Search Results (1,020)

The excessive use of herbicides in agricultural fields has emerged as a critical environmental concern. This study innovatively synthesized a ZIF-8@TPPa composite through a solvothermal method for the efficient removal of herbicides from aqueous environment. The material exhibited remarkable adsorption capacities for butachlor (232.56 mg/g), anilofos (188.68 mg/g), and pendimethalin (285.71 mg/g), along with excellent acid–base stability (pH 3–9), strong anti-ion interference capability, and good reusability (adsorption efficiency >80% after five cycles). The adsorption processes were well-described by the two isotherm models and the pseudo-second-order model, indicating that the dominant mechanism is a synergistic effect between monolayer chemical adsorption and multilayer physical adsorption, primarily driven by π-π stacking, hydrogen bonding, and coordination. The material maintained outstanding adsorption efficiency (>85%) in real water samples (tap water, seawater, and river water). This study not only provides a sustainable and effective strategy for herbicide remediation from aqueous environment but also expands the practical applications of MOF@COF in aqueous environment. Full article

Glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine] is the most widely used herbicide worldwide, and its environmental persistence has prompted increasing interest in microbial processes that may contribute to its dissipation. This study evaluated a collection of 15 soil-derived actinobacterial strains for plant growth-promoting traits, extracellular enzymatic activities, glyphosate tolerance, and glyphosate removal under nutrient-sufficient and phosphate-starved conditions. Herbicide tolerance evaluated on agar plates was widespread across the collection, with all strains sustaining growth at 10 and 50 g L⁻¹ of glyphosate. Under nutrient-sufficient conditions glyphosate removal remained limited, with maximum values of 16.15 ± 2.08% (Streptomyces sp. Con7.16) and 15.34 ± 2.89% (Streptomyces sp. Z38). In contrast, prior phosphate starvation markedly enhanced removal efficiency, reaching 42.21 ± 3.59% in Streptomyces sp. Z38 and 39.46 ± 1.94% in Streptomyces sp. Con7.16. Transmission electron microscopy coupled with X-ray microanalysis in the selected Streptomyces sp. Z38 revealed starvation-associated depletion of intracellular polyphosphate granules, followed by partial replenishment when glyphosate was supplied as the sole phosphorus source, consistent with indirect evidence of glyphosate-derived phosphorus acquisition. Genome mining of Streptomyces sp. Z38 identified candidate genes potentially consistent with a non-canonical, C-P lyase-independent phosphonate utilization route; however, these assignments are based exclusively on bioinformatic evidence and require experimental validation. Collectively, these findings indicate that phosphate limitation enhances glyphosate removal in the selected actinobacteria, and the physiological and genomic data are consistent with a starvation-triggered shift toward alternative phosphorus scavenging strategies. Because this strain is intended for future phytoremediation applications in glyphosate-contaminated agricultural soils, elucidating the underlying phosphorus dynamics is essential for anticipating its functional behavior and environmental relevance. Full article

Herbicides considered selective to rice are generally evaluated based on their direct crop safety and weed suppression effects, yet it remains unclear whether they may also trigger indirect or context-dependent effects on rice under rice–barnyardgrass co-cultivation. To address this question, we compared rice performance and associated microbial dynamics under six conditions: rice–barnyardgrass co-cultivation and rice monoculture, each treated with a water spray control or sublethal doses of propanil (Pro, 66.7 mg a.i. L⁻¹) or cyhalofop-butyl (Cyh, 5.86 mg a.i. L⁻¹). Barnyardgrass exhibited visible injury and stronger leaf-level oxidative stress responses, whereas rice displayed no discernible phytotoxic symptoms. Nevertheless, under co-cultivation, herbicide treatment significantly suppressed rice growth, with up to 17.8% lower root lengths and 24.8% lower shoot fresh weights, with reductions varying by herbicide and trait. By contrast, comparable suppression was not observed under herbicide exposure or co-cultivation alone, identifying this response as an emergent, context-dependent negative effect. Microbiota reassembly emerged as an early and stage-specific component of the herbicide-associated response under co-cultivation, with the most pronounced changes detected on day 5 and occurring primarily in bacterial communities. Moreover, bacterial community variation was negatively correlated with root length (ρ = −0.664), and urease activity declined under herbicide treatment. Together, these findings indicate that in paddy fields, herbicides act not only on individual plants but also as an external disturbance to the coupled rice–barnyardgrass system, for which microbiota reorganization represents a key component of the ecological response. Our results suggest that herbicide selectivity should be interpreted within a crop–weed–microbiome context, rather than being inferred solely from their direct crop safety and weed suppression effects. Full article

