Search Results (776)

Background/Objectives: Early detection of breast cancer (BC) substantially improves outcomes, with a 5-year survival rate of 99% for early-stage disease. Risk-based screening, which tailors recommendations according to individual clinical, personal, and lifestyle factors, is a promising strategy to enhance early detection. However, previous studies have reported inconsistent evidence of association with BC risk for several modifiable lifestyle factors including premenopausal adiposity, sedentary behaviour, oral contraceptive use. To address these uncertainties, we investigated the association between clinical, personal, and modifiable lifestyle factors and BC risk in the Prevention, Imaging, Network, Knowledge (P.I.N.K.) project. P.I.N.K. generated real-world evidence by integrating clinical data with information collected through a structured questionnaire evaluating the associations between BC and clinical, personal, and lifestyle factors in 27,123 Italian women aged ≥ 40 years, who underwent integrated breast imaging diagnostics. Methods: Characteristics of women with and without BC were compared. Adjusted logistic regression, Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (LASSO), and Random Forest models were applied to identify relevant predictors. Variables selected by at least two methods were included in a multivariate logistic regression model, with BC diagnosis as the outcome. Results: Accordingly with previous studies a consistent association was found for high breast density, late menopause, overweight, abdominal adiposity, cardiovascular-cerebrovascular and oncological comorbidities and smoking. Greater consumption of plant-based foods, lower intake of red and processed meat, and regular physical activity were associated with lower odds of BC as well. Conversely, an unexpected inverse association was assessed for menstrual irregularities, hyperlipidaemia, and oral contraceptive use. Conclusions: The integration of multiple sources of information both clinical and self-reported data collected directly from women adds to the growing evidence on the role of modifiable lifestyle factors in BC risk in supporting more targeted prevention strategies. Future prospective studies should further investigate the long-term effects of lifetime physical activity trajectories, different oral contraceptive formulations, and detailed reproductive history, including menstrual cycle characteristics and menopausal timing, to refine individualized BC risk prediction. Full article

Background/Objectives: Body image is influenced by body weight, sociocultural norms, and weight-related behaviours. Migration has been associated with changes in body ideals, potentially through acculturation processes. This study investigated body image perception, weight status, and related behavioural and psychological factors among a group of African immigrant women living in Italy, comparing them with an Italian comparison group. Methods: This cross-sectional study included 131 women (60 African immigrants; 71 Italians). Body image perception was assessed using the Thompson and Gray silhouette scale. BMI-based weight status was derived from self-reported weight and height and compared with perceived weight status. Body dissatisfaction was calculated as the discrepancy between perceived and ideal body image. Additional measures included appearance-related anxiety (PASTAS), self-esteem, life satisfaction, physical activity, and adherence to the Mediterranean diet. Results: Immigrant women had significantly higher body weight and BMI (p < 0.001) and differed in distribution across weight status categories (p = 0.001). Although body dissatisfaction did not differ significantly between groups, immigrant women selected larger ideal body figures (p < 0.001). They also showed lower agreement between BMI-based and perceived weight-status, and higher appearance-related anxiety on the PASTAS Non-Weight subscale (p < 0.05). No significant differences were observed in self-esteem, life satisfaction, or adherence to the Mediterranean diet. Immigrant women were more likely to be sedentary (38.3% vs. 4.2%) and reported lower levels of physical activity (active: 25.0% vs. 54.9%). Conclusions: Compared with the Italian comparison group, African immigrant women in this study showed a greater prevalence of overweight and obesity, preference for larger body ideals, lower agreement between BMI-based and perceived weight status, and lower physical activity levels. Given the cross-sectional design and the characteristics of the recruited samples, these findings should be interpreted as associations rather than evidence of causal relationships. They support the need for culturally sensitive strategies to improve weight awareness and promote healthy lifestyles among African immigrant women. Full article

