5-FU resulted in dose-dependent growth inhibition and the induction of both apoptosis and differentiation. MYC protein was abundant in all three lines, and the glutamine metabolism inhibitor DON, previously shown to target high MYC tumors, slowed the growth of all our SebCA models. Ocular adnexal SebCA cell lines can be established using conditional reprogramming cell conditions, and our three new models are useful for testing therapies and interrogating the functional role of MYC and other possible molecular drivers. Current topical chemotherapies promote both apoptosis and differentiation in SebCA cells, and these tumors appear sensitive to inhibition or MYC-associated metabolic changes. Full article

Currently, there is a growing focus on aging and age-related diseases. The processes of aging are based on cell senescence, which results in changes in intercellular communications and pathological alterations in tissues. In the present study, we investigate the influence of senescent mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) on endothelial cells (ECs). In order to induce senescence in MSCs, we employed a method of stress-induced senescence utilizing mitomycin C (MmC). Subsequent experiments involved the interaction of ECs with MSCs in a coculture or the treatment of ECs with the secretome of senescent MSCs. After 48 h, we assessed the EC state. Our findings revealed that direct interaction led to a decrease in EC proliferation and migratory activity of the coculture. Furthermore, there was an increase in the activity of the lysosomal compartment, as well as an upregulation of the genes P21, IL6, IL8, ITGA1, and ITGB1. Treatment of ECs with the “senescent” secretome resulted in less pronounced effects, although a decrease in proliferation and an increase in ICAM-1 expression were observed. The maintenance of high levels of typical “senescent” cytokines and growth factors after 48 h suggests that the addition of the “senescent” secretome may have a prolonged effect on the cells. It is noteworthy that in samples treated with the “senescent” secretome, the level of PDGF-AA was higher, which may explain some of the pro-regenerative effects of senescent cells. Therefore, the detected changes may underlie both the negative and positive effects of senescence. The findings provide insight into the effects of cell senescence in vitro, where many of the organism’s regulatory mechanisms are absent. Full article

Introduction: To compare the efficacy and safety of trabeculectomy with a collagen matrix implant (Ologen^®) versus trabeculectomy with mitomycin C (MMC) versus trabeculectomy with both Ologen^® and MMC (OLO + MMC). Methods: This non-randomized study included 119 eyes of 101 patients with uncontrolled open-angle glaucoma who underwent trabeculectomy, either alone or combined with phacoemulsification. The data were initially recorded following a standard surgical protocol, using an electronic database with structured fields. The patients were divided into three groups: 44 received trabeculectomy with adjunctive MMC (MMC group), 34 received surgery with Ologen^® (OLO group), and 41 received surgery with both Ologen^® and MMC (OLO + MMC group). The main outcome measures were the change in intraocular pressure (IOP), change in number of medications needed, complete success rate (defined as IOP ≤ 20 mmHg and at least 20% IOP reduction without hypotensive medications), rate of complications, and rate of postoperative interventions. The follow-up period was 36 months. Results: IOPs significantly decreased (p = 0.01) in all groups across all study visits, decreasing from 19.8 ± 4.6 mmHg to 12.7 ± 4.2 mmHg in the MMC group, from 20.5 ± 4.7 mmHg to 13.9 ± 3.5 mmHg in the OLO group, and from 23.5 ± 6.1 mmHg to 13.1 ± 3.5 mmHg in the OLO + MMC group. After correcting for the baseline IOP, only the first two postoperative visits (first week and first month) showed a significantly greater IOP reduction in the OLO + MMC group. The number of hypotensive medications was significantly reduced from 3.1 ± 0.6 to 0.56 ± 1.1 in the MMC group, from 2.9 ± 0.4 to 0.83 ± 1.1 in the OLO group, and from 3.0 ± 0.6 to 0.45 ± 0.95 in OLO + MMC group, with no statistically significant differences among the groups (p = 0.57). The complete success rates were 63.6% in the MMC group, 67.6% in the OLO group, and 80.5% in the OLO +MMC group, with no statistically significant differences between the groups (p = 0.21). Suture release was significantly more frequent in the MMC group (86.1%) than in the OLO group (62.1%) and in the OLO + MMC group (45.9%; p = 0.02). Bleb needling, with (33.3%; p = 0.005) or without (66.7%; p = 0.0001) 5-fluorouracil injection (5-FU), was significantly more common in the MMC group. The highest complete success rate (61%) was observed in the OLO + MMC group. Conclusions: The use of Ologen^® and mitomycin C provided similar surgical IOP reduction in glaucoma surgery compared with either MMC or Ologen^® alone, but significantly reduced the need for postoperative interventions. Full article

In this work, we developed multifunctional hydrogel nanoparticles (NPs) that can encapsulate anticancer drugs and imaging contrast agents as well. Mitomycin C (MMC) and rhodamine B (RB) were selected as models for anticancer drugs and imaging contrasting agents, respectively. Both MMC and RB were linked to the succinated polyvinyl alcohol polymer (PVA-SA). The selected labeled hydrogel NPs ((0.5% RB)-PVA-SA NPs and (1.5% RB)-PVA-SA NPs) improved the RB quantum yield from 29.8% to a minimum of 42.7%. Moreover, they showed higher emission stability compared to free RB when they were repeatedly excited at 554 nm for 2 h. Furthermore, the dye polymeric interactions significantly increased the RB fluorescence lifetime by approximately twofold. All these optical properties pave the way for our labeled hydrogel NPs to be used in imaging-guided therapy. For the labeled MMC-loaded NPs, the MMC-binding efficiency was found to be exceedingly high in all synthesized samples: a minimum of 92% was achieved. In addition, the obtained pH-dependent drug release profiles as well as the cytotoxicity evaluation demonstrated the high potential of releasing MMC under acidic cancerous conditions. Moreover, the in vitro cellular uptake experiment confirmed the accumulation of MMC NPs throughout the cytoplasm. Full article

