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Background/Objectives: Cancer is a complex disease that affects patients’ nutritional and psychological status. This study aimed to assess the nutritional status of patients diagnosed with lung and gastrointestinal system cancers and evaluate its association with anthropometric measurements, nutrient intake, and psychological symptoms. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted with 180 patients with lung and gastrointestinal system cancers. Data were collected face-to-face by a questionnaire that included the Subjective Global Assessment-(SGA), Cachexia Assessment Criteria, 24 h Food Consumption Record, and Symptom Checklist-90-Revised-(SCL-90-R). Some anthropometric measurements were collected. Results: Body Mass Index (BMI) was found to be significantly lower (p < 0.001) in SGA-B (moderately malnourished) and SGA-C (severely malnourished) compared to those in SGA-A (well-nourished). The calf circumference was significantly lower (p = 0.002) in SGA-C compared to those in SGA-A and SGA-B. The mean SGA scores were found to be higher in cachexia-diagnosed participants (p < 0.001). The energy intake of SGA-C was significantly lower than SGA-A and SGA-B (p < 0.001). In addition, the energy intake of SGA-B was lower than SGA-A (p < 0.001). The protein intake of SGA-C was lower than SGA-A and SGA-B (p < 0.001). The protein intake of SGA-B was lower than SGA-A (p < 0.001). Regarding the intake of vitamins A, C, E, B1, and B6 and carotene, folate, potassium, magnesium, phosphorus, iron, and zinc, SGA-B and SGA-C were significantly lower than SGA-A (p < 0.001). Additionally, only phobic anxiety was found to be significantly higher in SGA-B than in SGA-A (p:0.024). Conclusions: As the level of malnutrition increased, a reduction in some nutrient intake and anthropometric measurements was observed. No significant difference was found in any psychological symptoms except phobic anxiety. With this in mind, it is important that every cancer patient, regardless of the stage of the disease, is referred to a dietitian from the time of diagnosis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Public Health)

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13 pages, 2127 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Assessing SARS-CoV-2 Rare Mutations and Transmission in New York City by NGS

by Dakai Liu, Harlan Pietz, George D. Rodriguez, Yuexiu Wu, Yihan Cao, Vishnu Singh, Hui Li, Eric Konadu, Keither K. James, Calvin Lui, Bright Varghese, Mingyu Shao, Gary Chen, Andrew Schreiner, Jiankun Tong, Carl Urban, Nishant Prasad, Ameer Hassoun, Manish Sharma and William Harry Rodgers

Microorganisms 2025, 13(8), 1821; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms13081821 (registering DOI) - 4 Aug 2025

Abstract

SARS-CoV-2 undergoes frequent mutations that drive viral evolution and genomic diversity, influencing transmissibility, immune escape, and disease severity. In this study, we performed whole-genome sequencing on SARS-CoV-2 isolates from patients in New York City and identified several globally rare mutations across multiple viral lineages. The isolates analyzed for rare mutations belonged to three lineages: B.1.1.7 (Alpha), B.1.526 (Iota), and B.1.623. We identified 16 rare mutations (global incidence <1000) in non-structural protein genes, including nsp2, nsp3, nsp4, nsp6, nsp8, nsp13, nsp14, ORF7a, and ORF8. Three of these mutations—located in nsp2, nsp13, and ORF8—have been reported in fewer than 100 individuals worldwide. We also detected five rare mutations in structural proteins (S, M, and N), including two—one in M and one in N—previously reported in fewer than 100 cases globally. We present clinical profiles of three patients, each infected with genetically distinct viral isolates from the three lineages studied. Furthermore, we illustrate a local transmission chain inferred from unique mutation patterns identified in the Omicron genome. These findings underscore the importance of whole-genome sequencing for detecting rare mutations, tracking community spread, and identifying emerging variants with clinical and public health significance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Molecular Epidemiology of Infectious Diseases)

