Search Results (1,439)

This study examines how cognitive biases may shape ethical decision-making in AI-mediated environments, particularly within education and research. As AI tools increasingly influence human judgment, biases such as normalization, complacency, rationalization, and authority bias can lead to ethical lapses, including academic misconduct, uncritical reliance on AI-generated content, and acceptance of misinformation. To explore these dynamics, we developed an LLM-generated synthetic behavior estimation framework that modeled six decision-making scenarios with probabilistic representations of key cognitive biases. The scenarios addressed issues ranging from loss of human agency to biased evaluations and homogenization of thought. Statistical summaries of the synthetic dataset indicated that 71% of agents engaged in unethical behavior influenced by biases like normalization and complacency, 78% relied on AI outputs without scrutiny due to automation and authority biases, and misinformation was accepted in 65% of cases, largely driven by projection and authority biases. These statistics are descriptive of this synthetic dataset only and are not intended as inferential claims about real-world populations. The findings nevertheless suggest the potential value of targeted interventions—such as AI literacy programs, systematic bias audits, and equitable access to AI tools—to promote responsible AI use. As a proof-of-concept, the framework offers controlled exploratory insights, but all reported outcomes reflect text-based pattern generation by an LLM rather than observed human behavior. Future research should validate and extend these findings with longitudinal and field data. Full article

Background/Objectives: Fetal growth restriction (FGR) is a leading cause of perinatal morbidity and mortality. Accurate surveillance and timely delivery are critical to improving outcomes. This narrative review examines the role of computerized cardiotocography (cCTG) and short-term variation (STV) interpretation in the monitoring of FGR and its integration with Doppler velocimetry and the biophysical profile (BPP). Methods: A comprehensive literature search of PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science was performed for studies published up to 2021 using combinations of terms related to FGR, CTG, STV, and Doppler surveillance. Eligible sources included original studies, systematic reviews, and international guidelines. Case reports, intrapartum-only monitoring, and studies involving major anomalies were excluded. Results: Reduced STV consistently correlates with fetal compromise, abnormal Doppler findings, and adverse perinatal outcomes. In early-onset FGR (<32 weeks), ductus venosus abnormalities often coincide with or precede STV reduction; combined use supports optimal timing of delivery. In late-onset FGR (≥32 weeks), STV changes are less pronounced and require integration with cerebroplacental ratio, variability indices, and trend-based interpretation. Longitudinal evaluation offers greater prognostic value than isolated measurements. However, heterogeneity in thresholds, fragmented outcome data, and system-specific definitions limit standardization and comparability across studies. Conclusions: cCTG provides an objective and adjunct to Doppler and BPP in the surveillance of FGR, a tool for obstetrician needs. Its greatest utility lies in serial, integrated assessment, supported by gestational age-specific reference ranges. Future advances should include standardized STV thresholds, large outcome-linked databases, and artificial intelligence-driven tools to refine decision-making and optimize delivery timing. Full article

Erosion monitoring was carried out between 2003 and 2022 using a hydrological station with a Thomson overflow, a water gauge, and a limnigraph installed at the outlet of the Kolonia Celejów gully system. The study area is located in the north-western part of the Lublin Upland in the Nałęczów Plateau mesoregion (SE Poland). The total amount and intensity of precipitation were measured using an automatic station and water runoff and suspended sediment yield (SST) were also continuously measured. High variability in water runoff was observed during this period (max. of about 76,000 m³ and mean > 26,000 m³), and as a result of numerous heavy rains, a significant increase in SST (max. of about 95 Mg to about 1200 Mg and mean of 24 Mg to about 215 Mg) was noted in the second half of the measurement period. Most of the material removed at that time came from the cutting of the gully bottom and from the redeposition of material transported from the catchment used for agricultural purposes. In order to determine the volume of material delivered to the slope–gully cascade system in November 2012, a second station was installed at the gully head, which only operated until June 2013. However, the measurements covered all snowmelts and summer runoffs, as well as the June downpours. At the same time, these measurements represent the first unique attempt to quantify the delivery of material from the slope subcatchment to the gully system. The year 2013 was also important in terms of water runoff from the loess gully catchment area (about 40,000 m³) and was a record year (SST > 1197 Mg) for the total amount of suspended material runoff (7.6% and 33.5% of the 20-year total, respectively). During the cool half of the year, 16,490 m³ of water (i.e., 42% of the annual total) flowed out of the gully catchment area, and during the warm half of the year, 23,742 m³ of water (59% of the annual total) flowed out. In contrast, 24,076.7 m³ of water flowed out of the slope subcatchment area during the year, with slightly more flowing out in the cool half of the year (12,395.9 m³ or 51.5% of the annual total). In the slope and gully subcatchment areas, the suspended sediment discharge clearly dominated in the warm half of the year (98% and 97%). The record-breaking SST amount in June was over 1100 Mg of suspended sediment, which accounted for 93% of the annual SST from the gully catchment area and over 94% in the case of the slope subcatchment area. The relationships in the slope–gully cascade system in 2013 were considered representative of the entire measurement series, which were used to determine the degree of connectivity between the slope and gully subsystems. During summer downpours, the delivery of slope material from agricultural fields accounted for approx. 15% of the material removed from the catchment area, which confirms the predominance of transverse transport in the slope catchment area and longitudinal transport in the gully. The opposite situation occurs during thaws, with as much as 90% of the material removed coming from the slope catchment area. At that time, longitudinal transport dominates on the slope and transverse transport dominates in the gully. Full article

