Search Results (8,384)

Diet quality, nutrition knowledge, and psychosomatic literacy—defined as the understanding of the interactions between diet, gut microbiota, and mental well-being—may shape weight-related behaviours in youth. This study used a cross-sectional design to integrate these domains with digital information pathways in Central–Eastern Europe. This study assessed diet quality, nutrition, and psychosomatic knowledge, supplement use, and health-information sources among Polish adolescents and young adults, with emphasis on age-related differences and the role of social media. A cross-sectional, anonymous online survey (October 2025–January 2026) was conducted in Poland (final analytical sample: n = 478; adolescents 15–19 years vs. young adults 20–30 years). Of 591 individuals who accessed the survey, 478 were included in the final analytical sample. Diet quality was estimated from FFQ data using KomPAN-derived indices (pHDI-10, nHDI-14, DQI). Nutrition knowledge (0–25 points), psychosomatic/gut–brain indicators, supplementation, and information sources were analysed using χ²/Fisher tests and Mann–Whitney U tests with effect sizes. The primary outcomes measured were dietary supplement use and excess body weight (BMI ≥ 25 kg/m²). Multivariable logistic regression examined predictors of supplement use and BMI ≥ 25 kg/m². Overall diet quality was low to moderate, with limited intake of whole grains, legumes, and fish, and common nutrition misconceptions. Social media was the most frequently indicated source of diet/supplement information and was independently associated with more frequent supplement use (OR = 2.29; 95% CI: 1.43–3.64). Adolescents reported lower whole-grain intake and more misconceptions than young adults. Predictors of BMI ≥ 25 kg/m² included male sex (OR = 2.46; 95% CI: 1.46–4.15), lower education, and lower nutrition knowledge, while age showed a non-linear positive association with excess body weight. Polish adolescents and young adults show gaps between declared pro-health attitudes and actual diet quality/competencies. Social media reliance appears particularly linked to product-oriented behaviours (supplementation). Prevention should strengthen nutrition and food safety education, digital health literacy, and professional guidance on supplementation, especially in adolescents. Our findings suggest that social media is a primary driver for dietary supplementation among Polish youth, more so than objective nutrition knowledge. While diet quality is linked to weight status, the relationship is complex. These results may inform future public health interventions targeting digital health literacy to promote balanced nutrition and safe supplementation practices. Full article

Plant disease detection in natural environments is significantly challenged by variations in lesion scales and interference from complicated background clutter. Nevertheless, current models often remain limited in effectively capturing multi-scale features and mitigating background interference simultaneously. To tackle these challenges, we present TGL-YOLO, an improved detection network built on the YOLO11 framework. Methodologically, we introduce the Tri-Scale Dynamic Block (TSDBlock) to adaptively extract fine-grained features across highly variable lesion sizes. Furthermore, a Gated Pyramid Spatial Transformer (GPST) is designed to fuse cross-scale features and suppress background interference, while a Large Separable Pyramid Attention (LSPA) module expands the spatial receptive field to capture global context. Experimental results on two public datasets show that TGL-YOLO demonstrates improved performance over the YOLO11s baseline. On the PlantDoc dataset, it improves mAP50 and mAP50:95 by 4.7% and 3.7%, reaching 0.591 and 0.449, respectively. On the FieldPlant dataset, it reaches 0.793 and 0.608, yielding improvements of 2.3% and 1.9%. The proposed method demonstrates the capability to reduce missed detections and false positives caused by multi-scale lesions and environmental noise, providing a competitive and computationally viable solution for agricultural disease monitoring in natural environments. Full article

Lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO₄) (LFP) has emerged as the most popular cathode material in the current lithium battery market because of its stable charge–discharge cycle performance, low cost, and high safety. Moreover, this material does not require scarce resources such as nickel and cobalt, which alleviates supply chain conflicts and reduces the environmental and health impacts associated with Ni and Co. In this study, a cost-effective preparation method is implemented to synthesize a series of all-element integrated LiFePO₄ precursors using precursor solutions with varying concentrations of oxalic acid. The final LFP materials are subsequently obtained through a one-step heat treatment. To evaluate the advantages of this method, we compare the structural and electrochemical properties of the obtained LFP materials with those synthesized via the traditional solid-phase method. The experimental results reveal that the LFP material synthesized using an oxalic acid solution with a concentration of 0.125 mol L⁻¹ exhibits optimal performance. This material has a grain size in the range of 300–500 nm, which is smaller and more uniform than those of the other samples. This initial specific discharge capacity of the designed LFP is 150.3 mAh·g⁻¹, with an initial coulombic efficiency of 88%. Notably, the material maintains a high capacity of 98 mAh·g⁻¹ even at −20 °C and achieves a discharge capacity of 98.7 mAh·g⁻¹ at a high discharge rate of 5 C. The lithium-ion diffusion coefficient was determined to be 7.1 × 10⁻¹² cm² s⁻¹, which is approximately 2.5 times greater than that of the material synthesized via the solid-phase ball-milling method. These results highlight the significant improvements in both the structural and electrochemical properties of LFP materials synthesized through this novel liquid-phase method. Full article

In marine service environments, material surfaces inevitably suffer from wear damage, which can compromise the integrity of protective coatings and further affect their corrosion resistance. Therefore, investigating the post-wear corrosion resistance of coatings is of great significance. In this work, single-layer CrN coatings, CrAlN coatings, and CrN/CrAlN multilayer coatings were deposited on stainless-steel substrates by arc ion plating, and the microstructure, tribological properties, and corrosion behavior before and after wear were systematically investigated. Wear tests were performed under applied loads of 2.5 N and 5 N. The corrosion behavior in the unworn condition and the post-wear corrosion resistance condition was evaluated in a 3.5 wt.% NaCl solution. The results showed that all coatings exhibited a face-centered cubic (FCC) structure, while the CrN/CrAlN multilayer coating possessed the smallest average grain size (13.47 nm). Under applied loads of 2.5 N and 5 N, the CrN/CrAlN multilayer coating exhibited the lowest wear rate, indicating the best wear resistance. In the unworn condition, the CrN/CrAlN multilayer coating showed the lowest corrosion current density (2.74 × 10⁻¹⁰ A/cm²) and the most positive corrosion potential (0.025 V), demonstrating the best corrosion resistance. After wear under a load of 5 N, the CrN/CrAlN multilayer coating retained a low corrosion current density (3.35 × 10⁻¹⁰ A/cm²), in contrast to the marked increases observed for the single-layer coatings. The enhanced performance is considered to be mainly associated with the periodic heterogeneous interfaces in the multilayer structure, which help suppress crack propagation and prolong the penetration path of corrosive media. Full article

In this work, Ce-doped ZnO thin films at various contents of cerium were deposited on glass substrates by thermal vacuum evaporation to study the influence of Ce concentration on their optical, structural, morphological, and photocatalytic behavior. Pure ZnO and Ce-doped ZnO films doped with 2% and 5% Ce were characterized by SEM, XRD, AFM, UV–VIS spectroscopy, and ellipsometry. The XRD analysis confirmed that all the films retained the hexagonal wurtzite structure, while Ce incorporation induced lattice strain and reduced crystallite size, particularly at higher doping levels. SEM and AFM studies showed that films with 2% Ce exhibited smaller grain size and lower roughness, whereas 5% Ce-doped films showed grain growth and increased roughness. Pure ZnO films displayed high transparency (>90%), whereas Ce incorporation caused a red shift in the absorption edge and narrowing of the optical band gap due to defect-related states and lattice distortion. Photocatalytic experiments revealed that Ce doping improved charge carrier separation and increased the number of oxygen vacancies. Among all samples, the 2% Ce-doped ZnO film demonstrated the highest photocatalytic efficiency. These findings highlight the importance of controlled Ce doping in tuning the microstructure, optical properties, and photocatalytic performance of ZnO thin films, making them suitable for environmental remediation and optoelectronic applications. Full article