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22 pages, 1351 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Optimization Design Method for Flat-Wire Motors Based on Combined Rotor Slot Structures

by Xiangjun Bi, Hongbin Yin, Yan Chen, Mingyang Luo, Xiaojun Wang and Wenjing Hu

World Electr. Veh. J. 2025, 16(8), 439; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj16080439 (registering DOI) - 4 Aug 2025

Abstract

To enhance the electromagnetic performance of flat-wire permanent magnet synchronous motors, three different groove structures were designed for the rotor, and a multi-objective optimization algorithm combining a genetic algorithm (GA) with the TOPSIS method was proposed. Firstly, an 8-pole 48-slot flat-wire motor model was established, and the cogging torque was analytically calculated to compare the motor’s performance under different groove schemes. Secondly, global multi-objective optimization of the rotor groove dimensions was performed using a combined simulation approach involving Maxwell, Workbench, and Optislang, and the optimal rotor groove size structure was selected using the TOPSIS method. Finally, a comparative analysis of the motor’s performance under both rated-load and no-load conditions was conducted for the pre- and post-optimization designs, followed by verification of the mechanical strength of the optimized rotor structure. The research results demonstrate that the combined optimization approach utilizing the genetic algorithm and the TOPSIS method significantly enhances the torque characteristics of the motor. The computational results indicate that the average torque is increased to 165.32 N·m, with the torque ripple reduced from 28.37% to 13.32% and the cogging torque decreased from 896.88 mN·m to 187.9 mN·m. Moreover, the total distortion rates of the air-gap magnetic flux density and the no-load back EMF are significantly suppressed, confirming the rationality of the proposed motor design. Full article

31 pages, 1755 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Two-Stage Distributionally Robust Optimization for an Asymmetric Loss-Aversion Portfolio via Deep Learning

by Xin Zhang, Shancun Liu and Jingrui Pan

Symmetry 2025, 17(8), 1236; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym17081236 (registering DOI) - 4 Aug 2025

Abstract

In portfolio optimization, investors often overlook asymmetric preferences for gains and losses. We propose a distributionally robust two-stage portfolio optimization (DR-TSPO) model, which is suitable for scenarios where the loss reference point is adaptively updated based on prior decisions. For analytical convenience, we further reformulate the DR-TSPO model as an equivalent second-order cone programming counterpart. Additionally, we develop a deep learning-based constraint correction algorithm (DL-CCA) trained directly on problem descriptions, which enhances computational efficiency for large-scale non-convex distributionally robust portfolio optimization. Our empirical results obtained using global market data demonstrate that during COVID-19, the DR-TSPO model outperformed traditional two-stage optimization in reducing conservatism and avoiding extreme losses. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Computer)

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12 pages, 472 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

LAMPOX: A Portable and Rapid Molecular Diagnostic Assay for the Epidemic Clade IIb Mpox Virus Detection

by Anna Rosa Garbuglia, Mallory Draye, Silvia Pauciullo, Daniele Lapa, Eliana Specchiarello, Florence Nazé and Pascal Mertens

Diagnostics 2025, 15(15), 1959; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics15151959 (registering DOI) - 4 Aug 2025

Abstract

The global spread of Mpox virus (MPXV) underscores the urgent need for rapid, field-deployable diagnostic tools, especially in low-resource settings. We evaluated a loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay, termed LAMPOX, developed by Coris BioConcept. The assay was tested in three formats—two liquid versions and a dried, ready-to-use version—targeting only the ORF F3L (Liquid V1) or both the ORF F3L and N4R (Liquid V2 and dried) genomic regions. Analytical sensitivity and specificity were assessed using 60 clinical samples from confirmed MPXV-positive patients. Sensitivity on clinical samples was 81.7% for Liquid V1 and 88.3% for Liquid V2. The dried LAMPOX assay demonstrated a sensitivity of 88.3% and a specificity of 100% in a panel of 112 negative controls, with most positive samples detected in under 7 min. Additionally, a simplified sample lysis protocol was developed to facilitate point-of-care use. While this method showed slightly reduced sensitivity compared to standard DNA extraction, it proved effective for samples with higher viral loads. The dried format offers key advantages, including ambient-temperature stability and minimal equipment needs, making it suitable for point-of-care testing. These findings support LAMPOX as a promising tool for rapid MPXV detection during outbreaks, especially in resource-limited settings where traditional PCR is impractical. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diagnostics in Focus: Accelerating Access for Priority Diseases in Africa)

