Search Results (508)

Hereditary kidney cancer syndromes predispose patients to multifocal, bilateral and/or recurrent renal tumors, requiring repeated interventions over a lifetime. Despite nephron-sparing surgery being the preferred management strategy, some patients ultimately require completion nephrectomy—radical nephrectomy following prior ipsilateral partial nephrectomy—when tumor burden, declining renal function, surgical complications, or pre-transplant indications necessitate definitive kidney removal. Data on outcomes in this population remain limited. We evaluated a prospectively maintained cohort of 58 patients who underwent completion nephrectomy at the National Institutes of Health between 2000 and 2024, following at least one prior ipsilateral partial nephrectomy. Perioperative complication rates and renal functional change were the primary outcomes of interest. Von Hippel–Lindau disease was the most common hereditary diagnosis (62.1%). Open surgery was performed in 56.9% of cases. Overall complications occurred in 43.1% of patients, with 24.1% experiencing a Clavien–Dindo grade ≥ 3 event; perioperative mortality was 6.9%. The median preoperative estimated glomerular filtration rate was 72 mL/min/1.73 m², declining to 50 mL/min/1.73 m² at the first postoperative clinic visit. Completion nephrectomy in hereditary kidney cancer syndrome patients is associated with substantial perioperative morbidity, mortality, and expected renal functional decline. These findings inform patient counseling and surgical decision-making in this high-risk population. Full article

Background: Radon in drinking water is a potential source of ionizing radiation exposure, yet long-term monitoring data from active tectonic regions remain limited. This study investigated ²²²Rn activity concentrations in drinking-water wells along the Sultandağı Fault (Afyonkarahisar, Türkiye) and assessed age-dependent radiological risks. Methods: ²²²Rn concentrations were measured at two-week intervals in 15 drinking-water wells between June 2021 and June 2022 using a WG-1001 water–gas separation system and an AB-5R radiation monitor. Annual effective dose (AED) and excess lifetime cancer risk (ELCR) were calculated for infants, children, and adults. Results: ²²²Rn concentrations ranged from 0.05 to 26.64 Bq L⁻¹, with a mean of 6.12 ± 2.79 Bq L⁻¹. Only one well exceeded the USEPA guideline level (11.1 Bq L⁻¹), whereas all measurements remained below the WHO reference level (100 Bq L⁻¹). Seasonal mean concentrations varied between 5.48 ± 2.53 and 7.08 ± 3.32 Bq L⁻¹. Mean AED values were 35.94, 13.17, and 15.63 μSv y⁻¹ for infants, children, and adults, respectively. Corresponding ELCR values were 1.26 × 10⁻⁴, 0.46 × 10⁻⁴, and 0.55 × 10⁻⁴. Conclusions: The results indicate generally low radiological risk from radon in drinking water within the study area, although elevated values were observed in some wells. Higher age-specific dose and risk estimates were obtained for infants. These findings provide long-term data on groundwater ²²²Rn variability in an active fault zone and support regional radiological risk assessment. Full article

Background/Objectives: Early detection of breast cancer (BC) substantially improves outcomes, with a 5-year survival rate of 99% for early-stage disease. Risk-based screening, which tailors recommendations according to individual clinical, personal, and lifestyle factors, is a promising strategy to enhance early detection. However, previous studies have reported inconsistent evidence of association with BC risk for several modifiable lifestyle factors including premenopausal adiposity, sedentary behaviour, oral contraceptive use. To address these uncertainties, we investigated the association between clinical, personal, and modifiable lifestyle factors and BC risk in the Prevention, Imaging, Network, Knowledge (P.I.N.K.) project. P.I.N.K. generated real-world evidence by integrating clinical data with information collected through a structured questionnaire evaluating the associations between BC and clinical, personal, and lifestyle factors in 27,123 Italian women aged ≥ 40 years, who underwent integrated breast imaging diagnostics. Methods: Characteristics of women with and without BC were compared. Adjusted logistic regression, Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (LASSO), and Random Forest models were applied to identify relevant predictors. Variables selected by at least two methods were included in a multivariate logistic regression model, with BC diagnosis as the outcome. Results: Accordingly with previous studies a consistent association was found for high breast density, late menopause, overweight, abdominal adiposity, cardiovascular-cerebrovascular and oncological comorbidities and smoking. Greater consumption of plant-based foods, lower intake of red and processed meat, and regular physical activity were associated with lower odds of BC as well. Conversely, an unexpected inverse association was assessed for menstrual irregularities, hyperlipidaemia, and oral contraceptive use. Conclusions: The integration of multiple sources of information both clinical and self-reported data collected directly from women adds to the growing evidence on the role of modifiable lifestyle factors in BC risk in supporting more targeted prevention strategies. Future prospective studies should further investigate the long-term effects of lifetime physical activity trajectories, different oral contraceptive formulations, and detailed reproductive history, including menstrual cycle characteristics and menopausal timing, to refine individualized BC risk prediction. Full article

