Search Results (17,073)

In the field of urban traffic management, optimizing traffic signals at intersections is crucial for enhancing traffic flow efficiency. Despite advances in intelligent traffic signal control strategies through deep reinforcement learning (DRL), practical deployment challenges persist, such as abrupt changes in signal phases and significant hardware costs. This paper proposes a novel Traffic Characteristics-Guided Progressive optimization (TCGP) method that builds on classical fixed-time traffic signals. It is based on the classic fixed-time and quickly optimizes the green time ratio of intersection traffic lights by integrating the relationship between green light duration and traffic flow. Then, it efficiently explores the traffic signal cycle duration of a single intersection. Using a progressive optimization strategy, TCGP addresses the “curse of dimensionality” problem caused by a large number of intersections. TCGP ensures compatibility with traditional control methods and offers performance comparable to state-of-the-art DRL approaches, with competitive stability and computational efficiency. Evaluations with public datasets and real traffic data from Zhengzhou, Henan, China, confirm TCGP’s competitive performance and adaptability. This contributes fresh perspectives to the modernization of urban traffic systems. Full article

Coccocypselum lanceolatum is a tropical, perennial, creeping, herbaceous C3 plant species that is found in deeply shaded humid forests. This species has potential for medicinal and culinary uses. Knowledge about this species and other herbaceous Rubiaceae is confined to phytocoenological and morpho-anatomical studies. Here, it was hypothesized that (1) leaf gas exchange dynamics over a one-year period in C. lanceolatum are related to light conditions, phenology and environmental seasonal changes; (2) photosynthetic performance is focused on enhanced carbon gains through a high leaf net assimilation rate (A_net) relative to light availability, a low dark respiration rate (R_d) and a light compensation point (LCP); and (3) these parameters will vary over leaf age. The photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD), characterizing the growth and development of C. lanceolatum, was reduced to 4–11% of incoming light in the open area, while the red-to-far-red light ratio (R:FR) was reduced from 1.15 to mean diurnal values of 0.45–0.81, depending on forest canopy dynamics. Leaf gas exchange parameters [A_net, stomatal conductance (g_s), leaf transpiration (E), and intrinsic water use efficiency (iWUE)] were observed over a one-year period. A_net, g_s, and E were correlated with energy factors (PPFD and air temperature) during vegetative growth, while only iWUE showed a correlation with leaf gas exchange parameters during blooming and fruiting, indicating that seasonality and phenology were additional drivers of leaf gas exchange. As a deep-shade forest species, C. lanceolatum displayed low iWUE (3–21 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹) and was adapted to maximize carbon gain and prioritize high g_s rather than water economy. The extremely low LCP (4.2 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹), low R_d (0.2 to 0.43 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹), maximum net photosynthesis (A_max, 5 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹), and apparent quantum efficiency of CO₂ assimilation (Φ of 0.04 µmol µmol⁻¹) were adaptational traits of this species for low light. Finally, the A_net, g_s, E, iWUE, gross photosynthesis under light saturation, R_d, LCP, and light saturation point values were different when comparing young and adult leaves. The ecophysiological responses over a one-year period shown here could assist in the success of C. lanceolatum as a sustainable soil-cover plant in shaded areas. Full article

Maceration techniques like cold maceration before fermentation (CM) and skin-contact fermentation (SF) are widely used in winemaking. However, their application remains limited in white winemaking, representing an important objective for the production of diverse white wines. This study systematically investigated the impacts of CM and SF on phenolics, volatile aromas and sensory properties of Chardonnay and Italian Riesling wines in Yantai wine region. Both CM and SF significantly increased the total phenolic content, especially with gallic acid and quercitrin contents rising 11.65- and 10.02-fold in Chardonnay, as well as catechin and quercitrin increasing 9.05- and 10.82-fold in Italian Riesling under 100% SF. Moreover, 72 h CM and 100% SF showed higher volatile aroma contents in both wines compared to other CM and SF treatments. Esters, including ethyl octanoate, ethyl hexanoate and isoamyl acetate, contributed to the improved floral and fruity aromas in maceration-treated Chardonnay wines, whereas esters and terpenes drove the aromatic profile of Italian Riesling wines, with terpenes rising 1.67- and 3.27-fold after CM and SF. The two varieties differed in wine color, with Italian Riesling wines displaying a stronger yellow hue and reduced lightness under 72 h CM, 50% SF and 100% SF. Sensory evaluation by a panel containing seven trained assessors found that SF-treated wines exhibited more intense flavor and balanced taste and CM-treated wines showed more freshness. These findings provide theoretical support for tailored maceration to enhance varietal expression in the specific region and diversify white wine production. Full article