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24 pages, 70867 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Diffusion Model-Based Cartoon Style Transfer for Real-World 3D Scenes

by Yuhang Chen, Haoran Zhou, Jing Chen, Nai Yang, Jing Zhao and Yi Chao

ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf. 2025, 14(8), 303; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi14080303 (registering DOI) - 4 Aug 2025

Abstract

Traditional map style transfer methods are mostly based on GAN,which are either overly artistic at the expense of conveying information, or insufficiently aesthetic by simply changing the color scheme of the map image. These methods often struggle to balance style transfer with semantic preservation and lack consistency in their transfer effects. In recent years, diffusion models have made significant progress in the field of image processing and have shown great potential in image-style transfer tasks. Inspired by these advances, this paper presents a method for transferring real-world 3D scenes to a cartoon style without the need for additional input condition guidance. The method combines pre-trained LDM with LoRA models to achieve stable and high-quality style infusion. By integrating DDIM Inversion, ControlNet, and MultiDiffusion strategies, it achieves the cartoon style transfer of real-world 3D scenes through initial noise control, detail redrawing, and global coordination. Qualitative and quantitative analyses, as well as user studies, indicate that our method effectively injects a cartoon style while preserving the semantic content of the real-world 3D scene, maintaining a high degree of consistency in style transfer. This paper offers a new perspective for map style transfer. Full article

24 pages, 6437 KiB

Open AccessArticle

LEAD-YOLO: A Lightweight and Accurate Network for Small Object Detection in Autonomous Driving

by Yunchuan Yang, Shubin Yang and Qiqing Chan

Sensors 2025, 25(15), 4800; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25154800 (registering DOI) - 4 Aug 2025

Abstract

The accurate detection of small objects remains a critical challenge in autonomous driving systems, where improving detection performance typically comes at the cost of increased model complexity, conflicting with the lightweight requirements of edge deployment. To address this dilemma, this paper proposes LEAD-YOLO (Lightweight Efficient Autonomous Driving YOLO), an enhanced network architecture based on YOLOv11n that achieves superior small object detection while maintaining computational efficiency. The proposed framework incorporates three innovative components: First, the Backbone integrates a lightweight Convolutional Gated Transformer (CGF) module, which employs normalized gating mechanisms with residual connections, and a Dilated Feature Fusion (DFF) structure that enables progressive multi-scale context modeling through dilated convolutions. These components synergistically enhance small object perception and environmental context understanding without compromising network efficiency. Second, the neck features a hierarchical feature fusion module (HFFM) that establishes guided feature aggregation paths through hierarchical structuring, facilitating collaborative modeling between local structural information and global semantics for robust multi-scale object detection in complex traffic scenarios. Third, the head implements a shared feature detection head (SFDH) structure, incorporating shared convolution modules for efficient cross-scale feature sharing and detail enhancement branches for improved texture and edge modeling. Extensive experiments validate the effectiveness of LEAD-YOLO: on the nuImages dataset, the method achieves 3.8% and 5.4% improvements in mAP@0.5 and mAP@[0.5:0.95], respectively, while reducing parameters by 24.1%. On the VisDrone2019 dataset, performance gains reach 7.9% and 6.4% for corresponding metrics. These findings demonstrate that LEAD-YOLO achieves an excellent balance between detection accuracy and model efficiency, thereby showcasing substantial potential for applications in autonomous driving. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Vehicular Sensing)