To assess the environmental impact of uranium mining operations in southern Kazakhstan, the elemental and radionuclide composition of soil samples collected from settlements in the Kyzylorda Region was investigated. The analysis was carried out using X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and gamma-ray spectrometry. Mean concentrations and variation ranges were determined for 28 chemical elements, including uranium, lead, antimony, and gamma-emitting radionuclides such as ¹³⁷Cs, ⁴⁰K, ²³²Th, ²³⁸U, ²²⁶Ra, ²¹⁰Pb, and ²⁴¹Am. The analysis of the specific activities of the artificial radionuclides ¹³⁷Cs and ²⁴¹Am was carried out in order to assess the influence of the Semipalatinsk Test Site on the soils of the study area. Based on the obtained data, heavy metal pollution indices, ecological risk indices, and radiological parameters were calculated to evaluate the potential environmental and human health impacts. Most elements were present at levels below average crustal abundances, suggesting limited anthropogenic influence. Slight exceedances for uranium, lead, and antimony are likely associated with regional geochemical features. Radiological assessment indicated that the radiation environment remains within internationally accepted limits. The lifetime cancer risk values for exposure of humans to natural radionuclides ²²⁶Ra, ²³²Th, ⁴⁰K and ¹³⁷Cs from soil at 1 m above ground level ranged from 0.19 × 10⁻³ to 0.30 × 10⁻³, with an average of 0.24 × 10⁻³. Nearly all sampling points remained below the risk threshold of 0.29 × 10⁻³, indicating minimal radiological hazard. The carcinogenic risk remained within the acceptable regulatory range for both adults (2.0 × 10⁻⁵) and children (4.4 × 10⁻⁵), whereas the non-carcinogenic hazard index for children (1.3) slightly exceeded the screening threshold of 1. This finding identifies children as the most sensitive receptor group under the conservative assumptions of the applied screening methodology. The study demonstrates the applicability of combined chemical and radiometric methods for comprehensive environmental assessments in uranium mining regions. The results are of interest both in terms of methodology and in understanding the local geochemical and radiological landscape. Full article

Heavy metal contamination poses significant ecological and public health concerns due to its persistence, toxicity, and bioaccumulative potential of toxic metals, threatening environmental quality and sustainable development. This study evaluated the distribution, pollution status, health risks, and sources of heavy metals in soils from industrial, agricultural, and residential areas of Rivers State, Nigeria, using Inductively Coupled Plasma–Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS). Elevated concentrations of As, Mn, Se, Zn, and Co were detected across the study locations. Arsenic recorded the highest concentration in the Trans-Amadi industrial area (366.8 mg/kg), while Mn and Zn reached maximum concentrations of 1312 mg/kg and 327.9 mg/kg in Woji and Egi, respectively, exceeding the DPR limits for soil HMs. Pollution indices, including contamination factor, geo-accumulation index, enrichment factor, pollution load index, and Nemerow Integrated Pollution Index, revealed moderate to severe contamination, with the industrial zone exhibiting a NIPI value of 12.5. Health risk assessment identified ingestion as the dominant exposure pathway. Hazard quotient values for As (9.15) in the children category exceeded USEPA-acceptable limits, indicating potential non-carcinogenic risks. Carcinogenic risk assessment identified arsenic as the principal carcinogenic contaminant, with ingestion-derived Incremental Lifetime Cancer Risk (ILCR) values in the industrial area exceeding the USEPA maximum acceptable lifetime cancer risk threshold (1 × 10⁻⁴), particularly among children, whereas the carcinogenic risks associated with the other investigated metals generally remained within acceptable or tolerable limits. Source identification indicated that industrial emissions, vehicular activities, waste disposal, and agricultural practices were the primary contributors to heavy metal accumulation. These findings provide critical scientific evidence for targeted remediation, pollution prevention, and informed health-risk environmental management to protect soil quality, ecosystem integrity, and public health. The study supports evidence-based policies that advance sustainable land management, environmental protection, and progress in Rivers State, Nigeria. Full article