Wet direct-seeded rice (WDSR) is a resource-efficient cultivation system gaining global popularity, but its sustainability is severely threatened by weedy rice (Oryza sativa f. spontanea). Due to the high genetic and physiological similarities between weedy and cultivated rice, selective chemical control remains a formidable challenge. This study evaluated an integrated chemical control strategy utilizing the safener metcamifen (applied as a seed coating) to protect cultivated rice from the pre-emergence herbicide pretilachlor in a simulated WDSR system. Indoor bioassays and outdoor mock-plot trials revealed that metcamifen seed coating alone (up to 560 mg a.i. kg⁻¹ seed) significantly promoted early seedling vigor in cultivated rice (‘Jia 67’) without exhibiting phytotoxicity. Conversely, soil application of pretilachlor at 375 g a.i. ha⁻¹ provided effective initial herbicidal activity, suppressing weedy rice emergence to merely 7.0%. Under this severe herbicide stress, metcamifen seed coating at an effective dose of 480 mg a.i. kg⁻¹ seed significantly mitigated phytotoxicity. However, this protection was partial; crop emergence was maintained at 63.8%, substantially preserving seedling biomass compared to the non-safened control (28.3%), but still reflecting a clear emergence penalty. We hypothesize that this moderate reduction in initial crop stand could potentially be compensated by proportionally increasing the initial seeding rate—a potential agronomic compromise that warrants future empirical validation in the field. In summary, this study provides a preliminary, controlled-environment evaluation demonstrating that the protective application of metcamifen with pretilachlor offers a potential framework for mitigating weedy rice infestations, subject to further field-scale verification. Full article

Intensive pesticide application sustains global agriculture but poses poorly characterized risks to complex soil ecosystems. Here, we quantitatively evaluated pesticide residues and utilized high-resolution environmental DNA (eDNA) metagenomics to decode multi-trophic community responses across a typical major grain-producing region located in China. Among 39 targeted pesticides, 26 were detected with total concentrations ranging from 27.9 to 478.8 ng/g. While herbicides and fungicides dominated the residual mass, insecticides posed the most severe ecological threat. Notably, the neonicotinoid imidacloprid exhibited high-risk levels (RQ = 1.78 ± 1.49) at >61.1% of the sampling sites. eDNA profiling and Procrustes analyses revealed a clear trophic-dependent sensitivity gradient (p < 0.01). Lower-trophic microbial communities were significantly altered in composition; pesticide stress was strongly associated with profound non-target suppression on keystone plant-beneficial bacteria (e.g., Nocardioides). Concurrently, the fungal eDNA profiles indicated that the soil mycobiome harbored an alarming 34.7% of potential phytopathogenic fungi (e.g., Aspergillus and Colletotrichum), intrinsically driving the massive fungicide reliance. In contrast, higher-trophic soil metazoa (Rotifera, 40.4%) and weed communities (e.g., Digitaria sanguinalis) exhibited significant spatial stability, reflecting robust environmental buffering and herbicide-driven ecological escapes. Furthermore, co-occurrence networks decoupled target from non-target toxicities, uniquely revealing that persistent herbicide metabolites (desethylatrazine) induce prolonged legacy toxicities on specific soil fauna. Collectively, this study unveils the deep, cross-kingdom ecological disruptions caused by current pesticide regimes, underscoring the urgency of integrating eDNA biomonitoring to guide precision pest management and safeguard soil health in vital agricultural hubs. Full article

Alfalfa (Medicago sativa), a globally important perennial forage legume, is widely cultivated in China, where effective weed management is essential for sustainable production. Chemical weed control, primarily relying on the herbicide imazethapyr, represents the most common strategy. Reliance on a single-herbicide program, however, may lead to inconsistent weed control under field conditions and may raise environmental concerns when higher application rates are used. To address this challenge, a two-year field study (2022–2023) was conducted to reduce herbicide inputs and identify new weed management options through tank mixtures. Initial screening identified imazethapyr, prometryn, imazapic, and 2,4-DB as safe and effective against broadleaf weeds. To broaden the control spectrum and reduce total herbicide use, haloxyfop-R-methyl was tank-mixed with each of the four broadleaf-active herbicides. The combinations haloxyfop-R-methyl + imazethapyr (36.5 + 56.3 g a.i. ha⁻¹) provided broad-spectrum weed control without compromising alfalfa performance and, importantly, reduced herbicide input at least by 25% of the recommended label dose. Additionally, the mixture of haloxyfop-R-methyl with 2,4-DB (36.5 + 506.3 g a.i. ha⁻¹) achieved effective, broad-spectrum weed control, increased alfalfa yield, and reduced total herbicide input at least by 25% of the recommended label dose. This mixture offers a useful option for diversifying weed management programs and reducing reliance on repeated imazethapyr applications. These tank mixtures represent sustainable and practical components of an integrated weed management system in alfalfa production. Full article