Copper oxide (CuO) is a narrow-bandgap p-type semiconductor promising for visible-light photocatalysis, yet it suffers from rapid charge recombination and low carrier transfer efficiency. In this study, two distinct CuO photocatalysts were fabricated via different routes: two-dimensional CuO nanosheets derived from annealing a CuBDC metal–organic framework (MOF) precursor, and oriented one-dimensional CuO nanoflower arrays prepared by electrochemical deposition, followed by annealing. The crystal structure, morphology, optical absorption, and photoelectrochemical properties were systematically characterized by XRD, SEM, XPS, UV-Vis spectroscopy, transient photocurrent response, EIS, and PL spectroscopy. The CuO nanoflower thin film exhibits a broad visible-light absorption, a markedly higher photocurrent density (42.25 μA cm⁻²), and lower charge-transfer resistance compared to CuO nanosheets. When evaluated for visible-light photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue (MB), rhodamine B (RhB), and malachite green (MG), the CuO thin film completely degraded MB within 15 min, with an apparent rate constant of 20.15 h⁻¹—approximately three times that of CuO nanosheets. It also showed 1.2- and 1.28-fold higher activity for RhB and MG, respectively. The enhanced performance is attributed to the oriented nanoflower architecture that provides continuous charge transport pathways, suppresses carrier recombination, and extends light propagation via multiple reflections. This work demonstrates that microstructural engineering is an effective strategy to overcome the intrinsic limitations of CuO photocatalysts for wastewater treatment. Full article

In the context of the growing experience economy, themed transformation has emerged as a key strategy for shopping malls seeking to enhance offline consumer experiences. However, existing studies on environmental experiences have largely focused on static factors, overlooking the potential interaction effects between the environment and experience behaviors. Based on 23,541 comments posted in 2024–2025 about 16 highly recommended Chinese-themed shopping malls on social media platforms, this study used natural language processing (NLP) to construct lexicons covering 11 environmental categories and 7 behavioral categories. The Light Gradient Boosting Machine (LightGBM) model, combined with SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP), was then employed to assess the relative importance of the environmental and behavioral elements and to reveal their interaction effects on customer sentiment. The results show that, among environmental elements, decoration is the most important predictor of sentiment, and among behavioral elements, leisure contributes the most. Leisure performs the strongest interactions with decoration and store category, suggesting that these couplings are most closely associated with positive emotional experience. These findings point toward a design logic centered on environment–behavior interdependencies, help to propose differentiated optimization strategies for various themed shopping malls, and offer a new perspective on the complex interplay among environment, behavior, and emotional experience. Full article

Recently, numerous studies have exploited satellite Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) to estimate near-surface particulate matter (PM) concentrations, with the aim of overcoming the limited spatial and temporal coverage of ground-based air quality monitoring networks. Despite significant progress, the relationship between AOD and PM remains highly uncertain, mainly due to the inadequate representation of local aerosol microphysical properties and of hygroscopic growth effects. In particular, satellite AOD is retrieved at ambient relative humidity, whereas standard PM measurements are performed under dry conditions. This study proposes a physics-informed, semi-empirical approach that overcomes these limitations by directly relating satellite AOD to PM measured at ambient humidity. Co-located measurements, from a Light Optical Aerosol Counter (LOAC) in the urban area of Bologna (Po Valley, Italy) during 2023, are used. This study is designed as a pilot application to evaluate the physical consistency of the proposed framework under well-characterised observational conditions, including spatial co-location, temporal matching to satellite overpasses, and exclusion of precipitation and desert dust events. The LOAC provides particle number size distribution and particle-type classification, which are used to estimate key aerosol properties controlling the AOD–PM theoretical relationship, including the Effective Radius, Extinction Efficiency, and aerosol Mass Density. These quantities, together with Mixing Layer Height, are combined within a theoretical framework linking PM and AOD, allowing for the derivation of a physically based scaling coefficient without relying on empirical hygroscopic growth corrections. The results show that using ambient PM_2.5 alone already yields a moderate linear correlation with AOD normalized by Mixing Layer Height (Pearson’s R = 0.56) whereas no meaningful correlation is found when using standard dry PM_2.5. When aerosol microphysical properties derived from LOAC measurements are incorporated, the correlation substantially improves (R = 0.76), with regression slopes close to unity and reduced errors, independently of the season. These results demonstrate that explicitly accounting for aerosol size and optical properties enhances the physical consistency and robustness of satellite-based PM estimates. The proposed framework also provides a pathway to indirectly derive aerosol hygroscopic growth factors by coupling ambient PM estimates from satellite observations with conventional dry PM measurements. This opens new perspectives for characterizing aerosol–humidity interactions from space and for improving air quality monitoring in regions lacking of dense in situ networks. Full article