Storm-cast macroalgae represent a vast, underutilized biomass in the Arctic. This study evaluates the mineral composition, safety, and nutritional potential of storm-cast versus attached macroalgae from the Barents and White Seas to determine their suitability for commercial application. Mineral profiles (K, Na, Ca, Mg, As, Zn, Fe, Cu, Hg, Pb, and Cd) were determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS), while iodine (I) was analysed via iodometric titration. All elemental data were subsequently evaluated using ANOVA, principal component analysis (PCA), and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA). Human health risks were assessed via Hazard Index (HI) and Lifetime Cancer Risk (LTCR) models based on the inorganic arsenic fraction. Storm-cast macroalgae exhibited a senescent post-detachment profile characterized by significant potassium and iodine leaching (p < 0.05) and iron enrichment from sediment entrapment. Despite leaching, iodine levels (up to 3.8 mg/g d.w.) satisfied pharmacopoeial minimums, though autumn White Sea samples exceeded the upper limit, necessitating blending with lower-iodine material. Toxic heavy metals remained below quantification limits, and total arsenic was well within regulatory thresholds. PCA confirmed that biomass physiological state is the primary driver of elemental variance. Adult consumption of storm-cast macroalgae was safe, whereas the pediatric HI exceeded 1.0. Overall, Arctic storm-cast macroalgae exhibit a high level of elemental purity, representing a promising raw material with a low chemical health risk for potential functional food and pharmaceutical applications. Full article

Background/Objectives: Biallelic mutations of NLRP7, a maternal-effect gene encoding a key component of the subcortical maternal complex, are the major monogenic cause of recurrent hydatidiform mole (RHM) and confer a substantial lifetime risk of gestational trophoblastic neoplasia (GTN), including choriocarcinoma. Although oocyte donation is currently the standard reproductive option, anecdotal live births from autologous oocytes in carriers of specific missense variants raise mechanistic and clinical questions that have not been integrated. We aimed to synthesize the current understanding of NLRP7 biology, oncogenic mechanisms in GTN, and genotype-stratified reproductive outcomes, and to propose a genetic permissiveness framework that links cancer surveillance with reproductive decision-making. We also place this monogenic disease in an epidemiological context, given the marked geographical variation in molar pregnancy incidence. Methods: PubMed, Embase and Web of Science were searched from January 2006 to December 2025 using terms related to NLRP7, hydatidiform mole, GTN, choriocarcinoma, maternal-effect genes, genomic imprinting, and assisted reproduction. Original studies, case series, expert consensus statements, and reviews were included. Results: NLRP7 loss disrupts subcortical maternal complex assembly, maternal-DMR methylation, trophoblast differentiation, and HLA-C-dependent immune privilege; in choriocarcinoma, NLRP7 is conversely reported to be up-regulated, where it has been implicated in tumor proliferation and immune evasion through inflammasome-independent pathways. Genetic permissiveness for autologous-oocyte pregnancy is mutation-type dependent: complete loss-of-function variants confer near-zero permissiveness, whereas missense variants with retained partial function may permit rare normal pregnancies. Conclusions: A genetic-permissiveness framework integrating variant-level functional data, GTN risk, and reproductive priorities can support shared decision-making in this rare but high-stakes clinical scenario, and it identifies clear directions for future translational research. We emphasize, however, that this framework has not been prospectively validated and should be regarded as hypothesis-generating rather than as a clinically established decision-making model. Recognizing the biallelic NLRP7 mutation as a heritable cancer-predisposition state further supports genotype-informed, risk-stratified oncological surveillance. Full article