Continuous potato cropping is usually associated with a reduction in tuber yield and deterioration in crop structure, resulting in a decrease in the proportion of marketable produce. The effect of crop rotation, cultivar selection, the range of chemical plant protection, and the periodic introduction of an intercrop on potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) yield was studied in a field experiment at the Production–Experimental Station in Bałcyny near Ostróda, belonging to the University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, where potatoes have been continuously cultivated since 1973. Results from 2015 to 2023, corresponding to the 43rd–51st year of continuous potato cropping, were compared to a six-course crop rotation (potato—oat—flax—winter rye—faba bean—winter triticale). The study discusses the yield of two potato cultivars (Catania and Red Sonia) across two periods: 2015–2018 and 2019–2023. In the first period, potatoes were grown according to the general experimental design, whereas in 2019–2023, the cultivation included an additional intercrop of oil radish (Raphanus sativus L.) cv. Rolterra In both series of studies, the experimental factors included potato cultivation without the use of plant protection products (object O) and objects with the application of herbicides (H) and herbicides and fungicides (H + F). The introduction of intercropping into continuous potato cropping was more effective than the application of pesticides and limited the scale of yield decline in relation to crop rotation. In the case of the Catania cultivar, the mean difference in yield between crop rotation and continuous cropping in the first series of tests (without intercropping) was 50.4%, and in the second series (after introducing intercropping), it decreased to 22.3%. The corresponding mean differences for the Red Sonia cultivar were 45.5% in the first series and 12.9% in the second series. Furthermore, in the second series of studies (thanks to the introduction of intercropping), the mean share of marketable yield in continuous cropping increased from 35.1% to 51.9% (for the Catania cultivar) and from 23.6% to 35.8% (for the Red Sonia cultivar). In summary, the introduction of oil radish as an intercrop was the most effective factor (more effective than the choice of potato cultivar and use of chemical crop protection products) to limit the negative aspects of long-term continuous potato cropping, improving yield, yield stability, and the share of marketable tubers. Full article

Glyphosate-based herbicides are widely used in agriculture. However, their broader effects on plant lipid metabolism remain insufficiently characterized beyond their canonical target, the shikimate pathway. In this study, we evaluated tissue-specific lipidomic responses of carrot (Daucus carota L.) plants grown under controlled conditions following sublethal foliar exposure to a commercial glyphosate-based herbicide formulation. Leaves, leaf stalks, and roots were harvested 30 days after application, and lipid extracts were analyzed using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. Multivariate statistical analyses were applied to assess treatment-related differences. Morphological parameters showed no major visible symptoms, although minor changes in shoot architecture were observed. Untargeted lipidomic profiling revealed treatment-associated, tissue-specific alterations in lipid composition. In leaves, changes were detected in free fatty acids, tocopherols, and galactolipids, whereas leaf stalks and storage roots showed alterations mainly affecting phospholipid and glycerolipid classes. In summary, lipid profiles indicated shifts in the relative abundance of membrane- and storage-related lipid species. These results suggest that sublethal exposure to a glyphosate-based herbicide formulation may be associated with measurable lipidomic differences in carrot tissues, highlighting the sensitivity of untargeted lipidomic profiling for detecting metabolic responses to agrochemical exposure. Full article

Urea is the most widely used nitrogen fertilizer worldwide, and its application leads to soil acidification, which can potentially change the behavior of agrochemicals such as glyphosate and its main degradation product, aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA). This study assessed how urea-induced acidification influences the adsorption of glyphosate and AMPA in an Andisol. Batch equilibrium experiments were conducted to evaluate adsorption kinetics and isotherms with and without urea (200 kg N ha⁻¹), as well as under controlled pH conditions (pH 4, 5, and 6). Kinetic data were analyzed using pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order, Elovich, and intraparticle diffusion models, while adsorption isotherms were described using the Freundlich model. Results showed clear differences in sorption behavior between both compounds. AMPA exhibited higher sorption capacity, faster equilibrium, and minimal effect from urea addition. In contrast, glyphosate adsorption was significantly reduced by urea, showing lower kinetic parameters. Mechanistic analysis indicated that AMPA retention is governed by chemisorption and intraparticle diffusion processes, whereas glyphosate adsorption is more influenced by surface interactions and competition with urea. Overall, urea application may increase glyphosate mobility in Andisols, while AMPA remains strongly retained, highlighting the role of fertilization in herbicide fate. Full article