This study evaluates the competency-based performance of Initial Incident Commander (IIC) candidates—fire officers who serve as first-arriving, on-scene incident commanders—in South Korea and identifies sub-competency deficits to inform training improvements. Using evaluation data from 92 candidates tested between 2022 and 2024—of whom 67 achieved certification and 25 did not—we analyzed counts and mean scores for each sub-competency and integrated transcribed radio communications to contextualize deficiencies. Results show that while a majority (72.8%) passed, a significant proportion (27.2%) failed, with recurrent weaknesses in crisis response, progress management, and decision-making. For example, “Responding to Unexpected or Crisis Situations 3-3” recorded 27 unsuccessful cases with a mean score of 68.8. Candidates also struggled with resource allocation, situational awareness and radio communications. The study extends recognition-primed decision-making theory by operationalizing behavioral marker frameworks and underscores the need for predetermined internal alignment, scalability and teamwork synergy. Practical implications recommend incorporating high-fidelity simulation and VR scenarios, competency frameworks and reflective debriefs in training programs. Limitations include the single-country sample, reliance on predetermined scoring rubrics and absence of team-level analysis. Future research is indispensable to adopt multi-jurisdictional longitudinal designs, evaluate varied training interventions, assess skill retention and explore the interplay between physical and cognitive training over time. Full article

The COVID-19 pandemic caused the world to pause temporarily on an almost planetary scale. The creation and diffusion of knowledge about environmental planning and public health are now almost taken for granted. However, such processes were rather different in pre-pandemic times. It took a substantial dose of labor and resources to generate the information needed to produce useful and usable knowledge, and especially to make it available to others in a timely and effective way. As automobility has come to occupy center stage in the lives of an increasing number of suburbanized dwellers, it has taken multiple energy and public health crises, bold leadership, and the real threat of climate change to create the conditions needed to bolster sustainable Non-Motorized Transportation (NMT) as a complement to cleaner and more convenient mass transit options in cities. How does knowledge about sustainable NMT get created? How are sustainable NMT innovations diffused? How can technological and societal transitions to more sustainable realities be nurtured and augmented? This article utilizes a longitudinal and integrated knowledge creation and diffusion model with a Participatory Planning Process to analyze the adoption of measures aimed at reducing the negative consequences of too much automobility and encouraging higher levels of walking, cycling, and mass transportation. The research methods comprised autoethnographic, qualitative, and policy evaluation techniques. The study makes use of the means and ends matrix to discuss cases from five distinct realms: personal, academic, institutional, volunteering NGO, and private sector. The key findings and lessons learned promote scenarios of managed degrowth and sustainable urban transitions. Full article