Barbecue (Moo Kratha) restaurants are prevalent in Chiang Mai City, Thailand. However, their PM_2.5-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) emissions, compounded by the region’s severe seasonal smoke haze, remain poorly characterized. This study investigated the chemical composition and carcinogenic risk of PM_2.5-bound PAHs in this present environment. Ten PM_2.5 samples were collected from ten charcoal Moo Kratha restaurants during peak evening hours in February 2026 (early dry season) using a portable air sampler operated as a fixed-location (area) sampler positioned at the customer dining table (2 L min⁻¹, 180 min) on quartz fiber filters, and the 16 US EPA priority PAHs were analyzed by GC-MS. Carcinogenic risk was assessed using benzo[a]pyrene toxicity equivalent (TEQ_BaP) concentrations and incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) for adult and child customers (diners) via the inhalation pathway. The mean concentrations of PM_2.5 and total PAHs were 87.64 µg m⁻³ and 132.74 ng m⁻³, respectively, with carcinogenic PAHs contributing 52.3%; the mean TEQBaP of 15.34 ng m⁻³ provides an internal index of the carcinogenic potency of the PAH mixture. The mean inhalation ILCR for a frequent diner was 2.82 × 10⁻⁵ for adults and 2.12 × 10⁻⁵ for children, rising to 6.16 × 10⁻⁵ and 4.62 × 10⁻⁵, respectively, at the most contaminated site; even an occasional (monthly) diner exceeded the 10⁻⁶ negligible threshold. These findings indicate that charcoal Moo Kratha restaurants are distinct, persistent sources of carcinogenic PAHs that place diners within the upper part of the tolerable cancer-risk range; worker exposure is expected to be higher but was not quantified here, underlining the need for ventilation and occupational-health strategies. Full article

Groundwater is a vital resource for drinking water supply, agriculture, and industrial activities. However, contamination by organic pollutants may pose significant threats to both ecosystem integrity and human health. This study assessed the environmental and human health risks associated with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in groundwater collected from 27 localities in the central–northeastern Romanian Plain. The concentrations of naphthalene, acenaphthene, fluorene, phenanthrene, anthracene, fluoranthene, pyrene, benzo[a]anthracene, chrysene, benzo[b]fluoranthene, benzo[k]fluoranthene, benzo[a]pyrene, dibenzo[a,h]anthracene, benzo[g,h,i]perylene, and indeno [1,2,3-cd]pyrene were determined using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with fluorescence detection. Benzo[a]pyrene concentrations ranged from <LOD to 0.08 ng/L, while total concentrations varied between 2.56 to 11.2 ng/L. The environmental risk associated with groundwater contamination was classified as low to moderate, with total risk coefficients ranged from 0.2 to 2.3. Potential contamination sources were identified using the diagnostic ratio method, complemented by multivariate statistical analysis, indicating predominantly pyrogenic and mixed pyrogenic–petrogenic sources. Human health risk assessment indicated that groundwater ingestion posed neither non-carcinogenic risks (Hazard Index, HI < 1) nor unacceptable carcinogenic risks. The Incremental Lifetime Cancer Risk (ILCR) values ranged from 5.7 × 10⁻⁹ to 2.2 × 10⁻⁸ for infants, 2.7 × 10⁻⁹ to 1.0 × 10⁻⁸ for children, and 1.5 × 10⁻⁹ to 6.1 × 10⁻⁹ for adults. Full article

Cancer risk estimation remains one of the main unresolved challenges in human spaceflight beyond low Earth orbit, where astronauts are exposed to galactic cosmic rays, solar particle events, and high-linear energy transfer (high-LET) secondary radiation. This narrative review summarizes the principal quantitative models used to estimate radiation-induced cancer risk in astronauts, including particle fluence-based cross-sections, mixture models, risk of exposure-induced death (REID)-based operational frameworks, uncertainty distribution approaches, and ensemble models. Early studies estimated 1-year excess cancer mortality at solar minimum as 1.3% in women and 1.1% in men under 10 g/cm² aluminum shielding, whereas later models projected non-leukemia lifetime cancer incidence after 1 Sv dose equivalent/effective dose between 2.20% and 2.98%, depending on sex and age. Earlier REID-based models suggested that the historical 3% REID threshold could be exceeded after approximately 18 months in women and 24 months in men under unfavorable solar conditions, whereas the current NASA radiation standard uses a universal career-effective dose limit of 600 mSv, applied regardless of sex or age. More recent revisions of the NASA Space Cancer Risk model and non-targeted effect scenarios suggest that exploration mission risks may be higher than previously estimated, while uncertainty remains substantial, especially for high-LET radiobiology, mixed-field exposure, and the transfer of terrestrial epidemiological data to the spaceflight setting. Future progress may also involve exploring quantitative imaging biomarkers and tomographic assessments as complementary tools for longitudinal monitoring and early detection of radiation-related tissue changes, although these approaches are not yet validated as components of operational astronaut cancer risk models. Full article