Background/Objectives: Health-related quality of life is a key indicator of well-being during childhood and adolescence. This study analysed its association with lifestyle-related factors, body composition, physical fitness, academic performance, and sociodemographic variables. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted with 949 schoolchildren from the Canary Islands, Spain, with a mean age of 11.8 ± 1.78 years. Health-related quality of life, moderate-to-vigorous physical activity, and sleep problems were assessed using questionnaires, while physical fitness and body composition were measured using field-based tests and anthropometric assessments. Results: Schoolchildren in the highest health-related quality of life tertile showed higher moderate-to-vigorous physical activity, fewer sleep problems, lower body mass index and waist circumference, better lower-body explosive strength, higher cardiorespiratory fitness, and better academic indicators. The multivariable model explained 27.7% of the variance in health-related quality of life. Sleep problems showed the strongest inverse association (β = −0.352; p < 0.001), whereas Primary Education (β = 0.256; p < 0.001), perceived academic performance (β = 0.124; p < 0.001), moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (β = 0.104; p = 0.001), lower-body explosive strength (β = 0.090; p = 0.045), and male gender (β = 0.094; p = 0.003) were positively associated with health-related quality of life. Conclusions: Schoolchildren’s health-related quality of life is closely related to sleep-related difficulties and, to a lesser extent, to movement behaviour, lower-body fitness, perceived academic competence, and sociodemographic factors. These results may inform integrated school-based strategies that combine sleep education, opportunities for daily movement, fitness development, and support for students’ perceived academic competence. Full article

Background: Obesity and Binge Eating Disorder (BED) are common comorbidities in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), often complicating disease management. Self-efficacy—the belief in one’s ability to manage diabetes—has been shown to influence self-care behaviours and outcomes. This study aimed to assess diabetes management self-efficacy among adults with obesity and T2DM undergoing multidisciplinary rehabilitation, focusing on the impact of BMI, BED, and gender. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted with 137 adults (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m²) with T2DM admitted to a residential rehabilitation center. Self-efficacy was measured using the Italian Diabetes Management Self-Efficacy Scale (IT-DMSES), which evaluates confidence in lifestyle and disease management tasks. Data on BMI, BED status, age, and gender were collected. Results: The mean IT-DMSES score was 116.7 ± 23.7, with females scoring slightly higher than males (120.3 ± 24.8 vs. 112.5 ± 22.0, p = 0.057). Higher BMI was significantly associated with lower self-efficacy, particularly in lifestyle (R = 0.282, p = 0.002) and disease management (R = 0.271, p = 0.002) domains. Several individual items, including those related to dietary control and medication adherence, showed strong negative correlations with BMI. BED independently predicted lower self-efficacy on item 13 (emotional eating) (Estimate = −3.18, p = 0.001), even after adjusting for BMI, age, and gender. No significant interactions between gender and BED were observed for overall self-efficacy or domain scores. Conclusions: Although the exploratory nature of the findings requires confirmation, our results underline the independent association of low self-efficacy with BED. Full article

Myopia is an increasingly common refractive disorder in children, with growing concern regarding the potential role of screen time and digital device use in its development and progression. This systematic review assessed the association between screen-related behaviours and myopia in European children and adolescents. A systematic search of Ovid Embase, Ovid MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science and Cochrane/CENTRAL was conducted in accordance with PRISMA guidance. Original English-language studies published within the last 10 years were included if they involved participants aged <18 years, were conducted in Europe, and investigated screen time, digital device use, near-work behaviour or related lifestyle exposures in relation to myopia-related outcomes. A total of 1196 records were identified across the databases. After duplicate removal, title and abstract screening, and full-text assessment, 14 studies were included. Overall, the evidence suggested an association between screen-related behaviours, prolonged near work, reduced outdoor exposure and myopia-related outcomes in European children. However, findings were heterogeneous, and screen exposure was often measured using broad or proxy variables, including total screen time, smartphone use, internet data consumption, computer use, handheld near-screen use and COVID-19-related lifestyle change. Outdoor activity appeared to be a protective factor, while parental myopia was an important risk factor and confounder. Most included studies were observational, many were cross-sectional, and several relied on self- or parent-reported exposure measures, limiting causal inference and introducing potential recall bias. Overall, the certainty of evidence was low to very low. Practical advice should therefore be framed around balanced digital device use, regular breaks from prolonged near work, appropriate viewing distances and increased outdoor activity, while further longitudinal studies using objective screen-use measures, cycloplegic refraction and axial length outcomes are needed to clarify causality. Full article