Introduction: Evidence on orthodontic interventions for temporomandibular disorders (TMD) is fragmented and inconclusive, creating a gap in guidance for clinical decision-making. This study addresses that gap by evaluating current knowledge on these interventions. Methods: A PRISMA-ScR scoping review was conducted with a systematic search of PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science (2018–2023). Eligible studies were peer-reviewed, English-language, human studies examining TMD treatment and/or etiology. Three independent reviewers screened records and extracted data and a fourth reviewer performed random audits. Results: Of 899 records, 10 studies met inclusion criteria (non-surgical, n = 7: 4 case reports, 2 prospective, 1 longitudinal; combined orthodontic–surgical, n = 3: 1 case report, 2 longitudinal; participant ages 15–71 years). Diagnostics included imaging, clinical examination, occlusal analysis, and questionnaires, although few used RDC/TMD or DC/TMD criteria. Non-surgical orthodontic modalities (fixed appliances, camouflage, TADs, stabilization splints) showed mixed results, with several studies reporting short-term symptom improvement, while others found no effect on TMD onset or progression. Combined orthodontic–surgical approaches (e.g., bilateral sagittal split osteotomy, Le Fort I) also showed variable outcomes. Conclusions: Low-to-moderate quality evidence suggests that orthodontic-surgical interventions may alleviate TMD symptoms in select patients; however, heterogeneity and limited use of standardized diagnostics constrain the certainty of these findings. Future research should prioritize DC/TMD-based diagnostics, core outcomes, comparative designs, and ≥12–24 months of follow-up to identify prognostic factors and responsive subgroups. Full article

Anxiety disorders represent a significant global health challenge, yet a substantial treatment gap persists, motivating the development of scalable digital health solutions. This study investigates the potential of integrating passive physiological data from consumer wearable devices with subjective self-reported surveys to predict state–trait anxiety. Leveraging the multi-modal, longitudinal LifeSnaps dataset, which captured “in the wild” data from 71 participants over four months, this research develops and evaluates a machine learning framework for this purpose. The methodology meticulously details a reproducible data curation pipeline, including participant-specific time zone harmonization, validated survey scoring, and comprehensive feature engineering from Fitbit Sense physiological data. A suite of machine learning models was trained to classify the presence of anxiety, defined by the State–Trait Anxiety Inventory (S-STAI). The CatBoost ensemble model achieved an accuracy of 77.6%, with high sensitivity (92.9%) but more modest specificity (48.9%). The positive predictive value (77.3%) and negative predictive value (78.6%) indicate balanced predictive utility across classes. The model obtained an F1-score of 84.3%, a Matthews correlation coefficient of 0.483, and an AUC of 0.709, suggesting good detection of anxious cases but more limited ability to correctly identify non-anxious cases. Post hoc explainability approaches (local and global) reveal that key predictors of state anxiety include measures of cardio-respiratory fitness (VO₂Max), calorie expenditure, duration of light activity, resting heart rate, thermal regulation and age. While additional sensitivity analysis and conformal prediction methods reveal that the size of the datasets contributes to overfitting, the features and the proposed approach is generally conducive for reasonable anxiety prediction. These findings underscore the use of machine learning and ubiquitous sensing modalities for a more holistic and accurate digital phenotyping of state anxiety. Full article

Background: Alterations of the gut microbiota have been increasingly implicated in the pathogenesis of dementia through mechanisms involving systemic inflammation, immune dysregulation, and gut–brain axis disruption. Clinical evidence, however, remains fragmented. Objectives: This systematic review aimed to characterize gut microbiota profiles in individuals with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) or Alzheimer’s dementia (AD), explore mechanistic associations with neurodegeneration, and evaluate the impact of microbiota-targeted interventions on cognitive outcomes. Methods: Following PRISMA 2020 guidelines and a registered protocol (PROSPERO CRD420251074832), PubMed/Medline was searched through May 2025. Eligible studies included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and cohort and case–control studies assessing microbiota composition or interventions in participants with MCI or AD. Results: Twenty-one studies were included (1 RCT, 20 observational; sample size 22–302). Most used 16S rRNA sequencing; one used shotgun metagenomics. Across cohorts, MCI and AD patients consistently showed reduced short-chain fatty acid-producing bacteria (Faecalibacterium, Ruminococcaceae, Lachnospiraceae) and increased pro-inflammatory taxa (Escherichia/Shigella, Enterobacteriaceae, Bacteroides). Several studies reported reduced microbial diversity. Specific taxa, including Akkermansia muciniphila and Faecalibacterium, were associated with amyloid burden, hippocampal atrophy, and cognitive decline. Environmental and dietary factors influenced microbial composition and cognition. The RCT reported that probiotic supplementation improved inflammatory markers and BDNF levels, although changes in microbiota composition were inconsistent. Conclusions: Gut dysbiosis is strongly associated with cognitive impairment and markers of neurodegeneration. Modulation of the microbiota through diet and probiotics emerges as a promising avenue for dementia prevention and management, though robust longitudinal and interventional studies are needed to confirm causality and therapeutic efficacy. Full article