Glyphosate is a highly polar herbicide, the reliable molecular recognition of which is complicated by co-occurring structural analogues, metabolites, and derivatives in real-world samples. Rather than reporting new aptamer discovery, this study establishes a standardized, solution-phase isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) workflow to thermodynamically reassess two literature-reported glyphosate DNA aptamers, Seq03 and Seq05, under matched buffer composition and instrument settings. After verification of baseline stability and evaluation of heat-of-dilution contributions, ligand-to-aptamer titrations yielded apparent dissociation constants of approximately 8.14 μM for Seq03 and 40.2 μM for Seq05, enabling affinity-based prioritization of these reported candidates within the tested concentration window. To define an application-relevant selectivity boundary, we further constructed a counter-screen panel restricted to glyphosate-related chemicals, including structural analogues, metabolites, and derivatives, and evaluated all candidates using an identical ITC protocol with explicit background handling. None of the counter-screen compounds produced binding-consistent, saturable isotherms after integration and control-based interpretation; instead, their responses remained close to background heat and were therefore operationally classified as having no detectable binding under the tested conditions, including a reverse-titration format check with Glufosinate-N-acetyl. Collectively, these results position ITC as a label-free, platform-independent validation step for small-molecule aptamer benchmarking prior to analytical translation, while also highlighting that the present conclusions are bounded by the tested PBS-based conditions and the sensitivity window of the current ITC configuration. Full article

The optimization of herbicide application is one of the most important topics in Precision Agriculture, driven by both economic efficiency and ecological sustainability. Excessive herbicide use can lead to soil degradation, water contamination, and negative impacts on biodiversity, while also contributing to human health risks and climate-related concerns. Developing accurate, automated approaches for distinguishing crops from weeds is therefore essential to support sustainable agricultural practices. In this paper, a novel architecture for crops and weed segmentation in tobacco plantations is proposed: a U-Net variant which incorporates several specific design elements, including deep supervision, a Vegetation Global Context block, and a dual-headed output that separately predicts vegetation and crop masks. Weed regions are derived as the difference between vegetation and crop predictions, allowing the model to enforce logical consistency directly within a single framework, in contrast to other two-step approaches. The proposed architecture was evaluated using multiple modern encoder backbones (ConvNextV2, FastViT, RepViT, MambaVision). Experimental results demonstrate that this architecture not only improves segmentation accuracy compared to prior approaches, with best scores of 94.24% Dice for crop segmentation and 93.72% for weeds, but also significantly reduces inference time by avoiding multi-stage pipelines, making it well-suited for real-time deployment. Full article

Effective weed management is crucial for optimizing agricultural productivity and minimizing environmental impacts. Weeds are most effectively managed during their seedling or early growth stages, which can be achieved with the aid of tools for predicting seedling emergence. However, many persistent weed species exhibit dormant seedbanks, thus complicating prediction attempts. The number of seedlings emerging in these species is closely tied to seedbank dormancy levels, which are influenced by seasonal variations. Thus, predictive population-based threshold models incorporate seedbank dormancy regulation to accurately forecast seedling “window” emergence. These models use the functional relationship between environmental cues (i.e., temperature, light, alternating temperatures, and soil water content) and seed dormancy behavior. Considering that these environmental signals vary among microsites in the field, these tools can be adapted to predict weed emergence in both temporal and spatial dimensions, thus making them suitable for site-specific weed management. The aim of this review is to synthesize existing modeling approaches and present a conceptual framework for dynamic, site-specific weed emergence predictions, supported by case-study-based applications. The illustrative application shows that incorporating soil water content into dormancy dynamics modifies emergence timing and magnitude, restricting emergence to specific topographic zones and potentially reducing herbicide use by up to 60–70%. This approach can improve the efficiency of herbicide applications and other control measures, reducing costs and environmental impact while enhancing crop yields. This work underscores the potential of integrating environmental cues into sophisticated modeling approaches to address the complexities of weed emergence in diverse agricultural landscapes. Full article