Background: In contemporary society, marked by rapid transformations in the sphere of communication and social interaction, social networks have gone beyond the role of simple communication platforms, becoming places where identities are formed, cultural norms are negotiated and self-perceptions are shaped. This reality has generated a growing interest in studying the relationship between the digital environment and health behaviors, especially among young people, a social category extremely receptive to visual and normative influences promoted online. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among students enrolled in different kinds of faculties and specialties. An online questionnaire was distributed to gather socio-demographic, academic and medical data along with lifestyle and health-related behaviors. Several psychometric instruments were used: Health Behaviour Scale (HBS) to measure various dimensions of health-related actions, Bergen Social Media Addiction Scale (BSMAS) to screen for addictive or problematic social media use, Social Media Disorder Scale (SMDS) to measure the problematic social media use among adolescents, Body Appreciation Scale–2 (BAS-2) to evaluate measure of one’s acceptance, favorable opinions and respect of their own body, and Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire (DEBQ) to identify the psychological motives behind overeating. Results: More than 70% of students declared that they had their first smartphone before the age of 12 and 65% of students had screentime higher than 3 h per day during the weekdays, with a small increase during the weekends. Women scored higher than men in emotional eating (food consumption in response to negative emotions), and external eating (response to food stimuli in the environment, independent of hunger). Respondents from rural areas showed a significantly lower level of respect and acceptance of their own body and higher risk for Social Media Disorder compared to participants from urban areas. Important statistical correlation has been identified among the variables of the research. Social media addiction was associated with higher emotional eating both directly and indirectly, via lower body appreciation. The analysis also indicated that it does not show a direct relationship with restrictive eating behaviors; rather, its association with restrained eating is fully mediated by the individual’s body appreciation. Conclusions: The use of social platforms is a challenging process, with a great impact on psychological and emotional balance of young people. Even if the study identified a normative use among young people with a high education level, the risks factors should be taken into consideration when dealing with screentime, psychological and mental health and the risk for addiction. Full article

Background: Plastic food-contact materials are increasingly recognised as a potential source of dietary exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals, particularly through packaged, canned, and ultra-processed foods. However, culturally adapted tools for estimating long-term exposure-related dietary behaviours in Latin American populations remain limited. This study aimed to develop and provide a preliminary evaluation of the Dietary Plastic Exposure Score for Mexican Populations (DPES-MX), and to characterise exposure-related dietary patterns in Mexican university students. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in 152 university students from Querétaro, Mexico. Anthropometric, lifestyle, and dietary information were collected using standardised questionnaires and a culturally adapted food frequency questionnaire. The DPES-MX incorporated dietary and food-handling practices linked to potential migration of plastic-related compounds from food-contact materials, including canned foods, packaged beverages, takeaway foods, microwave heating in plastic containers, and convenience-oriented eating behaviours. Principal component analysis (PCA) and adjusted linear regression models were applied to explore associations between dietary patterns and DPES-MX scores. Results: Men showed slightly higher DPES-MX scores than women, although differences were not statistically significant. Women were more frequently classified within the low DPES-MX score category, and female sex was independently associated with lower DPES-MX scores in adjusted models. PCA identified a dietary component characterised by alcoholic beverages, snacks, sweets, sugar-sweetened beverages, and processed foods that was positively associated with higher DPES-MX scores (β = 0.81, p < 0.001). Conclusions: The DPES-MX could serve as a culturally adapted epidemiological tool for identifying dietary and behavioural practices linked to potential exposure to plastic-related food-contact materials in Mexican populations. Convenience-oriented dietary patterns appeared to be associated with higher DPES-MX scores. Full article

Smartwatches are commonly used IoT wearable devices, which contain sensors that can support the data management process of smartwatch data. This process is essential for providing data-based insights that can motivate users to achieve their physical activity (PA) and health goals. However, there is a lack of understanding of users’ perceptions of the health-related value they derive from smartwatches and of user self-tracking behaviour within a PA context. This self-tracking behaviour is also known as Self-Quantification Behaviour (SQB), which is the process of data preparation, collection, integration, reflection, and action. SQB could be affected by the functions provided by the smartwatch device, which vary by manufacturer, brand and model. The paper aims to investigate user perceptions of SQB and its association with their perceived value of smartwatches. A survey was conducted with professional office workers from South Africa who use smartwatches. The findings highlighted that the respondents enjoyed collecting and engaging with their PA data and that SQB significantly affected all four value constructs: Perceived Usefulness, Pleasure, Goal Pursuit Motivation, and Social Value. Social value, in terms of data sharing and user lifestyle, was the least well-rated. The findings contribute to an enhanced understanding of smartwatches and users’ perceived value of self-quantifying behaviour in the context of PA, thereby ultimately improving the smartwatch usage experience and motivating users to exercise more. Full article