Background: Perianal Crohn’s disease (pCD) is one of the most disabling complications of inflammatory bowel disease, characterized by fistulas and abscesses that demand precise imaging for diagnosis, treatment planning, and follow-up. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is considered the reference standard, but endoanal ultrasound (EAUS) with high-frequency 360° probes provide a readily available, cost-effective, and repeatable alternative. Methods: We performed a narrative review of the literature, evaluating studies on the EAUS technique, diagnostic applications, distinguishing features of Crohn’s-related fistulas, and comparative analyses with MRI. Consensus documents and structured reporting initiatives were also included. Results: EAUS provides high-resolution visualization of the anal sphincter complex and intersphincteric space, enabling the reliable detection of fistulas and abscesses. Characteristic features such as tract width > 4 mm, bifurcation, hyperechoic debris, the Crohn’s Ultrasound Fistula Sign (CUFS), and the rosary sign assist in differentiating Crohn’s from cryptoglandular fistulas. EAUS is well-suited for serial monitoring, perioperative seton guidance, and therapeutic decision-making. Emerging tools such as Doppler and shear wave elastography provide additional information on activity and fibrosis. MRI remains indispensable for supralevator disease, deep pelvic sepsis, and standardized activity indices. Comparative studies indicate similar sensitivity for simple fistulas, with MRI superior in complex cases; combining both modalities maximizes accuracy. Conclusions: EAUS is a practical and repeatable imaging tool that complements MRI in the multidisciplinary management of perianal Crohn’s disease. Advances such as 3D imaging, contrast enhancement, and elastography may enable validated activity scoring—for example, a future PEACE (Perianal Endosonographic Activity in Chron’s Evaluation) Index—further strengthening its role in longitudinal care. Full article

Objective: Suicide is a major public health problem with multiple biological and psychosocial determinants. Although the kynurenine/tryptophan (KYN/TRP) pathway has been implicated in the neurobiology of suicidal behavior, clinical findings remain inconsistent. This study aimed to evaluate serum tryptophan, kynurenine, and the KYN/TRP ratio in patients presenting to the emergency department after a suicide attempt and to examine their association with suicide risk. Methods: This prospective, cross-sectional, and comparative study was conducted between November 2024 and June 2025 in the Emergency Department of Konya City Hospital. A total of 120 participants were enrolled, including 60 suicide attempt cases and 60 healthy controls. Serum tryptophan and kynurenine levels were measured using the ELISA method, and the KYN/TRP ratio was calculated in molar units. The Beck Suicide Intent Scale (SIS) was administered to the case group. Group comparisons and correlation analyses were performed using appropriate statistical tests, and effect sizes with 95% confidence intervals were reported. Results: Compared with controls, patients showed significantly lower levels of tryptophan (median 35.4 vs. 54.4; p = 0.002), kynurenine (median 1534.5 vs. 2384.0; p < 0.001), and the KYN/TRP ratio (40.9 ± 16.2 vs. 48.8 ± 20.8; p = 0.02). No significant correlations were found between SIS scores and tryptophan (p = 0.180), kynurenine (p = 0.668), or the KYN/TRP ratio (p = 0.246). Subgroup analyses based on psychiatric history or psychiatric consultation recommendations also revealed no significant differences. Conclusions: Serum tryptophan, kynurenine, and the KYN/TRP ratio were significantly reduced in patients with suicide attempts compared to healthy controls. However, these biochemical parameters were not associated with SIS scores. Our findings suggest that tryptophan, kynurenine, and the KYN/TRP ratio may serve as complementary biomarkers but cannot replace clinical and psychometric assessments. Larger, multicenter, and longitudinal studies are needed to clarify their potential clinical value. Full article