Coronary artery vasospasm (CAV) is a transient, reversible constriction of the epicardial coronary arteries that reduces coronary blood flow and may cause myocardial ischemia. Despite its clinical significance, CAV remains underdiagnosed and can present as chest pain, acute coronary syndrome, malignant arrhythmias or sudden cardiac death. Vasospasm may occur in both angiographically normal coronary arteries and at sites of pre-existing atherosclerotic stenosis. The pathophysiology of CAV is multifactorial and involves vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) hyperreactivity, endothelial dysfunction, chronic inflammation and autonomic dysregulation. VSMCs contraction is mediated by phosphorylation of the myosin light chain (MLC) through calcium (Ca²⁺)/calmodulin-dependent myosin light chain kinase (MLCK), while relaxation is regulated by myosin light chain phosphatase (MLCP). Increased intracellular Ca²⁺ levels and enhanced Ca²⁺ sensitivity contribute to excessive vasoconstriction. Rho-kinase (ROCK) plays a pivotal role in sustained vasospasm by inhibiting MLCP, thereby promoting prolonged smooth muscle contraction. Endothelial dysfunction contributes to CAV by disrupting normal vascular tone regulation, largely as a result of decreased nitric oxide (NO) mediated vasodilation. Chronic low-grade inflammation and oxidative stress exacerbate both endothelial dysfunction and VSMCs contraction. Understanding these molecular mechanisms is essential for identifying novel therapeutic targets. Emerging treatment strategies, including ROCK inhibitors, endothelin receptor antagonists and anti-inflammatory agents, may improve outcomes in patients with refractory CAV. Full article

Photobiomodulation (PBM) is a non-invasive therapeutic strategy that uses red and near-infrared (NIR) light in the 590–950 nm range to modulate the cellular and molecular pathways involved in retinal homeostasis. At the molecular level, PBM acts primarily through photon absorption by cytochrome c oxidase (CcO, complex IV of the mitochondrial electron transport chain), whose four metal centres—two copper (CuA and CuB) and two heme groups (heme a and heme a₃)—absorb light across approximately 600–1000 nm. Photon capture promotes photodissociation of inhibitory nitric oxide (NO) from the binuclear CuB–heme a₃ centre, accelerates electron transfer, restores the proton-motive force and increases ATP synthesis. These primary events trigger a coordinated molecular programme that includes (i) transient mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) bursts that activate the Nrf2/Keap1/ARE axis and upregulate phase II antioxidant enzymes (HO-1, NQO1, GCLC, SOD2, catalase, GPx); (ii) calcium- and cAMP-dependent secondary signalling that converges on PI3K/Akt, MAPK/ERK, AMPK and mTOR pathways; (iii) suppression of NF-κB-driven cytokine production (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6) and of NLRP3 inflammasome activation; (iv) downregulation of the HIF-1α/VEGF axis, particularly at 590 nm; (v) anti-apoptotic remodelling of the Bcl-2/Bax ratio with reduced cytochrome c release and caspase-3/9 activation; and (vi) PGC-1α/TFAM/NRF1-driven mitochondrial biogenesis, alongside restoration of fission/fusion homeostasis (Drp1, Mfn1/2, Opa1) and PINK1/Parkin-mediated mitophagy. Wavelength specificity has a defined molecular basis: 590 nm modulates VEGF signalling and RPE pump activity, 660 nm interacts with the CuB centre and enhances O₂ binding at CcO, and 850 nm is absorbed by CuA and supports electron entry into complex IV. A second molecular axis is the bidirectional crosstalk between PBM and the circadian system: mitochondrial respiration, ATP turnover and CcO activity oscillate over the 24 h cycle under the control of the BMAL1/CLOCK and PER/CRY core machinery, the NAD⁺/SIRT1–SIRT3 axis and REV-ERBα. Preliminary preclinical and human observations suggest that NIR-induced bioenergetic and functional gains may be coupled to this rhythm, with greater benefit reported when light is delivered in the morning window (≈08:00–11:00); this time dependence should be regarded as an emerging hypothesis rather than an established clinical principle. The clinical evidence is unevenly developed across indications. It is most robust for non-exudative age-related macular degeneration, where multiwavelength PBM (590/660/850 nm; Valeda Light Delivery System) has shown disease-modifying potential in randomized controlled trials (LIGHTSITE I–III and the LIGHTSITE IIIB extension), with sustained BCVA gains and reduced incidence of geographic atrophy over 24 months and beyond. Evidence for retinitis pigmentosa, central serous chorioretinopathy and, with red-light monotherapy, childhood myopia is at present limited to small or short-term studies and remains preliminary. This narrative review synthesizes the molecular machinery engaged by PBM, integrates clinical findings across retinal diseases and discusses how chronotherapeutic delivery of light, aligned with the molecular clock, may further optimize therapeutic efficacy. Full article