Background and Objectives: Parkinson’s disease (PD) includes a prodromal phase characterized by non-motor symptoms (NMS). We investigated whether sleep disturbances co-aggregate with other NMS in suspected prodromal PD (p-PD) to refine early phenotyping and risk stratification. Materials and Methods: A population-based survey was conducted in Kaunas, Lithuania. Participants from the Kaunas City preventive health screening cohort (2024–2025) were screened using the Innsbruck REM Sleep Behaviour Disorder Inventory (RBD-I). Sixty-two individuals were included: 31 with suspected p-PD and 31 controls. Demographic characteristics, clinical features, sleep symptoms, olfactory function, autonomic symptoms, cognition, and mood were assessed. Between-group comparisons and within-group correlation analyses were performed. Results: Groups did not differ in age, sex, education, lifestyle exposures, or family history (all p > 0.05). Compared with controls, individuals with suspected p-PD had a higher prevalence of insomnia (71.0% vs. 12.9%, p < 0.001), pathological daytime sleepiness (22.6% vs. 0%, p = 0.005), cognitive impairment (54.8% vs. 16.1%, p = 0.001), and constipation (32.3% vs. 0%, p = 0.002). As expected from the predefined enrichment strategy, hyposmia and orthostatic hypotension (OH) were observed only among suspected p-PD participants. Within the suspected p-PD group, the Non-Motor Symptoms Questionnaire (NMSQ) scores correlated with depressive/anxiety symptoms (r = 0.578, p = 0.001). Olfactory dysfunction correlated with cognitive impairment (r = 0.410, p = 0.001) and depressive/anxiety symptoms (r = 0.396, p = 0.001). Conclusions: Sleep disturbances, particularly insomnia and excessive daytime sleepiness, co-occurred with cognitive, affective, and gastrointestinal non-motor manifestations in individuals with suspected p-PD, supporting the concept of a broader prodromal phenotype. Comprehensive screening in individuals with RBD symptoms may improve early PD risk stratification beyond single-marker approaches. Full article

Background/Objectives: The rise in unhealthy habits such as a sedentary lifestyle, coupled with increasing obesity rates among children and young people, presents a health problem that must be addressed from various perspectives. Thus, the educational context, and specifically physical education, offers a prime setting for implementing programmes that reduce the levels of physical inactivity and improve pupils’ nutritional behaviours. Therefore, the aim of this study was to conduct a systematic review to collect and analyse the scientific literature addressing the effects of school-based intervention programmes on physical activity and nutrition. Methods: To this end, a systematic review was carried out, based on the PRISMA method, in the ERIC, PubMed, Scopus, SportDiscus and Web of Science databases, analysing the scientific literature that included school-based interventions combining physical activity and nutrition. A total of 410 articles were identified, with 16 studies ultimately included following the application of the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Results: The results indicated that the implementation of school programmes combining physical activity and nutrition can bring benefits in both areas, or at least in one of them. Similarly, several of the studies analysed showed improvements within the community, which helped to increase health literacy. Conclusions: The main conclusion is that the educational setting can serve as a platform for implementing programmes that improve the physical activity and nutritional habits of pupils and their wider environment, and, crucially, enhance health literacy. Full article

