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Keywords = heritage artefacts

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14 pages, 1632 KiB  
Article
Try It Before You Buy It: A Non-Invasive Authenticity Assessment of a Purported Phoenician Head-Shaped Pendant (Cáceres, Spain)
by Valentina Lončarić, Pedro Barrulas, José Miguel González Bornay and Mafalda Costa
Heritage 2025, 8(8), 308; https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage8080308 - 1 Aug 2025
Viewed by 129
Abstract
Museums may acquire archaeological artefacts discovered by non-specialists or amateur archaeologists, holding the potential to promote the safeguarding of cultural heritage by integrating the local community in their activities. However, this also creates an opportunity for the fraudulent sale of modern forgeries presented [...] Read more.
Museums may acquire archaeological artefacts discovered by non-specialists or amateur archaeologists, holding the potential to promote the safeguarding of cultural heritage by integrating the local community in their activities. However, this also creates an opportunity for the fraudulent sale of modern forgeries presented as archaeological artefacts, resulting in the need for a critical assessment of the artefact’s authenticity prior to acquisition by the museum. In 2019, the regional museum in Cáceres (Spain) was offered the opportunity to acquire a Phoenician-Punic head pendant, allegedly discovered in the vicinity of the city. The artefact’s authenticity was assessed by traditional approaches, including typological analysis and analysis of manufacture technique, which raised doubts about its purported age. VP-SEM-EDS analysis of the chemical composition of the different glass portions comprising the pendant was used for non-invasive determination of glassmaking recipes, enabling the identification of glass components incompatible with known Iron Age glassmaking recipes from the Mediterranean. Further comparison with historical and modern glassmaking recipes allowed for the identification of the artefact as a recent forgery made from glasses employing modern colouring and opacifying techniques. Full article
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26 pages, 8709 KiB  
Article
Minding Spatial Allocation Entropy: Sentinel-2 Dense Time Series Spectral Features Outperform Vegetation Indices to Map Desert Plant Assemblages
by Frederick N. Numbisi
Remote Sens. 2025, 17(15), 2553; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs17152553 - 23 Jul 2025
Viewed by 283
Abstract
The spatial distribution of ephemeral and perennial dryland plant species is increasingly modified and restricted by ever-changing climates and development expansion. At the interface of biodiversity conservation and developmental planning in desert landscapes is the growing need for adaptable tools in identifying and [...] Read more.
The spatial distribution of ephemeral and perennial dryland plant species is increasingly modified and restricted by ever-changing climates and development expansion. At the interface of biodiversity conservation and developmental planning in desert landscapes is the growing need for adaptable tools in identifying and monitoring these ecologically fragile plant assemblages, habitats, and, often, heritage sites. This study evaluates usage of Sentinel-2 time series composite imagery to discriminate vegetation assemblages in a hyper-arid landscape. Spatial predictor spaces were compared to classify different vegetation communities: spectral components (PCs), vegetation indices (VIs), and their combination. Further, the uncertainty in discriminating field-verified vegetation assemblages is assessed using Shannon entropy and intensity analysis. Lastly, the intensity analysis helped to decipher and quantify class transitions between maps from different spatial predictors. We mapped plant assemblages in 2022 from combined PCs and VIs at an overall accuracy of 82.71% (95% CI: 81.08, 84.28). A high overall accuracy did not directly translate to high class prediction probabilities. Prediction by spectral components, with comparably lower accuracy (80.32, 95% CI: 78.60, 81.96), showed lower class uncertainty. Class disagreement or transition between classification models was mainly contributed by class exchange (a component of spatial allocation) and less so from quantity disagreement. Different artefacts of vegetation classes are associated with the predictor space—spectral components versus vegetation indices. This study contributes insights into using feature extraction (VIs) versus feature selection (PCs) for pixel-based classification of plant assemblages. Emphasising the ecologically sensitive vegetation in desert landscapes, the study contributes uncertainty considerations in translating optical satellite imagery to vegetation maps of arid landscapes. These are perceived to inform and support vegetation map creation and interpretation for operational management and conservation of plant biodiversity and habitats in such landscapes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Remote Sensing in Agriculture and Vegetation)
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23 pages, 1946 KiB  
Article
3D Heritage Artefacts in Education—Enhancing Attractiveness of Computer Graphics Curriculum
by Kamil Żyła, Jacek Kęsik and Anna Liliana Dakowicz
Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(14), 8069; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15148069 - 20 Jul 2025
Viewed by 383
Abstract
Lublin University of Technology has been offering computer science studies for over 25 years. From the beginning, computer graphics have played a crucial role in the studies program. The Lab3D international efforts aimed at cultural heritage 3D digitization allowed for enriching the regular [...] Read more.