With a lifetime risk estimated to be 1 in 8 in industrialized countries, breast cancer is the most frequent type of cancer among women worldwide and the second leading cause of cancer deaths in women. More importantly, current evidence suggests that in women aged <45 years, breast cancer is unquestionably the leading cause of cancer-related deaths. Hormonal therapy has an established role in the treatment of breast cancer. Hormonal therapy aims at preventing the stimulation of mitogenic estrogen-dependent pathways. Hormonal therapy can be performed through blocking the production of estrogens or through blocking the action of estrogens upon tumor cells. The action of estrogens upon tumor cells can be blocked through selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) or through selective estrogen receptor downregulators (SERDs). Estrogen receptor mutation (ESR1 mutation) is one of the common mechanisms by which breast cancer becomes resistant to additional therapies from SERMs or aromatase inhibitors. Fulvestrant, an injectable anti-estrogen, is the SERD commonly used. Fulvestrant has no agonistic activity and causes degradation of the estrogen receptor. This agent is more active in postmenopause than premenopause and is indicated in the treatment of advanced breast cancer in case of disease progression during or after tamoxifen. Oral SERDs are being rapidly developed to replace fulvestrant with the potential of higher efficacy and lower toxicities. Novel agents such as complete estrogen receptor antagonists (CERANs), proteolysis targeting chimeras (PROTACs), and selective estrogen receptor covalent antagonists (SERCAs) are also promising therapies. This manuscript focuses on recent advances in the development of drugs targeting the estrogen receptor. Full article

This study investigates the geochemical distribution, integrated contamination status, and human health risks of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in 31 agricultural topsoil samples collected from Najran, southwestern Saudi Arabia. As, Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn were measured and interpreted using spatial distribution maps, the pollution load index (PLI), Nemerow integrated pollution index (PN), chronic daily intake (CDI), hazard quotient (HQ), hazard index (HI), cancer risk (CR), and lifetime cancer risk (LCR) for both children and adults. The measured concentrations (mg/kg) varied from 2–8 for As, 2–14 for Co, 11–50 for Cr, 5–50 for Cu, 9–50 for Ni, 2–28 for Pb, and 10–249 for Zn. Based on mean values (mg/kg), the PTEs followed the descending sequence Zn (52.94) > Cr (26.68) > Ni (24.55) > Cu (16.68) > Co (6.81) > Pb (6.65) > As (4.45). PLI values ranged between 0.117 and 0.642, with an average of 0.355, suggesting generally low combined pollution by multiple elements across all sampling locations. However, PN values extended from 0.137 to 1.930, classifying 27 locations as safe, 2 as warning-level sites, and 2 as slightly polluted, mainly due to elevated Zn and Pb levels. The assessment of non-carcinogenic risk indicated no exceedance of the level of concern, as total HI values ranged from 0.156 to 0.678 for children and from 0.017 to 0.075 for adults. On average, children had HI values about 9.1 times higher than adults, with soil ingestion representing the principal exposure route. The element-specific mean HI results indicated that As and Cr were the dominant contributors to non-carcinogenic risk. Carcinogenic risk was assessed for As, Cr, and Pb. Total LCR values ranged from 1.005 × 10⁻⁵ to 4.387 × 10⁻⁵ for children and from 4.460 × 10⁻⁶ to 1.950 × 10⁻⁵ for adults, remaining within the widely accepted or tolerable risk range. Among the carcinogenic elements, Cr accounted for the highest proportion of total LCR, contributing 68.67%–69.66%, followed by As with 30.09%–31.07%, while Pb made a very small contribution of only 0.25%–0.26%. In spatial terms, the greatest HI and LCR values were concentrated mainly in the western to central-western agricultural areas, where several elements relevant to health risk were present together. Full article