Background/Objectives: Diet quality among university students is influenced by multiple behavioural and lifestyle factors, yet limited research has examined how cannabis use relates to overall diet quality within this population. This study examined the association between cannabis use and diet quality among university students and assessed whether this relationship was explained by behavioural, contextual, and psychological factors. Methods: A cross-sectional online survey was distributed to all registered students at a large Canadian university in January 2026. Diet quality was assessed using the Canadian Food Intake Screener (CFIS), and past 30-day cannabis use was examined as the primary exposure. Hierarchical multiple linear regression models were conducted sequentially, adjusting for demographic characteristics, health behaviours, mental health variables, living arrangements, meal skipping, and other substance use. Results: Among 1581 survey respondents, 1467 participants were included in the fully adjusted regression analyses. Past 30-day cannabis use was reported by 33.7% of participants. In demographic-adjusted analyses, cannabis use was associated with lower diet quality scores (B = −0.81, p < 0.01). This association remained statistically significant following adjustment for health behaviours, mental health variables, and living arrangements. However, after adjustment for meal skipping, the association between cannabis use and diet quality was attenuated and no longer statistically significant (B = −0.44, p = 0.09). Meal skipping emerged as one of the strongest behavioural correlates of lower diet quality. Additional adjustment for other substance use did not materially alter findings. Conclusions: Cannabis use was initially associated with lower diet quality among university students; however, this association was attenuated after accounting for broader behavioural factors, particularly meal skipping. Given the cross-sectional design, these findings do not establish whether cannabis use influences dietary behaviours or whether meal skipping represents a pathway linking cannabis use and diet quality. These findings highlight the importance of considering diet quality within a broader behavioural framework and suggest that eating patterns represent an important correlate of diet quality among university students. Full article

Sleep is a multidimensional health domain influenced by behavioural, psychological, and lifestyle factors. However, multinational evidence integrating insomnia severity and multiple sleep outcomes within the Mediterranean lifestyle framework remains limited. This study examined correlates of insomnia severity and key sleep outcomes in adults from Mediterranean and neighbouring countries participating in the MEDIET4ALL survey. Data were collected from 4010 adults (59.5% female) across 10 countries using a standardized multilingual e-survey. Insomnia severity was assessed as primary outcome using the Insomnia Severity Index (ISI), while sleep characteristics were assessed using sleep duration, sleep latency, sleep efficiency, and subjective sleep quality. Regression analyses examined sociodemographic, health-related, Mediterranean dietary, movement-related, psychological, and social correlates. Exploratory statistical indirect association analyses involving life satisfaction were also conducted. Insomnia severity showed the highest explained variance among sleep outcomes (adjusted R² ≈ 0.29). Higher insomnia severity was associated with female sex, higher body mass index, and greater depression, anxiety, and stress (β ≈ 0.15–0.17), whereas lower insomnia severity was associated with older age, better self-reported health status, higher life satisfaction, and greater adherence to Mediterranean dietary consumption patterns (β ≈ −0.04 to −0.11). Models for secondary sleep outcomes explained more modest variance and should be interpreted as exploratory. Across these outcomes, psychological well-being and distress showed the most consistent associations, while Mediterranean dietary dimensions and social participation showed smaller and outcome-specific associations. Exploratory indirect association analyses showed small but statistically significant indirect associations involving life satisfaction between Mediterranean dietary dimensions, social participation, and selected sleep outcomes, particularly sleep quality and insomnia severity. The findings confirm and contextualize established associations between sleep, psychological well-being, distress, Mediterranean lifestyle-related behaviours, and regional context within a large multinational sample. Psychological well-being and distress emerged as the most consistent correlates. Insomnia severity was the most robustly explained sleep outcome, whereas secondary sleep dimensions reflected more modest exploratory correlational profiles. Full article

The increase in the prevalence of non-communicable diseases globally has been attributed in part to poor lifestyle choices, including unhealthy dietary habits. Dietary polysaccharides, including resistant starch and non-starch polysaccharides, have gained increasing attention due to their potential role in the regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism. Therefore, the aim of this review was to evaluate the role of dietary polysaccharides in the regulation of blood glucose and lipid parameters. Method: A narrative review approach was adopted for this review. Searches were conducted through EBSCOHost and involved the following databases: Medline, APA PsycInfo, CINAHL Plus with Full Text, Psychology and Behavioural Sciences collection, Academic Search Premier and APA PsycArticles. Searches were conducted on 14 April 2026 and covered all records available from database inception to the search date. Search terms were combined using Boolean operators (AND/OR). The reference list of articles was also searched for more articles. Results: Twenty-one studies from thirteen different countries were included in this review. Based on narrative synthesis, five themes were identified: the effects of dietary polysaccharides on glycaemia, insulin, lipids, energy intake and satiety/appetite. The findings demonstrated considerable heterogeneity across studies. While several studies reported improvements in fasting glucose, postprandial glucose, glycated haemoglobin and insulin responses following resistant starch and non-starch polysaccharide interventions, other studies found no significant effects on glycaemic control or insulin levels. Lipid outcomes were similarly inconsistent, although some studies reported reductions in total cholesterol and low density lipoprotein cholesterol. Effects on energy intake and satiety varied according to the type and physicochemical characteristics of the polysaccharide investigated. Conclusion: The findings of this review suggest that dietary polysaccharides may contribute to improvements in glucose control and lipid metabolism, although the magnitude and consistency of these effects vary across populations, intervention types and study designs. The most frequently reported beneficial findings related to blood glucose parameters, although substantial heterogeneity remained across studies. Further, well-designed studies, including randomised controlled trials with longer durations, are needed to fully establish the role of dietary polysaccharides in the control of blood glucose and lipid parameters. Full article