Lublin University of Technology has been offering computer science studies for over 25 years. From the beginning, computer graphics have played a crucial role in the studies program. The Lab3D international efforts aimed at cultural heritage 3D digitization allowed for enriching the regular introductory course of computer graphics with elements of digitized real-life heritage, without disturbing the regular didactic process, nor the scope of the course learning outcomes. Such an activity was aimed at increasing the students’ engagement in learning and fits into the contemporary trend of including real-life cases in the course of teaching. The article presents the curriculum (including the changes introduced) together with an extensive analysis of the effect of such changes on students’ achievements. In total, 3042 grades of 1522 students from the years 2018–2024 underwent statistical analysis in order to support answering placed hypotheses related to keeping the effects positive or neutral. Luckily, students’ achievements did not worsen, and in fact significantly improved. To the authors’ knowledge, such an analysis in relation to computer graphics courses has never been published before. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Challenges and Trends in Technology-Enhanced Learning)
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16 pages, 6950 KiB  
Article
In the Likeness of a God: The Non-Invasive Investigation of Animal Votives
by Lidija McKnight
Heritage 2025, 8(7), 286; https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage8070286 - 17 Jul 2025
Viewed by 234
Abstract
Radiography, favoured for its ability to provide a non-invasive insight into the contents of wrapped or coffined artefacts, has revolutionised the study of mummified human and animal remains. Despite this potential, the technology is limited by its capacity to realistically visualise the surface [...] Read more.
Radiography, favoured for its ability to provide a non-invasive insight into the contents of wrapped or coffined artefacts, has revolutionised the study of mummified human and animal remains. Despite this potential, the technology is limited by its capacity to realistically visualise the surface attributes of these often-complex artefacts. In this paper, photogrammetry—a technique widely used in archaeology and heritage applications—is applied to build upon the radiographic investigation of six ancient Egyptian votive artefacts from Manchester Museum; a study which combines the two techniques for the first time on votive material from the collection. The paper showcases the results gained through clinical radiography techniques (digital X-ray and computed tomography) on the internal contents of the artefacts, highlighting the problems encountered when viewing the outer surface. With a simple on-site photogrammetry protocol, improved visualisation was possible, providing photo-realistic renderings with important potential for both research, conservation and engagement. Full article
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31 pages, 9695 KiB  
Article
Tiles (Azulejos) and Tiling Mosaic (Alicatados) Pieces Within the Alhambra Museum Collections: A Historical, Artistic, and Technical Approach
by Danielle Dias Martins
Heritage 2025, 8(6), 237; https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage8060237 - 19 Jun 2025
Viewed by 705
Abstract
This study examines the architectural ceramic corpus—comprising azulejos (tiles) and alicatados (tiling mosaics)—preserved in the Alhambra Museum, with the aim of elucidating its historical, artistic, and technical significance. Through a systematic methodology combining visual analysis, documentary research, and typological classification, a representative selection [...] Read more.
This study examines the architectural ceramic corpus—comprising azulejos (tiles) and alicatados (tiling mosaics)—preserved in the Alhambra Museum, with the aim of elucidating its historical, artistic, and technical significance. Through a systematic methodology combining visual analysis, documentary research, and typological classification, a representative selection of ceramic artefacts was assessed. This article explores the artistic characteristics and technological principles of pieces produced using painted, relief, metallic lustre, incrustación, alicatado, cuerda seca, and arista techniques and reconstructs the historical trajectory of these decorative practices, tracing their origins in the pre-Islamic world to their adaptation within the Alhambra Palatine City. This diachronic perspective contextualises the innovations observed in the citadel, where production strategies reflect both inherited traditions and local adaptations across different historical phases. The findings highlight the richness and diversity of the Nasrid (mediaeval era) and Christian (modern era) ceramic legacy in the Alhambra and contribute to a more nuanced understanding of manufacturing processes and conservation challenges associated with these architectural elements. This preliminary characterisation establishes a basis for future material analysis and supports broader initiatives in documentation and heritage management. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Architectural Heritage)
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19 pages, 9987 KiB  
Article
Dye Plants Used by the Indigenous Peoples of the Amur River Basin on Fish Skin Artefacts
by Elisa Palomino
Heritage 2025, 8(6), 195; https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage8060195 - 29 May 2025
Viewed by 524
Abstract
Research on fish skin artefacts’ dyeing practices among the Nivkh, Nanai, Ulchi, Udegei, Oroch, and Negidal Indigenous Peoples of the Amur River basin remains scarce. These fishing communities traditionally crafted fish skin garments, essential to their subsistence and spiritual life, adorning them with [...] Read more.