This study investigated the effects of environmental conditions on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) emissions from scented candles during combustion. An exposure chamber was established and validated to ensure stability and uniformity before the experiments were conducted. One of the most widely used scented candles (paraffin wax + 6% lavender essential oil) was selected in the present study. Testing environmental conditions included three relative humidity (RH) levels (60%, 75%, and 90%) and three air exchange rates (ACHs) (0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 h⁻¹). For each tested environmental condition, three replicate measurements were conducted. Gas-phase and particle-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were collected using filter cassettes and XAD-2 sorbent tubes, respectively. Results showed that, under identical RH conditions, both C_total-PAHs and EF_total-PAHs followed the trend of 0.5 ACH > 2.0 ACH > 1.0 ACH, whereas total-Bap_eq and EF_Total-BaPeq values decreased with increasing ACH. While under identical ACH conditions, emissions showed a nonlinear response to RH, following the trend: 75% > 90% > 60%. Most detected PAHs were present in the gaseous phase and were dominated by low-molecular-weight compounds containing two to three aromatic rings. The estimated highest incremental lifetime lung cancer risk reached 1.20 × 10⁻⁶ for aromatherapy workers, assuming an exposure duration of 8 h day⁻¹ over 40 years. These findings highlight the potential health risks associated with the use of scented candles and emphasize the importance of adequate ventilation to reduce long-term indoor exposure. Full article

Landfill tire fires are complex environmental disasters generating toxic pollutants with severe health risks. This study quantified emission dynamics and toxicological consequences of a large-scale tire fire in an urban ecosystem. A comprehensive source-to-receptor approach was applied, integrating Hybrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory (HYSPLIT) atmospheric dispersion modeling with comparison against air quality monitoring data. Soil samples collected from the fireground and surrounding urban allotment gardens were analyzed for tire-specific tracers (Zn) and 16 priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Human health risks were assessed using Incremental Lifetime Cancer Risk (ILCR), Toxic Equivalency Quotient (TEQ), and Mutagenic Equivalency Quotient (MEQ) metrics. Fire emissions were dominated by particulate matter (PM₁₀: 1.34 t) and PAHs (17.7 kg). Soil at the fire site showed severe contamination (Σ PAHs: 148.9 mg/kg), with benzo[a]pyrene as the primary carcinogen. The cumulative ILCR for children reached 9.7 × 10⁻⁴, exceeding the commonly used upper regulatory benchmark of 10⁻⁴. Dermal contact was identified as the dominant exposure pathway for pyrogenic PAHs. Elevated risk levels persisted at distal residential sites (ILCR: 10⁻⁵–10⁻⁴), indicating long-term environmental contamination Ecological risk quotients (RQ) exceeded unity for PAHs across all fire-impacted locations and for Zn and Cu in the immediate vicinity of the fire scene. These findings demonstrate that acute tire fire events can evolve into persistent terrestrial health hazards, highlighting the critical role of dermal exposure in PAH uptake and the need for long-term environmental monitoring and adaptive land-use management strategies to mitigate chronic health risks in urban populations. Full article

Acrylamide (AA) is a contaminant with carcinogenic and genotoxic properties that occur in heat-produced food products. This study aimed to evaluate the occurrence of AA in different coffee products commercially sold in retail markets of Costa Rica and to develop a probabilistic exposure assessment model to assess the potential human health risk due to its consumption. The average AA concentration in the coffee samples analyzed (n = 110) was 110.29 ± 151.61 µg kg⁻¹. The mean dietary exposure (DE) values, for the middle-bound (MB) approach, varied from 0.025 to 0.083 µg kg⁻¹ BW per day. The margin of exposure (MOE) was calculated with a BDML₁₀: 430 μg kg⁻¹ BW day⁻¹ for neurotoxicity and 170 μg kg⁻¹ BW day⁻¹ for cancer effect, according to EFSA (2015). No neurotoxicity risk was identified as MOE values ranged from 4291 to 467,984 for the adult male population, from 4566 to 477,203 for the adult females, from 4265 to 506,062 for the male minors and from 2512 to 495,151 for the female minors. On the other hand, MOE values for the carcinogenic risk were below 10,000 for the mean and P95th coffee consumers, denoting a possible health concern. The values ranged from 1696 to 6717 for the adult male population, from 1805 to 7201 for the female adults, from 1686 to 6304 for the male minors and from 993 to 2155 for the female minors. The mean incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) values for male adult, female adult, male minor, and female minor were 1.7 × 10⁻⁵, 1.6 × 10⁻⁵, 1.9 × 10⁻⁵, and 3.9 × 10⁻⁵, respectively, for the MB approach. These results denote a potential or considerable risk in consumption of coffee due to AA intake. Thus, no neurotoxicity risk was identified; however, a potential carcinogenic risk was observed based on MOE and ILCR results. Full article