Background: Mental health disorders (MHDs) are an important concern among biomedical students, but estimates vary depending on whether studies assess confirmed diagnoses, perceived problems or current symptoms. This study assessed the presence of self-reported MHD history, operationalised as a heterogeneous combined outcome that included either a confirmed MHD diagnosis or a subjective perception of having or having had an MHD without official confirmation, and examined its associations with self-reported coping behaviours, resilience, study-related exhaustion and disengagement symptoms and healthy lifestyle adherence. Methods: A cross-sectional online survey was conducted among students from Medicine, Dental Medicine and Pharmacy programmes. Of 936 eligible students, 520 completed the survey (55.6%). The survey assessed self-reported MHD history and coping behaviours, while standardised questionnaires measured resilience, exhaustion and disengagement symptoms and healthy lifestyle adherence. Analyses included descriptive statistics, group comparisons, Spearman correlations, false-discovery-rate correction for exploratory coping-behaviour analyses and age- and gender-adjusted logistic regression. Results: Overall, 159 students (30.6%) had self-reported MHD history present, including 32 (6.2%) with a confirmed diagnosis and 127 (24.4%) with a subjectively perceived MHD without official confirmation. Exhaustion/disengagement scores negatively correlated with resilience and lifestyle scores, while resilience positively correlated with lifestyle scores (all p < 0.001). In adjusted logistic regression, higher resilience (OR = 0.539, 95% CI = 0.389–0.747, p < 0.001) and lifestyle scores (OR = 0.951, 95% CI = 0.929–0.974, p < 0.001) were associated with lower odds of self-reported MHD history being present. Conclusions: Self-reported MHD history was common among respondents and was associated with lower resilience, poorer lifestyle adherence and higher study-related exhaustion and disengagement symptoms. Because the outcome was heterogeneous and the design was cross-sectional, findings should be interpreted as associations rather than clinically verified prevalence estimates or causal effects. Full article

Background/Objectives: School-aged children in Japan receive food and nutrition education (shokuiku) to promote well-balanced dietary habits. However, among high school students, the association between current well-balanced diets and shokuiku during elementary school years has not been analysed. Herein, we examined the associations between recollections of shokuiku during childhood, current well-balanced dietary habits, and eating and lifestyle behaviours among Japanese high school students, with a particular focus on sex differences. Methods: Overall, 254 second-year high school students (56.3% female) at a public high school in the Hyogo Prefecture, Japan, were included. A hypothetical model was constructed using factors potentially associated with well-balanced dietary habits (i.e., consumption of balanced meals at least twice daily), including recollections of shokuiku during elementary school (education on nutritional balance based on the ‘three food groups’, major nutrients’ role, and breakfast importance) and current eating and lifestyle behaviours. Simultaneous sex-based multi-population analysis was performed. Results: The model demonstrated good fit (GFI = 0.944, AGFI = 0.903, CFI = 0.982, RMSEA = 0.036, and AIC = 145.174). Among female students, current well-balanced dietary habits showed significant positive associations with shokuiku (standardised estimate, female: 0.22, p = 0.005 vs. male: −0.07, p = 0.46), frequency of rice consumption (0.22, p = 0.016 vs. 0.13, p = 0.15), and eating meals with family (0.22, p = 0.003 vs. 0.36, p < 0.001). Conversely, bedtime (−0.28, p < 0.001 vs. −0.03, p = 0.72) showed a significant negative association. Among male students, only eating meals with family showed a significant positive association with current well-balanced dietary habits. Conclusions: Current well-balanced dietary habits among female high school students may be positively associated with shokuiku. Eating rice and meals with family was conducive to well-balanced dietary habits, unlike late bedtime. Full article