Research on fish skin artefacts’ dyeing practices among the Nivkh, Nanai, Ulchi, Udegei, Oroch, and Negidal Indigenous Peoples of the Amur River basin remains scarce. These fishing communities traditionally crafted fish skin garments, essential to their subsistence and spiritual life, adorning them with protective motifs. While artistic and cultural aspects of these belongings have been explored, their dyeing techniques remain understudied. This multidisciplinary research examines natural colourants in fish skin artefacts from international museum collections, using historical textual research, ethnographic records, Native Traditional Knowledge, and previous dye analysis by museum conservators. Findings reveal a restricted but meaningful palette of red, blue, yellow, and black colourants, sourced from plants, minerals, and organic materials. Early dyers extracted blue from indigotin-rich plants such as Polygonum tinctorium, or from Commelina communis petals. Red hues were obtained from Carthamus tinctorius petals, introduced through Silk Route trade networks, or from minerals like red ochre. Black was derived from carbon black, while riverine minerals were ground with dry fish roe diluted with water to create additional colour variations. This study first reviews fish skin use in Amur River Indigenous cultures, explores nineteenth-century dyeing materials and techniques, and finally considers broader implications for Indigenous material heritage. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dyes in History and Archaeology 43)
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24 pages, 989 KiB  
Review
Possible Traces of Early Modern Human Architectural Heritage: A Comment on Similarities Between Nest-Building Activity of Homo Species and Shelter Forms of Indigenous People in Sub-Saharan Africa
by Hasan Basri Kartal, Mehmet Emin Şalgamcıoğlu and Asiye Nisa Kartal
Quaternary 2025, 8(2), 24; https://doi.org/10.3390/quat8020024 - 8 May 2025
Viewed by 1100
Abstract
The architectural artefacts, materials, and techniques used for constructing shelters may share some common properties derived from the architectural culture that has evolved within the human species. This article examines the material features and settlement organisations employed in the nest-building activities of early [...] Read more.
The architectural artefacts, materials, and techniques used for constructing shelters may share some common properties derived from the architectural culture that has evolved within the human species. This article examines the material features and settlement organisations employed in the nest-building activities of early human species and the shelter forms of indigenous peoples residing in sub-Saharan Africa. It questions whether early modern human notions of architectural heritage, which lack substantiation, might have influenced nest construction, typological differentiation, material utilisation, and the transmission of practices to subsequent generations and habitats. The focus is on home-based spatial organisation and the construction of structures. We recognise the need to clarify some fundamental misunderstandings regarding the nature of cultural and archaeological taxonomies, as well as the misuse of analogical reasoning when comparing contemporary hunter–gatherer populations with certain hominin groups. The paper aims to explore whether the early ‘Homo architecture’ in Africa bears any resemblance to that of modern Africans. The central inquiry of this study is whether indigenous architectural artefacts, materials, and techniques have been passed down throughout the evolution of architectural culture. The discussion suggests that the architectural products found in the settlement remains of early Homo species may exhibit characteristics similar to the huts of the indigenous people, who live as hunter–gatherers in sub-Saharan Africa. Discussing the architectural activities of different human species proves fruitful, as early architectural understanding and principles can be adapted to contemporary placemaking scenarios, urban design approaches, and housing models. We believe that, with further evidence, this foundational idea has the potential to be developed further. Full article
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15 pages, 26486 KiB  
Article
Decorating Tibetan Buddhist Manuscripts: A Preliminary Analysis of Ornamental Writing Frames
by Michela Clemente
Religions 2025, 16(5), 582; https://doi.org/10.3390/rel16050582 - 1 May 2025
Viewed by 947
Abstract
Buddhist books have always played a central role in the lives of Tibetan people. This is evident by looking at the hundreds of thousands of manuscripts and xylographs produced by Tibetans, and then copied, multiplied, worshipped, spread, and transmitted uninterruptedly from religious masters [...] Read more.