Purpose: This study sought to extract and characterize fucoidan from brown seaweed Padina tetrastromatica for the synthesis of fucoidan–gold nanoparticles (F-AuNPs) and to assess their physicochemical properties, as well as their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer activities, alongside potential molecular interactions with specific cancer-related targets. Methods: The extracted fucoidan-rich fraction was characterized for its sulfate content. Citrate-stabilized plain gold nanoparticles (plain AuNPs) were prepared and characterized as non-fucoidan nanoparticle controls. Comprehensive physicochemical characterization, including UV–Vis spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), dynamic light scattering (DLS), zeta-potential analysis, and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), was performed on the resultant fucoidan-functionalized AuNPs (F-AuNPs). Biological activities were assessed using different techniques: antioxidant potential (Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assays), anti-inflammatory effects (NO inhibition in macrophages), and anticancer efficacy against HepG2 cells (MTT and flow cytometry). Potential molecular targets relevant to these activities were further explored in silico using molecular docking against key cancer-related proteins, providing hypotheses for future experimental validation. Results: The fucoidan-rich fraction showed a sulfate content of 10.08%. Strong antioxidant activity was observed, especially in FRAP (11.20 ± 0.29 mg TE g⁻¹ DW). F-AuNPs exhibited enhanced cytotoxicity against HepG2 cells (IC₅₀ 138.1 µg mL⁻¹) compared to plain AuNPs (IC₅₀ 271.2 µg mL⁻¹) and the fucoidan-rich fraction (IC₅₀ 390.2 µg mL⁻¹), inducing G1 phase arrest. In addition, F-AuNPs reduced nitric oxide production in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages, reaching 21.42 ± 1.29% inhibition at 100 µg mL⁻¹. As an exploratory, hypothesis-generating step, an in silico target-prioritization screen identified HPSE and MMP-2 as the highest-scoring candidate proteins, proposed solely as targets for future experimental validation. Conclusions: F-AuNPs represent a promising multifunctional nanoplatform with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiproliferative activities. The integration of in vitro biological evaluation with in silico target prediction supports the potential biomedical relevance of F-AuNPs and generates testable hypotheses regarding their molecular targets, which require experimental validation. Full article

The integration of biochar into asphalt binders represents a significant advancement toward global sustainability in pavement engineering. Produced through biomass pyrolysis, biochar enables the valorization of agricultural and industrial waste while reducing dependence on petroleum-derived binder constituents. This review critically synthesizes current research regarding the impact of biochar on the physical, rheological, and aging performance of bitumen. The evidence consistently shows that biochar improves binder stiffness, raises softening points, and strengthens rutting resistance at elevated temperatures, largely due to its porous microstructure and high carbon content. Biochar-modified binders also exhibit enhanced aging resistance through the adsorption of volatile light fractions. These improvements are primarily ascribed to the carbonaceous composition and high porosity of the biochar particles. However, systemic challenges, including phase stability at high concentrations, long-term oxidative aging, and a lack of standardized characterization protocols, hinder widespread implementation. By identifying consistent findings, contradictions, and critical research gaps across the literature, this review provides a consolidated foundation to guide the transition of biochar-modified bitumen from laboratory investigation to large-scale pavement infrastructure applications. Full article