This study presented an application of thermomechanical processing consisting of cold rolling and subsequent annealing in SP2215 heat-resistant steel to investigate the effects of thermomechanical processing parameters on the evolution of grain boundary character distribution (GBCD) and to elucidate the relationship between GBCD and creep properties. The experimental results show that the optimal process, characterized by 10% cold rolling reduction followed by annealing at 1100 °C for 10 min, was determined to significantly increase the fraction of low-Σ coincidence site lattice (CSL) boundaries up to 74.27%, and effectively disrupt the connectivity of the random boundary network, as corroborated by the highest average twin-related domain (TRD) size of 42.58 μm and average number of grains per TRD of 7.28. Such a modified GBCD leads to a notable enhancement in creep performance, resulting from the induction of a high fraction of low-Σ CSL boundaries and the disruption of the random boundary network, which effectively inhibits intergranular crack initiation and propagation during creep deformation. Full article

Additive manufacturing (AM) using powder bed fusion (PBF) has been the predominant printing method used over the last decade. The capability of this approach to produce complex parts with high precision has attracted the attention of major industries as a potential tool for replacing traditional manufacturing technologies. 15-5 PH stainless steel is one of the alloys being studied as a candidate for PBF processes. Its superior strength and corrosion resistance have made it a highly attractive option in numerous industries, including the automotive, nuclear, and petrochemical industries. To enhance the properties of 15-5 PH stainless-steel AM parts following printing, one can use a thermal treatment such as age hardening. However, very little research exists regarding the functional properties of AM parts made from this alloy after heat treatment. This study aims to evaluate the effect of H1150M age hardening heat treatment following printing on the properties of 15-5 PH steel, particularly regarding its mechanical properties and environmental behavior. The microstructure was studied using both optical and electron microscopy, along with X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. The mechanical properties were examined by tensile testing and fracture toughness assessment. Corrosion behavior was analyzed in terms of potentiodynamic polarization and using impedance spectroscopy. The results obtained have shown that over-aging caused by H1150M heat treatment has a detrimental effect on the mechanical and environmental behavior of the tested alloy. This was primarily attributed to the formation of an austenitic phase within the inherent martensitic matrix, the generation of brittle phases (mainly carbonitrides of Cr and Nb) and a reduction in grain size. Full article

In order to verify the feasibility of in situ repair of underwater local dry laser welding (ULDLW) on nuclear power reactor components, this work investigates the microstructure and mechanical properties of 304L austenitic stainless steel repaired by ULDLW using ER308L filler metal. Comprehensive comparison would be made between the ULDLW and conventional in-air laser welding to evaluate their applicability. The results demonstrate that the rapid cooling rate inherent to the underwater environment significantly influences solidification behavior and microstructural evolution. The weld metal (WM) solidifies in the ferritic–austenitic (FA) mode, with an increased proportion of lathy δ-ferrite at the expense of skeletal morphology compared to the in-air welds. Electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) analysis reveals the substantial grain refinement in underwater welds, with average grain sizes of 39.4 μm versus 47.3 μm for in-air weld bead, accompanied by a higher fraction of low-angle grain boundaries (LAGBs). These microstructural modifications yield superior mechanical properties: underwater weld bead exhibits ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of 685.6 MPa, elongation of 57.5%, and impact toughness of 22.6 J, significantly exceeding the corresponding values for in-air welds (663.9 MPa, 51.8%, and 18.6 J, respectively). Fractographic analysis confirms ductile fracture mechanisms in both conditions. The enhanced performance is attributed to grain refinement strengthening via the Hall–Petch relationship and the increased LAGBs fraction, which impedes dislocation motion and crack propagation. Full article

It has long been hypothesized that some arthropod lineages transitioned to land by following an interstitial pathway through the spaces between sand grains. In recent years, various molecular phylogenetic analyses suggest a greater number of terrestrialization events within Arthropoda than previously hypothesized. The relative importance of an interstitial route to land is likely to have been underestimated because of biases in the fossil record and the choice of techniques used for collecting extant arthropods from sands and other types of mineral regolith (sediment with low organic content). A number of early-branching taxa are microarthropods that are common in mineral regolith, providing phyloecological evidence for an interstitial pathway onto land. Following interstitial terrestrialization, hexapods and early-branching arachnids may have remained minute and soft-bodied within mineral regolith until the Early Devonian, when organically rich soils developed on much of the land surface, resulting in increased food resources but also increased rates of predation. This led to defensive modifications and increases in surface abundance and body size, which would have all elevated the probability of fossilization. Full article