Buddhist books have always played a central role in the lives of Tibetan people. This is evident by looking at the hundreds of thousands of manuscripts and xylographs produced by Tibetans, and then copied, multiplied, worshipped, spread, and transmitted uninterruptedly from religious masters to disciples over the centuries. Tibetan manuscripts and xylographs have started to be studied in their entirety only recently, and the interest for their visual aspect, material features, and social life has exponentially grown, becoming crucial to progress in different fields of study, to deeply understand the way in which Tibetan Buddhist people interact with such artefacts but also to preserve a disappearing cultural heritage. This essay will focus on a so far neglected element of Tibetan Buddhist manuscripts, namely, decorations of writing frames. Any element found in a Tibetan scripture is essential from care and conservation viewpoints since it contributes to preservation for as long as possible. This is fundamental to spread Buddha’s word and to accumulate spiritual merits to progress on the path towards Enlightenment. The numerous elements exhibited in manuscripts may help locating their provenance and/or narrowing down their dating. This will also lead to a better understanding of the spread of certain scriptures within the various Tibetan areas. This essay attempts to provide a preliminary analysis of decorated writing frames found in Buddhist manuscripts produced in different periods with the twofold aim of tracing their use and codicological aspects and investigating the type of texts that were mostly chosen to be decorated as such. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Old Texts, New Insights: Exploring Buddhist Manuscripts)
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11 pages, 5555 KiB  
Article
Surfaced—The Digital Pile Dwellings
by Fiona Leipold, Helena Seidl da Fonseca, Cyril Dworsky and Ronny Weßling
Heritage 2025, 8(5), 145; https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage8050145 - 23 Apr 2025
Viewed by 1229
Abstract
Since 2011, five of Austria’s 29 known prehistoric pile dwellings have been part of the transnational UNESCO World Heritage Site “Prehistoric Pile Dwellings around the Alps”. These remarkable archaeological sites have been preserved for over 7000 years in lakes and moors. Due to [...] Read more.
Since 2011, five of Austria’s 29 known prehistoric pile dwellings have been part of the transnational UNESCO World Heritage Site “Prehistoric Pile Dwellings around the Alps”. These remarkable archaeological sites have been preserved for over 7000 years in lakes and moors. Due to their hidden location underwater or in the soil of bogs, the sites are inaccessible to the public, making it difficult to convey the full scope of this heritage. To address this, the national project “Surfaced—the digital pile dwellings” was launched, aiming to create a virtual bridge connecting the sites, collections, and exhibitions across Austria. It involved digitizing 500 objects, scanned in high resolution, and presenting them as 3D models in an open-access web application. The web application PfahlbauKompass allows users to explore these 3D models, view information about the artefacts and the sites, and create digital collections. It provides access to finds from national museums, regional heritage houses, and private collections. The project offers scientific potential as well as opportunities for virtual exhibitions and educational initiatives. It aims to preserve and visualize an essential part of Austria’s cultural heritage and was designed not only to archive finds but also to raise awareness of the hidden sites among the public. Full article
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19 pages, 91124 KiB  
Article
On the Authenticity of Two Presumed Paleolithic Female Figurines from the Art Market
by Sibylle Wolf, Rainer-Maria Weiss, Patrick Schmidt and Flavia Venditti
Heritage 2025, 8(3), 104; https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage8030104 - 11 Mar 2025
Viewed by 1288
Abstract
In March 2022, an auction house in Zurich sold two female figurines made from mammoth ivory, along with other prehistoric artefacts. This is a rare occurrence because the scarcity and value of Paleolithic figurines have limited their presence in the international art market. [...] Read more.