Infrared cameras used in radio telescopes often suffer image degradation in complex optical and thermal environments. Solar radiation, convergent reflected light, and thermal emission from support structures can substantially impair imaging performance. To address this problem, this paper proposes a split reflective ellipsoidal baffle for suppressing infrared imaging degradation. Unlike conventional baffles, which mainly rely on structural occlusion and surface absorption, the proposed design functions as an upstream stray light regulation unit. It also establishes a computational framework integrating ellipsoidal vane geometry, realistic edge microtopography modelling, ray-tracing simulation, and detector plane irradiance response analysis. First, the reflective properties of the ellipsoidal surface are used to construct an off-axis stray light propagation constraint model. Under this model, incident stray radiation is redirected away from the effective imaging path or guided into light-trapping regions between adjacent vanes. Second, a laser confocal microscope is used to capture the true three-dimensional edge morphology of vanes with different materials and machining angles. This strategy addresses the limitations of the conventional 0.02 mm rounded edge approximation, which cannot accurately represent real scattering behaviour. The measured morphologies are then converted into high-fidelity computational models compatible with ray-tracing analysis. Furthermore, stray light suppression performance is evaluated using point source transmittance, detector plane irradiance distribution, and grey scale response in experimental images. Simulation and darkroom experiments show that the proposed baffle suppresses residual stray light more effectively than conventional absorptive baffles. The results demonstrate a computable, manufacturable, and experimentally verifiable strategy for front-end stray light control and baffle optimisation. This strategy can also support image quality enhancement in infrared imaging systems operating under complex optical and thermal environments. Full article

Fruit color is a key quality indicator for apples and directly influences their market value. The process of fruit ripening encompasses various physiological and biochemical changes, such as the breakdown of chlorophyll and the buildup of anthocyanins and carotenoids. This study investigated the mechanism of chlorophyll degradation in apple peels using ‘Granny Smith’ varieties. The experiments involving the treatment with methyl jasmonate (MeJA) indicated that a concentration of 10 µM MeJA led to a reduction in chlorophyll degradation, while a higher concentration of 1500 µM MeJA enhanced this degradation, which aligned with the variations observed in the expression of genes associated with chlorophyll degradation. The key chlorophyll degradation gene MdSGR1 was cloned and found to be induced by methyl jasmonate. MdSGR1 encodes a 283-amino-acid protein belonging to the stay-green superfamily. The promoter possesses inducible cis-acting elements that respond to methyl jasmonate, low temperature and light, while the protein is localized to chloroplasts. Overexpression and silencing vectors were constructed. Overexpression of MdSGR1 induced chlorosis in tobacco leaves and ‘Granny Smith’ apple peels, decreased chlorophyll content, and upregulated related gene expression. Conversely, silencing MdSGR1 produced opposite effects. Arabidopsis thaliana plants overexpressing MdSGR1 exhibited low chlorophyll content, reduced photosynthetic rate, upregulated expression of genes associated with chlorophyll degradation. The results of yeast one-hybrid and dual-luciferase reporter assays indicated that the MdMYC2 transcription factor interacts with the promoter region of MdSGR1. In conclusion, MdSGR1 is crucial for the degradation of chlorophyll in apple peel, and it is regulated both by the MdMYC2 transcription factor and different concentrations of MeJA. This study preliminarily elucidated the regulatory mechanism of methyl jasmonate on chlorophyll degradation in fruit peel, and these findings provide an important theoretical basis for controlling degreening and color quality in apple fruit. Full article

