Out of the 50 to 70 million tons of lignin that are produced annually, only 1 to 2% are used for value-added products. Currently, 90% of the total market of this compound corresponds to lignosulphonates (LS). The most successful industrial attempts t...
To investigate the effects of lignin methylolation and lignin adding stage on the resulted lignin-based phenolic adhesives, Alcell lignin activated with NaOH (AL) or methylolation (ML) was integrated into the phenolic adhesives system by replacing ph...
In earlier work (Silva et al., 2016; Soh et al., 2014a; Soh et al., 2015), the supercritical CO2 transesterification of triolein to methyl-oleate using Nafion solid-acid catalyst and large methanol/triolein molar feed ratios was carried out. Herein,...
Phenol–formaldehyde (PF) resins remain the preferred adhesive for exterior plywood, as they confer these boards their extreme weather resistance. However, their high price and toxicity has made phenol alternatives, such as technical lignins, in...
In the present work, the new N-methylol and O-alkyl derivatives of 4,5-dihydroxyimidazolidine-2-thione (DHIT) are synthesized. The effects of N-alkyl, N-phenyl, N-methylol, and O-alkyl substituents of DHIT on the 13C and 1H signals in NMR spectra of...
This study outlines a method for preparing a complex involving glycoluril and melamine (GU-ME). The structure of the resultant complex was analyzed using IR and NMR spectroscopy. In the subsequent phase, the polymer GUMEFA was derived from the result...
The aim of the present research work was to develop halogen and formaldehyde-free, durable flame retardant fabric along with multifunctional properties and to find the optimal conditions and parameters. In this research, zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO...
The objective of this research was to provide a useful approach of polymer synthesis for accelerating the fast cure of phenol-urea-formaldehyde (PUF) resin as wood adhesive by optimizing its structure and composition. The PUF resins containing high c...
Here, we study resin cure and network formation of solid melamine formaldehyde pre-polymer over a large temperature range via dynamic temperature curing profiles. Real-time infrared spectroscopy is used to analyze the chemical changes during network...
The properties of solvent-based pressure-sensitive adhesive (PSA) acrylics, especially shrinkage, are mostly determined by the type and amount of the crosslinking agent added to the prepolymer or by the crosslinking method. The shrinkage profiles of...
Bis-MPA dendron-coated free-base tetraphenylporphyrin and zinc-tetraphenyl-porphyrin (TPPH2 and TPPZn) were studied in comparison with simple porphyrins (H2P, ZnP) by theoretical simulation of their infrared, Raman and electronic absorption spectra,...
A homologous series of hyperbranched polyesters (HBPEs) was successfully synthesized via an esterification reaction of 2,2-bis(methylol)propionic acid (bis-MPA) with pentaerythritol. The molecular weights of the HBPEs were 2160, 2660, 4150 and 5840 g...
Kojic acid (KA) with antibacterial activities produced by fermentation was grafted onto konjac glucomannan oligosaccharide (KGO) composed of glucose and mannose linked by β-1,4 glycosidic bonds. A novel KGO derivative, konjac glucomannan oligosa...
Background/Objectives: Heterofunctional cationic polyester dendrimers derived from a 2-(bromomethyl)-2-(hydroxymethyl)propane-1,3-diol (BHP-diol) based AB2C monomer were evaluated as efficient and biodegradable nonviral carriers for siRNA delivery. M...
Transparent, conductive hydrogels with good mechanical strength and toughness are in great demand of the fields of biomedical and future wearable smart electronics. We reported a carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCS)–calcium chloride (CaCl2)/polyacrylamide (...
Herein, we present the first evaluation of cationic dendrimers based on 2,2-bis(methylol)propionic acid (bis-MPA) as nonviral vectors for transfection of short interfering RNA (siRNA) in cell cultures. The study encompassed dendrimers of generation o...
The excess biomass of drifting algae and their casting to the Baltic Sea coast imposes a significant environmental burden. The analysis of beach-cast algae showed that the dominant species are macroalgae Ulva sp., Furcellaria lumbricalis, Cladophora...
Biodiesel has been established as a promising alternative fuel to petroleum diesel. This study offers a promising energy conversion platform to valorise high acidity waste cooking oil (WCO) into biodiesel in a single-step reaction via supercritical m...
A TiO2 nanoparticle-loaded polymer fiber web was developed as a functional material with the ability to adsorb and photo-catalytically degrade organic pollutants in aquatic media. A linear copolymer of N-isopropylacrylamide (primary component) and N-...
Low cost and favorable handling characteristics make urea (46-0-0) a leading nitrogen source for frequent, foliar N fertilization of golf course putting greens in season. Yet few field investigations of resulting NH3 volatilization from putting green...
Bacterial infections are one of the major threats to human health due to the raising crisis of antibiotic resistance. Herein, second generation antibacterial heterofunctional dendrimers based on 2,2-bis(methylol)propionic acid were synthesized. The d...
Ammoxidation of pine kraft lignin in aqueous 5 wt % ammonia affords a novel type of phenol substitute that significantly accelerates resole synthesis and curing as demonstrated for 40 wt % phenol replacement. Compared to non-ammoxidized lignin, which...
Cationic dendrimers are intriguing materials that can be used as antibacterial materials; however, they display significant cytotoxicity towards diverse cell lines at high generations or high doses, which limits their applications in biomedical field...
Melamine-formaldehyde (MF) resins are widely used as surface finishes for engineered wood-based panels in decorative laminates. Since no additional glue is applied in lamination, the overall residual curing capacity of MF resins is of great technolog...
Bifunctional dendrons based on 2,2-bis(methylol)propionic acid (bis-MPA) are highly desirable scaffolds for biomedical applications. This is due to their flawless nature and large and exact number of functional groups as well as being biodegradable a...
Poly(l-glutamate) (PGlu) was modified with a second-generation dendron to obtain the dendronized polyglutamate, P(Glu-D). Synthesized P(Glu-D) exhibited a degree of polymerization (DPn) of 46 and a 43% degree of dendronization. Perfect agreement was...
Phenol–resorcinol–formaldehyde (PRF) is a cold-setting wood adhesive whose cured form is intrinsically brittle and whose bonding effectiveness deteriorates with storage age due to the loss of reactive methylol groups. This study investiga...
The effects of soil burial on the biodegradation of biocomposite flower pots (BFP) made from straw fiber (SF) and hydrolyzed soy protein isolate/urea/formaldehyde (HSPI/U/F) copolymer resin were studied in detail. The microstructure, crystallinity, f...
Phenol-formaldehyde (PF) resin is a high performance adhesive, but has not been widely developed due to its slow curing rate and high curing temperature. To accelerate the curing rate and to lower the curing temperature of PF resin, four types of met...
Nitrogen (N) is the essential plant nutrient needed by turfgrass in the greatest quantity. Urea and urea-based liquids are arguably the safest, least expensive, and subsequently most popular soluble N fertilizers. Unfortunately, urea fertilizer appli...
The authors wish to make a correction to this paper [...]