(1) Background: Intravesical chemotherapy is the standard of care in intermediate-risk non-muscleinvasive bladder cancer (NMIBC). Different agents are used across the world based on availability, cost, and practice patterns. Epirubicin (EPI), one of these agents, has been used by many centers over many decades. However, its true differential efficacy compared to other agents and its tolerability are still poorly reported. We aimed to assess the differential efficacy and safety of intravesical EPI in NMIBC patients. (2) Methods: This study aimed to systematically review the efficacy and safety profile of Epirubicin (EPI) in the management of non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) compared to other adjuvant therapies. A systematic search of the PUBMED, Web of Science, clinicaltrials.gov, and Google Scholar databases was conducted on 31 December 2023, using relevant terms related to EPI, bladder cancer, and NMIBC. The inclusion criteria targeted studies that evaluated patients treated with EPI following the transurethral resection of bladder tumors (TURBT) for NMIBC and compared oncological outcomes such as recurrence and progression with other adjuvant therapies, including Mitomycin C (MMC), Gemcitabine (GEM), and Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG). Additionally, studies investigating the safety profile of EPI administered intravesically at room temperature and under hyperthermia, as well as oncological outcomes associated with hyperthermic intravesical EPI administration, were included. (3) Results: Eleven studies reported adverse events after adjuvant intravesical instillations with EPI; the most frequently reported adverse events included cystitis (34%), dysuria, pollakiuria, hematuria, bladder irritation/spasms, fever, nausea and vomiting, and generalized skin rash (2.3%). Nine studies compared EPI to BCG in terms of recurrence and progression rates; BCG instillations showed a lower recurrence rate compared to EPI, with limited or non-significant differences in progression rates. Two studies found no significant differences between EPI and MMC regarding progression and recurrence rates. One study showed statistically significant lower recurrence and progression rates with GEM in high-risk NMIBC patients. Another study found no significant differences between EPI and GEM regarding recurrence and progression. (4) Conclusions: EPI exhibits similar oncological performances to Gemcitabine and Mitomycin C currently used for adjuvant therapy in NMIBC. Novel delivery mechanisms such as hyperthermia are interesting newcomers. Full article

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to investigate outcomes of visual acuity (VA) and intraocular pressure (IOP) in proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR)-associated neovascular glaucoma (NVG) in Japanese patients treated with surgical therapies without the use of glaucoma drainage devices. Methods: A retrospective analysis of medical records was conducted for 31 consecutive PDR-associated NVG patients who underwent surgical treatments in our institution between 2013 and 2022. Patient demographics, clinical characteristics, VA, and IOP were recorded at the first and last visits, and surgical procedures, including pars plana vitrectomy with extensive panretinal and ciliary photocoagulation (PPV–PRCP), diode laser trans-scleral cyclophotocoagulation (DCPC), and trabeculectomy with mitomycin C (TLE–MMC), with or without a prior intravitreal bevacizumab (IVB) injection, were reviewed. Results: Of the thirty-one PDR patients with NVG, two patients received PPV–PRCP or DCPC alone (6.5%), respectively, three patients received TLE–MMC alone (9.7%), two patients received TLE–MMC after IVB (6.5%), six patients received PPV–PRCP and TLE–MMC (19.4%), seven patients received PPV–PRCP and TLE–MMC after IVB (22.6%), five patients received PPV–PRCP and DCPC and TLE–MMC (16.1%), and four patients received PPV–PRCP and DCPC and TLE–MMC after IVB (12.9%). The VA of two patients (6.5%) deteriorated to no light perception. In all patients, the mean logMAR VA was 1.28 ± 1.05 at the first visit and remained at 1.26 ± 1.08 at the last visit, with no significant change; the mean IOP was 33.0 ± 15.2 mmHg at the initial visit and decreased significantly to 14.0 ± 7.4 mmHg at the last visit. The number of eyes with IOP ≥ 21 decreased from twenty-eight (90.3%) to three (9.7%). Although IOP in patients with IOP > 30 mmHg at the initial visit reduced to a level comparable to that of patients with IOP ≤ 30 mmHg, the IOP > 30 mmHg group received IVB more frequently and had significantly higher logMAR VA at the last visit compared to the IOP ≤ 30 mmHg group. Hypotony (<6 mmHg) was observed in four eyes (12.9%). Conclusions: In PDR patients with NVG, various combinations of PPV–PRCP, DCPC, and TLE–MMC after adjunctive IVB without the use of glaucoma drainage devices lowered IOP sufficiently; for these patients, neovascular regression was observed, with no further deterioration of VA. However, surgical procedures should be performed for PDR patients with NVG before visual impairment occurs. On the other hand, approximately less than 15% of patients developed blindness or low IOP. Full article