Background/Objectives: The abductor pollicis longus (APL) muscle exhibits a high degree of anatomical variation, particularly in the number and configuration of its tendons. Understanding these variants is crucial in surgical contexts, especially for tendon transfer and reconstruction procedures. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and morphometric characteristics of the accessory abductor pollicis longus (AAPL) muscle in a Bolivian cadaveric population. Methods: A descriptive, cross-sectional study was performed on 16 forearms from eight adult cadavers (six males and two females) preserved in 10% formalin. Cadaveric dissection was conducted following the AQUA guidelines, with measurements obtained for the AAPL proximal tendon length (PTL), distal tendon length (DTL), muscle length (ML), and transverse muscle length (TML) using a digital caliper. Statistical analysis was carried out using SPSS v26. Results: The AAPL muscle was present in 50% of forearms. Most were unilateral, with one bilateral case. The muscle exhibited a fusiform shape, with fibers aligned longitudinally. Morphometric analysis revealed a mean PTL of 1.20 ± 0.08 cm, DTL of 3.91 ± 0.52 cm, ML of 5.30 ± 0.45 cm, and TML of 0.55 ± 0.056 cm. One case (6.25%) exhibited a multicaudal APL with an additional tendon measuring 6.23 cm. No significant correlations were found between muscle and tendon measurements. Conclusions: AAPL muscles are relatively common and demonstrate notable morphometric variation. While the proximal tendon may be inadequate for grafting due to its short length, the distal tendon offers a viable alternative for reconstructive procedures. Recognition of such variants is clinically relevant, as they may contribute to pathologies like De Quervain’s tenosynovitis or serve as graft sources in surgical interventions. Full article

Background/Objectives: After pneumonectomy, the right ventricular stroke volume is pumped into pulmonary vessels whose volume has been reduced by approximately 50%. To sustain conditions for pulmonary flow, the flow reserve is increased in the remaining lung, which is conducive to the development of pulmonary hypertension symptoms. This study sought to examine pulmonary flow in one lung and the size of the right atrium (RA), right ventricle (RV) and pulmonary artery (PA) in patients who had undergone pneumonectomy and to establish the influence of time since pneumonectomy on these parameters, as well as their potential mutual dependencies. Methods: The retrospective analysis included 34 patients who had undergone pneumonectomy. Pulmonary flow was measured by means of perfusion scintigraphy. The diameters of the RA, RV and PA were evaluated based on computed tomography with contrast. Results: We observed complete or near-complete utilization of flow reserve in 38.2% (13/34) of patients, enlarged transversal and longitudinal dimensions of the RA in 17.6% (6/34) and 32.3% (11/34) of patients, respectively, and enlarged transversal and longitudinal dimension of the RV in 67.6% (23/34) and 44.1% (15/34) of patients, respectively. Dilatation of the PA was discovered in 23.5% (8/34) to 26.5% (9/34) of patients, as well as the presence of an extensive complex of radiographic features of pulmonary hypertension (PH) syndrome in 23.5% (8/34) of cases. Conclusions: Radiological features of PH were present in a significant number of patients. These features developed at varying rates but were present in all patients followed >10 years after the procedure. Full article

Background: Recent hypotheses suggest that mutations associated with alpha1 antitrypsin (AAT) deficiency (AATD) may influence the clinical presentation and progression of cystic fibrosis (CF). This study employs a longitudinal design to determine the prevalence of AATD mutations and assess their impact on CF. Methods: The study Finding AAT Deficiency in Obstructive Lung Diseases: Cystic Fibrosis (FADO-CF) is a retrospective cohort study evaluating people with CF from November 2020 to February 2024. On the date of inclusion, serum levels of AAT were measured and a genotyping of 14 mutations associated with AATD was performed. Historical information, including data on exacerbations, microbiological sputum isolations, and lung function, was obtained from the medical records, aiming at a temporal lag of 10 years. Results: The sample consisted of 369 people with CF (40.9% pediatrics). Of these, 58 (15.7%) cases presented at least one AATD mutation. The AATD allelic combinations identified were PI*MS in 47 (12.7%) cases, PI*MZ in 5 (1.4%) cases, PI*SS in 3 (0.8%) cases, PI*SZ in 2 (0.5%) cases, and PI*M/P_lowell in 1 (0.3%) case. The optimal cutoff value for AAT levels to detect AATD-associated mutation carriers was 129 mg/dL in the overall cohort (sensitivity of 73.0%; specificity 69.2%) and 99.5 mg/dL when excluding PI*MS cases (sensitivity 98.0%; specificity 90.9%), highlighting the need for lower thresholds in clinically severe genotypes to improve case detection. The number of mild exacerbations during the follow-up appeared to be associated with AATD mutations. Conclusions: AATD mutations are prevalent in CF and may impact certain clinical outcomes. If systematic screening was to be planned, we recommend considering the proposed cut-off points to select the population for genetic studies. Full article