3D multi-object tracking (MOT) for autonomous driving remains challenging due to frequent identity switches in crowded scenes, trajectory fragmentation during occlusions, and the difficulty of adapting association strategies to varying scene complexities. While existing methods rely on fixed geometric or appearance-based associations, they struggle to handle ambiguous cases and detection failures. We present an adaptive multi-level 3D MOT framework that achieves robust tracking through three key innovations: (1) multi-granularity temporal modeling that captures both fine-grained short-term motion and coarse long-term trends via dual-scale spatio-temporal attention, enabling accurate motion prediction across different object dynamics; (2) Transformer-based Appearance Association that employs cross-attention to model global inter-object relationships, resolving ambiguous associations in crowded scenarios where geometric cues alone fail; and (3) scene-adaptive learned thresholds that automatically adjust association strictness based on object density, motion complexity, and occlusion levels, avoiding the one-size-fits-all limitations of fixed thresholds. Our hierarchical four-level tracking strategy progressively handles cases from easy geometric matching (Level 1) to complex interval-frame recovery (Level 4), with SOT-based virtual detection generation bridging detector failures. Extensive experiments on the nuScenes benchmark demonstrate state-of-the-art performance. Full article

Heat treatment is essential for In625 fabricated by laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF), as it significantly influences microstructural evolution, defect behavior, and mechanical performance. In this study, the effects of different solution heat treatments on L-PBF-fabricated In625 were systematically investigated. Industrial computed tomography was employed to characterize internal defects before and after heat treatment, while optical microscopy, EBSD, TEM, and EDS were used to analyze microstructural evolution. Room-temperature tensile tests evaluated mechanical properties. The results show that heat treatment at 1090 °C reduces porosity from 0.33% to 0.25%, whereas increasing the temperature to 1150 °C results in a further increase in porosity to 0.45%. This non-monotonic behavior is interpreted as the result of competing mechanisms, including partial closure of small pores at 1090 °C and pore coarsening/enlargement at higher temperatures, with the latter possibly involving the growth of sub-resolution pores into the CT-detectable range. Complete grain equiaxiality occurs after heat treatment at 1090 °C or higher, with average grain sizes below 100 μm, although grain coarsening becomes pronounced at higher temperatures. Samples heat-treated at 1150 °C exhibit reduced mechanical anisotropy, achieving tensile strength above 919 MPa and elongation up to 60%. These results clarify the mechanisms by which heat treatment governs microstructure–defect–property relationships in L-PBF In625, guiding its engineering application. Full article

A large number of low-resistivity and low-permeability reservoirs have been discovered in the deep Paleogene strata of the Wenchang Sag. These reservoirs are characterized by complex porosity–permeability relationships and difficulties in fluid property identification, which restrict the progress of exploration and development operations. However, existing reservoir studies mostly focus on either low-permeability or low-resistivity reservoirs, with relatively few investigations targeting this specific type. Using petrological analysis and physical property testing as the main methods, combined with sedimentary and diagenetic studies, this paper examines the characteristics and genesis of low-resistivity and low-permeability reservoirs in the Paleogene of the Wenchang Sag. The results show that the Paleogene reservoirs are dominated by lithic quartz sandstones, with secondary pores as the main reservoir space, consisting of medium–small pores and fine throats. Samples of the same grain size exhibit a favorable porosity–permeability correlation. Based on capillary pressure curve morphology, the reservoirs can be classified into three types: high mercury intrusion saturation with low displacement pressure, medium mercury intrusion saturation with medium displacement pressure, and medium mercury intrusion saturation with medium–high displacement pressure. The low porosity and permeability are mainly attributed to the fact that the reservoir rocks are primarily deposited in near-source braided fluvial delta underwater distributary channels, resulting in low compositional and textural maturity of sandstones. Strong compaction resistance leads to a significant reduction in primary pores during burial, and intergranular cement filling further deteriorates physical properties. On the other hand, rapid lithological changes and complex pore structures give rise to abundant isolated pores and poor connectivity, leading to high irreducible water saturation. Coupled with high formation water salinity, these factors collectively give rise to low-resistivity reservoirs in the study area. This study clarifies the formation mechanism of low-permeability and low-resistivity reservoirs in the Paleogene of the Wenchang Sag, providing guidance for reservoir evaluation in subsequent oil and gas exploration and serving as a reference for analogous areas. Full article