Maritime search and rescue is an important component of emergency response frameworks and primarily relies on Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) for maritime object detection. However, maritime accidents frequently occur in low-visibility environments, such as foggy or low-light conditions, which lead to low contrast, blurred object boundaries, and degraded texture representations. Most existing maritime object detection algorithms are developed for natural light scenes, and their performance deteriorates markedly when deployed directly in low-visibility environments, primarily due to reduced image quality that hinders feature extraction and semantic information aggregation. Although several studies incorporate image enhancement techniques prior to detection to improve image quality, these approaches often introduce significant additional computational overhead, limiting their practical deployment on UAV platforms. To tackle these challenges, this paper proposes a lightweight model built upon a recent YOLO framework, termed Multi-Scale Adaptive YOLO (MSA-YOLO), for maritime detection using UAVs in low-visibility environments. The proposed model systematically optimizes the backbone, neck, and detection head networks. Specifically, an improved StarNet backbone is designed by integrating Efficient Channel Attention (ECA) mechanisms and multi-scale convolutional kernels, which strengthen feature extraction capability while maintaining low computational overhead. In the neck network, a high-frequency enhanced residual block branch is inserted into the C3k2 module to capture richer detailed information, while depthwise separable convolution is utilized to further reduce computational cost. Moreover, a non-parametric attention module is incorporated into the detection head to adaptively optimize features in the classification and regression branches. Finally, a joint loss function that combines bounding box regression, classification, and distribution focal losses is utilized to improve detection accuracy and training stability. Experimental results on the constructed AFO, Zhoushan Island, and Shandong Province datasets demonstrate that, relative to YOLOv11-s, MSA-YOLO reduces model parameters and FLOPs by 52.07% and 41.36%, respectively, while achieving improvements of 1.11% and 1.33% in mAP@0.5:0.95 and mAP@0.5. These results indicate that the proposed method effectively balances computational efficiency and detection accuracy, rendering it suitable for practical maritime search and rescue applications in low-visibility environments. Full article

Background: Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a promising minimally invasive approach for melanoma; however, many photosensitizers lose activity in aqueous media due to aggregation-induced quenching effects. Objectives: The aim of this study was to develop and characterize castor oil–based nanoemulsions containing chlorophyll (NFs-Chl) and to evaluate their in vitro photodynamic potential against melanoma cells (B16-F10), as well as their selectivity compared with human keratinocytes (HaCaT). Methods: NFs-Chl were prepared by spontaneous emulsification. Physicochemical characterization was carried out using dynamic light scattering (DLS), UV–Vis spectroscopy, FTIR, and Raman spectroscopy. In vitro assays included MTT for cell viability (IC₅₀ determination), real-time cell proliferation (RealTime-Glo™), and cell migration analysis (scratch assay). All photodynamic treatments were performed under irradiation at 660 nm. Results: NFs-Chl exhibited homogeneous nanometric sizes (≈24–31 nm) and a low polydispersity index (≈0.25–0.40), indicating a narrow size distribution. UV–Vis spectra confirmed the preservation of the characteristic absorption peaks of chlorophyll after encapsulation. In B16-F10 cells, NFs-Chl associated with PDT significantly reduced cell viability and metabolic activity over 48 h. Furthermore, NFs-Chl inhibited the migratory capacity of B16-F10 cancer cells. Cell migration assays revealed a clear inhibition of B16-F10 cell migration following treatment with NFs-Chl + PDT. Conclusions: Encapsulation of chlorophyll into castor oil nanoemulsions protected the photosensitizer, improved its cellular delivery, and enhanced its photodynamic cytotoxic effect against melanoma cells, while relatively preserving normal keratinocytes in vitro. Full article

In the context of rural revitalization and carbon neutrality, this study addresses energy inefficiency and thermal discomfort in existing rural housing by optimizing passive design strategies for the “SunnyInside” sunroom model. Using parametric simulation with Ladybug and Honeybee, a dynamic light-thermal coupling model was developed to evaluate climate-adaptive performance in two distinct Chinese climates: the cold climate of Datong and the hot-summer-cold-winter climate of Wuhan. Multi-objective optimization focused on orientation, overhang depth, and photovoltaic (PV) tilt angles to enhance ventilation, shading, and daylighting. Key findings include: (1) Optimal building orientations of 15° west of south (Datong) and 16° east of south (Wuhan); (2) A 1.5m overhang depth in Wuhan improved summer shading efficiency by 28.6% and extended thermal comfort duration by 15%; (3) PV tilt ranges of 29–36° (Datong) and 13–23° (Wuhan) maximized energy performance. These optimizations achieved a 19.3–24.7% improvement in comprehensive performance coefficients and reduced air conditioning energy consumption by 17.8–21.4 kWh/m² (with ≥82% photovoltaic conversion efficiency). The study demonstrates the effectiveness of parametric simulation and intelligent algorithms in refining climate-responsive rural housing renovations, providing quantitative guidelines for PV shading systems across diverse climatic zones. Full article