In March 2022, an auction house in Zurich sold two female figurines made from mammoth ivory, along with other prehistoric artefacts. This is a rare occurrence because the scarcity and value of Paleolithic figurines have limited their presence in the international art market. Researchers from the Archaeological Museum Hamburg and the University of Tübingen subsequently undertook in situ and non-destructive investigations to illuminate the authenticity of the two figurines. We conducted a comprehensive analytical study that included detailed microscopic optical observations and spectroscopic investigations. This methodological approach, combined with a thorough comparison to contemporary ivory figurine replicas, proved effective and clearly demonstrated that the specimens were forgeries. Research efforts of this kind are crucial, as they significantly help reduce the spread of intentional fakes posing as genuine artefacts in the art market. By doing so, we foster collaboration between academic institutions and the art market to preserve and protect the integrity and value of authentic archaeological and cultural heritage. Full article
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16 pages, 6192 KiB  
Article
Combined Use of Non-Destructive Analysis Techniques to Investigate Ancient Bronze Statues
by Loredana Luvidi, Annalaura Casanova Municchia, Eleni Konstantakopoulou, Noemi Orazi, Marco Ferretti and Giovanni Caruso
Sensors 2025, 25(6), 1727; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25061727 - 11 Mar 2025
Viewed by 759
Abstract
Non-destructive portable techniques for the analysis of cultural heritage items are essential for enhancing our understanding of these objects and providing valuable information for potential restoration interventions. This paper presents a combined use of pulsed thermography, X-ray fluorescence, and Raman spectroscopy to investigate [...] Read more.
Non-destructive portable techniques for the analysis of cultural heritage items are essential for enhancing our understanding of these objects and providing valuable information for potential restoration interventions. This paper presents a combined use of pulsed thermography, X-ray fluorescence, and Raman spectroscopy to investigate the ancient bronze “Il Togato”, yielding complementary information concerning the techniques used for creating this artefact and its conservation status. Specifically, thermographic analysis has highlighted the presence of many patches of different size used for emending superficial cast defects, weldings used to connect parts separately cast to the main structure, cracks, and defects located in the bronze thickness. On the other hand, XRF provided information on the composition of the gilding which characterises the statue, and supplied an estimate of its thickness through the use of a stratification model. Additionally, Raman spectroscopy has been applied to identify corrosion products. The experimental results presented in the paper provide a comprehensive knowledge of the bronze under investigation and assess the effectiveness of the portable non-destructive techniques employed in the analysis. Full article
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26 pages, 31515 KiB  
Review
Redefining Archaeological Research: Digital Tools, Challenges, and Integration in Advancing Methods
by Stella Sylaiou, Zoi-Eirini Tsifodimou, Konstantinos Evangelidis, Aikaterini Stamou, Ioannis Tavantzis, Alexandros Skondras and Efstratios Stylianidis
Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(5), 2495; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15052495 - 26 Feb 2025
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3853
Abstract
This paper explores the diverse array of digital tools utilized for data acquisition in archaeology. This abstract outlines the various categories of digital tools commonly employed, including geographic information systems (GISs), global positioning systems (GPSs), remote sensing technologies, 3D scanning and photogrammetry, drones [...] Read more.
This paper explores the diverse array of digital tools utilized for data acquisition in archaeology. This abstract outlines the various categories of digital tools commonly employed, including geographic information systems (GISs), global positioning systems (GPSs), remote sensing technologies, 3D scanning and photogrammetry, drones and aerial photography, as well as mobile applications and digital recording systems. Each category is elucidated with examples of their application in archaeological research, emphasizing their roles in site mapping, spatial data collection, artefact documentation, and landscape analysis. Furthermore, it discusses the advancements, challenges, and best practices associated with the integration of digital tools into archaeological fieldwork. It also highlights the potential for future developments in digital technologies to enhance data acquisition capabilities further, ultimately contributing to a deeper understanding of human history and cultural heritage. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Technologies in Cultural Heritage)
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25 pages, 15147 KiB  
Article
Global Trends in Wood Heritage Research: A Bibliometric and Scientometric Analysis
by João Carlos Ferreira de Melo Júnior, Margherita Vicario and Nicola Macchioni
Forests 2025, 16(2), 326; https://doi.org/10.3390/f16020326 - 13 Feb 2025
Viewed by 881
Abstract
The cultural use of wood, historically grounded in the understanding of ancient artefacts, has garnered increasing interest from researchers, as it enables the exploration of relationships between biodiversity, ancestral knowledge, and the cultural materiality of distinct human societies. The main objective of this [...] Read more.