Background: Anthracycline-based chemotherapy, while highly effective for breast cancer, poses a significant risk for chemotherapy-related cardiac dysfunction (CTRCD), mainly determined by left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) reduction. Objectives: We aimed to evaluate the diagnostic utility of speckle tracking analysis (STA) and Diastolic Stress Test Echocardiography (DSTE) for the early detection of cardiac dysfunction either CTRCD or heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) in women undergoing chemotherapy for breast cancer and developed exertional dyspnea and/or fatigue during follow-up. Methods: In this prospective case–control study, 133 women receiving anthracycline-based chemotherapy (with or without anti-HER2 therapy) (chemotherapy group-CTG) and 65 age-matched healthy women as the control group (CG) underwent resting echocardiographic assessment, including LVEF, global longitudinal strain (GLS), myocardial work indices, biomarkers assay (NT-proBNP, troponin, galectin-3) and DSTE at baseline. That assessment was repeated after 12 months in CTG. Results: In this prospective case—control study, 133 women receiving anthracycline-based chemotherapy (with or without anti-HER2 therapy) were included. Based on the presence of CTRCD, they were further subdivided into a CTRCD subgroup (n = 37) and a CTRCD-free subgroup (n = 88). At the end of this study, CTG showed worse values of LVEF, GLS, myocardial work indices than baseline and CG (p < 0.05). Subgroup comparison (CTRCD vs. CTRCD-free) showed significant impairment in LVEF (53.60% vs. 62.60%, p < 0.001), GLS (–16.68% vs. −20.31%, p < 0.001), DSTE-derived tricuspid regurgitation maximum velocity (TRVmax) (3.05 vs. 2.31 m/s, p < 0.001) and elevated biomarkers (NT-proBNP: 200.06 vs. 61.49 pg/mL; troponin: 12.42 vs. 3.95 ng/L, p < 0.001) in the former subgroup. Regression analysis identified GLS, NT-proBNP, troponin, and TRVmax as independent predictors of CTRCD. Notably, a subgroup of CTRCD-free patients (n = 16) showed a high probability for HFpEF based on the HFA-PEFF score, with elevated GLS, NT-proBNP and DSTE-derived TRVmax compared to the rest of CTRCD-free patients and the CG (p < 0.001). Conclusions: STA and DSTE significantly outperform conventional LVEF in detecting subclinical cardiac dysfunction among women with breast cancer receiving chemotherapy. The combination of novel echocardiographic techniques and biomarkers may enable the detection of early CTRCD, including the under-estimated presence of HFpEF among breast cancer women with HF symptoms. Full article

Background: Speech and Language Impairment (SLI) significantly affects children’s communication skills, limiting their social and academic development. Case Information: This single-case study evaluates the effects of a personalized intervention in a 9-year-old child diagnosed with SLI, integrating linguistic and cognitive strategies to remediate core deficits typically observed in children with SLI. Two main objectives were established: (1) to assess the child’s psycholinguistic competencies and cognitive processes and (2) to analyze the impact of the intervention on skills such as phonology, semantics, syntax, executive functions, and emotional well-being. The longitudinal and personalized design included pre- and post-intervention assessments conducted over two and a half years using tools such as the ITPA and Peabody Vocabulary Test. The intervention sessions were structured into linguistic and cognitive activities, with a frequency of two weekly language sessions and one cognitive functions session. Statistical analysis included ANOVA to evaluate significant changes. Conclusions: The results showed significant improvements in linguistic areas such as auditory comprehension (from 3–5 to 10 years) and verbal expression (from 5–10 to 9–6), as well as in cognitive aspects such as visuomotor sequential memory and visual comprehension, which exceeded the expected values for the child’s age. However, skills such as grammatical integration and auditory association did not show significant progress. This demonstrates that personalized and multidisciplinary interventions can considerably improve linguistic and cognitive abilities in children with SLI, although some areas require more specific approaches. The findings highlight implications for designing tailored intervention strategies, emphasizing the need for further research with larger samples and control groups to generalize the results. This case reaffirms the importance of comprehensive approaches in the treatment of SLI to maximize the academic and social development of affected children. Full article