Abiotic stress factors, including drought and salinity, severely limit crop productivity worldwide. Furthermore, the extensive use of herbicides, such as glyphosate, disrupts beneficial soil microbiota, further impairing crop growth. Plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) represent a sustainable and efficient strategy to enhance crop yields, particularly under unfavorable environmental and soil conditions. In this study, we characterized Paenibacillus sp. JSM-10, newly isolated from glyphosate-exposed agricultural soil, for its stress tolerance and plant growth-promoting potential, including its morphology examined using complementary microscopy techniques. The strain tolerated up to 0.5 g/L glyphosate, 15 g/L NaCl, and 100 g/L polyethylene glycol (PEG-6000) without significant growth inhibition (p > 0.05), demonstrating robust resilience to such multiple abiotic stresses. Beyond its tolerance, the strain exhibited several beneficial characteristics, including indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) synthesis, siderophore production, and inorganic phosphate solubilization. Furthermore, both living cells and culture filtrates of JSM-10 exhibited a positive trend toward enhancing buckwheat growth under normal and saline conditions, with effect sizes ranging from Hedges’ g = 0.56−0.92. In addition, JSM-10 exhibited antagonistic activity against a range of pathogenic microorganisms, including Nigrospora oryzae, Bipolaris sorokiniana, Alternaria spp., and Escherichia coli. Altogether, these characteristics highlight the Paenibacillus sp. JSM-10 strain and its culture filtrates as promising candidates for application in organic farming aimed at promoting plant growth and improving stress tolerance via plant–microbe interactions. Full article

Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) forms root nodules that host microbial communities influencing plant nutrition and stress tolerance, and herbicide use may act as an environmental filter altering the cultivable nodule microbiota. This study isolated and characterized bacteria from peanut nodules collected in fields with and without imazapic application in Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil. Eight isolates were obtained, and one hemolytic strain was excluded after pathogenicity screening. Based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing and phylogenetic analysis, the isolates were identified as Bacillus aerophilus, Bacillus inaquosorum, Bacillus subtilis, Bradyrhizobium yuanmingense, Burkholderia lata, and Rhizobium tropici. Nodules from herbicide-treated plants yielded exclusively Bacillus spp., whereas those from non-treated plants showed greater taxonomic diversity. Molecular screening detected genes associated with biological nitrogen fixation (nifH) and nodulation (nodA, nodB, nodC, nodD), indicating potential functional capacity. In greenhouse assays, the isolates showed strain-dependent effects on early plant development, with pronounced responses in root growth and nodulation. Burkholderia lata and bacterial consortia enhanced root development and nodulation, with performance comparable to the commercial inoculant SEMIA 6144. Herbicide management shapes the cultivable nodule microbiota, and selected isolates show potential as bioinoculants for peanut production systems. Full article

Weed interference and herbicide-induced phytotoxicity, particularly from HPPD inhibitors such as tembotrione, represent significant limitations to yield stability in grain sorghum. Developing strategies to enhance crop tolerance without compromising weed control is of high practical interest. This study tested the hypothesis that a commercial Ascophyllum nodosum-based biostimulant can mitigate tembotrione-induced oxidative stress and phytotoxicity in sorghum without compromising the weed-control activity of the herbicide. Sorghum plants at the V4 phenological stage (four fully expanded leaves) were subjected to five treatments: (1) untreated control; (2) biostimulant application alone; (3) tembotrione application alone; (4) simultaneous application of tembotrione and biostimulant; and (5) tembotrione followed by biostimulant application after six days of application (6 DAT). After 10 days of treatment, photosynthetic pigment synthesis, primary photochemistry, gas exchange, antioxidant metabolism, phytotoxicity levels, growth parameters, and yield indices were evaluated. The results support the hypothesis that A. nodosum-based biostimulants can act as effective mitigating agents. The biostimulant sustained carotenoid levels and preserved the stability of the photosynthetic apparatus (PSII), counteracting HPPD enzyme inhibition caused by the herbicide. Isolated biostimulant application upregulated net photosynthesis by 60%, while simultaneous co-application with tembotrione preserved membrane integrity and the leaf area index. Furthermore, the efficacy of the mitigation strategy was highly time-dependent, as simultaneous co-application proved superior to the delayed (6 DAT) intervention. From an agronomic perspective, the biostimulant reduced visual injury and restored the grain number per plant to control levels under simultaneous co-application, although the final yield of combined treatments did not differ statistically from either the untreated control or the treatment of tembotrione alone. This study shows that the integration of A. nodosum extracts into the chemical management of sensitive crops represents a viable biotechnological strategy to enhance herbicide selectivity and yield stability. Full article