The cultural use of wood, historically grounded in the understanding of ancient artefacts, has garnered increasing interest from researchers, as it enables the exploration of relationships between biodiversity, ancestral knowledge, and the cultural materiality of distinct human societies. The main objective of this article is to provide an overview and identify the main global trends in studies on the cultural use of wood. The article analyses documents from the Web of Science Core Collection from 1976 to 2024, highlighting the characteristics of scientific production, collaboration networks, keywords, and high-impact literature through bibliometric and scientometric methods. The choice was made for WoS as it is one of the largest databases in the world with complete scientific articles, considering the year with the oldest publication on the topic. The results reveal a growing academic interest in wooden heritage, with notable contributions from Italy, China, France, Spain, and England. With their remarkable cultural expression in wood, Latin countries such as Brazil, Mexico, and Argentina hold significant potential in this field. Areas such as wood chemistry and materials science are predominant, underscoring the need for collaboration with researchers, such as plant anatomists, who can integrate botanical and forestry information on culturally significant species and better contribute to global wooden heritage preservation efforts. This study can contribute to the circulation and integration of researchers interested in the topic and encourage the advancement of underexplored but culturally essential subjects. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wood as Cultural Heritage Material: 2nd Edition)
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10 pages, 8136 KiB  
Article
Unusual Composition of the Sarezzano Reliquary Busts
by Maria Labate, Carmela Sirello, Maurizio Aceto, Fulvio Cervini, Simonetta Castronovo, Lorenza Operti and Angelo Agostino
Heritage 2024, 7(11), 5976-5985; https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage7110280 - 23 Oct 2024
Viewed by 1238
Abstract
The interdisciplinary study of two reliquary busts from Sarezzano (Piedmont, Italy) is a perfect example of the necessity to provide for material characterisation as a recurring common practice in historical studies and a mandatory step in conservation assessment. Furthermore, the diagnostics of cultural [...] Read more.
The interdisciplinary study of two reliquary busts from Sarezzano (Piedmont, Italy) is a perfect example of the necessity to provide for material characterisation as a recurring common practice in historical studies and a mandatory step in conservation assessment. Furthermore, the diagnostics of cultural heritage play a crucial role in art historical research, providing relevant information on artefacts’ genesis, production technology, and conservation history. The study of the materials of the reliquary busts was performed by non-invasive (portable X-ray fluorescence spectrometry) and micro-invasive (stereomicroscope, attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and powder X-ray diffraction analysis) methods. According to the results, the busts were found to be made of a tin–lead alloy, a rather unusual material for mediaeval reliquary busts. Moreover, the outcome suggests that the busts were originally silvered, except for the hair and beard which are still gilded. The analysis reveals the use of colophony as an adhesive buffer layer on the busts’ alloy, as well as inside them, to favour the metal working process, since it is found as degraded residue. Finally, even the typology of alloy decay is defined. All this information has enabled us to determine the artistic technique and estimate the value and quality of the material employed. In addition, it has led to the correct choice of materials and methods to be adopted during the restoration, and therefore the usage of more suitable solvents and tools. Full article
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36 pages, 19254 KiB  
Review
Use of Computerised X-ray Tomography in the Study of the Fabrication Methods and Conservation of Ceramics, Glass and Stone Building Materials
by Sean P. Rigby
Heritage 2024, 7(10), 5687-5722; https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage7100268 - 10 Oct 2024
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1721
Abstract
This work will review and discuss the use of computerised X-ray tomography (CXT) for analysing ancient, manufactured items, like stone building materials, glass and ceramics. It will consider particular techniques required, and/or of benefit, for CXT of heritage materials, such as special precautions [...] Read more.
This work will review and discuss the use of computerised X-ray tomography (CXT) for analysing ancient, manufactured items, like stone building materials, glass and ceramics. It will consider particular techniques required, and/or of benefit, for CXT of heritage materials, such as special precautions during the experimentation to ensure there is no damage to the materials, special imaging methods such as elemental-specific imaging, and sample-specific image analysis requirements. This study shows how the knowledge of internal features, particularly pores, discerned from CXT can be used to reverse engineer the artefact fabrication process. CXT can be used to obtain information on both the raw materials (such as types and impurities) and fabrication techniques used. These abilities can then be used to establish technological evolution and the incidence of ancient behaviours like recycling and allow the linking of particular items to specific production sites. It will also be seen how CXT can aid the development of effective conservation techniques. This work will also consider how conclusions drawn from CXT data can be amended or augmented by the use of complementary non-destructive characterisation methods, such as gas overcondensation. Full article
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