Molten salt electrodeposition is a promising technique to prepare high-performance tungsten coatings for fusion reactor first-wall components. However, the ultra-high temperature during deposition causes severe grain coarsening and precipitate dissolution in CuCrZr alloy substrates, resulting in dramatic mechanical property degradation. In this study, a thermal cycle at 1223.15 K for 100 h was employed to simulate the thermal impact of molten salt tungsten electrodeposition (MSE) on CuCrZr alloys, and an aging treatment (703.15 K for 12 h) was adopted to restore the degraded mechanical properties. After aging, the tensile strength and yield strength recovered to 378.35 ± 7.40 MPa and 261.02 ± 3.40 MPa, meeting the minimum tensile property requirements of ITER for CuCrZr alloys. The recovery is attributed to nano-sized Cr-rich phase precipitation and high-density dislocations, providing effective Orowan precipitation strengthening. This work provides the first simple, engineering-friendly post-treatment to repair performance degradation of CuCrZr under the extreme thermal exposure of molten salt electrodeposition, which is critical for large-scale fabrication of high-performance plasma-facing components (PFCs) for fusion reactors. Full article

Grain number and size are important agronomic traits determining grain yield, and yield improvement depends on exploring functional variations of key regulatory genes. Mitogen-activated protein kinase 6 (MAPK6) plays a key role in crop development; however, its function and variation in wheat remain largely unclear. In this study, we aimed to characterize the function and haplotype variations of TaMAPK6-7A in wheat and develop functional molecular markers for marker assisted breeding. We identified three TaMAPK6 homoeologs on 7A, 7B, and 7D in wheat through bioinformatics analysis and revealed their evolutionary trajectory by phylogenetic analysis, with clear monocot-dicot lineage divergence and TaMAPK6 homoeolog clustering matching with hexaploid wheat’s allopolyploid origin. Spatiotemporal expression analysis showed that the TaMAPK6 homoeologs constitutively expressed in wheat tissues and were highly abundant in endosperm, spike, grain, and anther, with TaMAPK6-7A showing slightly higher transcript levels. In an ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS)-induced Jing411 mutant library, we identified a loss-of-function mutant of TaMAPK6-7A (J7633452), which exhibited severely reduced grain number per spike, impaired anther fertility, and increased grain size. Natural variation analysis of a large set of wheat accessions identified two major haplotypes of TaMAPK6-7A, with Type I was identical to the reference genome cultivar ‘Chinese Spring’, and Type II was consistent with the elite wheat cultivar ‘AK58’. We developed a PCR marker to accurately distinguish the two haplotypes and genotyped 192 wheat cultivars and elite breeding lines. Phenotypic evaluation indicated that Type II was an elite haplotype significantly associated with higher grain number per spike. This study characterizes TaMAPK6-7A as a key regulator of grain number per spike, providing a gene and molecular marker for marker-assisted breeding to improve grain yield. Full article

An equiatomic FeCoCrNiMn high-entropy alloy was processed by cold rolling followed by isothermal annealing at 900 °C for various durations. The microstructural evolution and mechanical properties of the alloy were systematically investigated as a function of annealing time. The results indicate that the alloy maintained a single-phase face-centered cubic (FCC) structure throughout the entire annealing process, with no secondary phases or precipitates detected. After annealing at 900 °C for 2 min, the recrystallized volume fraction reached approximately 80%, resulting in the formation of an ultrafine-grained microstructure. The corresponding Vickers hardness, yield strength, and total elongation were measured to be 249 HV, 616 MPa, and 32%, respectively, demonstrating a desirable combination of strength and ductility. The recrystallization process was essentially complete after 5 min of annealing. With further increases in annealing time, the grain size continued to coarsen, accompanied by a gradual decrease in hardness and strength and a progressive improvement in ductility, reflecting a typical strength–ductility trade-off. Full article