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40 pages, 15185 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Extract of Periplaneta americana (L.) Promotes Hair Regrowth in Mice with Alopecia by Regulating the FOXO/PI3K/AKT Signaling Pathway and Skin Microbiota

by Tangfei Guan, Xin Yang, Canhui Hong, Zehao Zhang, Peiyun Xiao, Yongshou Yang, Chenggui Zhang and Zhengchun He

Curr. Issues Mol. Biol. 2025, 47(8), 619; https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb47080619 (registering DOI) - 4 Aug 2025

Abstract

Alopecia, a prevalent dermatological disorder affecting over half of the global population, is strongly associated with psychological distress. Extracts from Periplaneta americana (L. PA), a medicinal insect resource, exhibit pharmacological activities (e.g., antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, microcirculation improvement) that align with core therapeutic targets for alopecia. This study aimed to systematically investigate the efficacy and mechanisms of PA extracts in promoting hair regeneration. A strategy combining network pharmacology prediction and in vivo experiments was adopted. The efficacy of a Periplaneta americana extract was validated by evaluating hair regrowth status and skin pathological staining in C57BL/6J mice. Transcriptomics, metabolomics, RT-qPCR, and 16s rRNA techniques were integrated to dissect the underlying mechanisms of its hair-growth-promoting effects. PA-011 significantly promoted hair regeneration in depilated mice via multiple mechanisms: enhanced skin superoxide dismutase activity and upregulated vascular endothelial growth factor expression; modulated FOXO/PI3K/AKT signaling pathway and restored skin microbiota homeostasis; and accelerated transition of hair follicles from the telogen to anagen phase. PA-011 exerts hair-promoting effects through synergistic modulation of FOXO/PI3K/AKT signaling and the skin microbiome. As a novel therapeutic candidate, it warrants further systematic investigation for clinical translation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pathogenesis, Diagnosis and Treatment of Skin and Sexually Transmitted Diseases)

14 pages, 507 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Cytotoxic Potential of Humanized γδ T Cells Against Human Cancer Cell Lines in In Vitro

by Husheem Michael, Abigail T. Lenihan, Mikaela M. Vallas, Gene W. Weng, Jonathan Barber, Wei He, Ellen Chen, Paul Sheiffele and Wei Weng

Cells 2025, 14(15), 1197; https://doi.org/10.3390/cells14151197 (registering DOI) - 4 Aug 2025

Abstract

Cancer is a major global health issue, with rising incidence rates highlighting the urgent need for more effective treatments. Despite advances in cancer therapy, challenges such as adverse effects and limitations of existing treatments remain. Immunotherapy, which harnesses the body’s immune system to target cancer cells, offers promising solutions. Gamma delta (γδ) T cells are noteworthy due to their potent ability to kill various cancer cells without needing conventional antigen presentation. Recent studies have focused on the role of γδ T cells in α-galactosylceramide (α-GalCer)-mediated immunity, opening new possibilities for cancer immunotherapy. We engineered humanized T cell receptor (HuTCR)-T1 γδ mice by replacing mouse sequences with human counterparts. This study investigates the cytotoxic activity of humanized γδ T cells against several human cancer cell lines (A431, HT-29, K562, and Daudi) in vitro, aiming to elucidate mechanisms underlying their anticancer efficacy. Human cancer cells were co-cultured with humanized γδ T cells, with and without α-GalCer, for 24 h. The humanized γδ T cells showed enhanced cytotoxicity across all tested cancer cell lines compared to wild-type γδ T cells. Additionally, γδ T cells from HuTCR-T1 mice exhibited higher levels of anticancer cytokines (IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-17) and Granzyme B, indicating their potential as potent mediators of anticancer immune responses. Blocking γδ T cells’ cytotoxicity confirmed their γδ-mediated function. These findings represent a significant step in preclinical development of γδ T cell-based cancer immunotherapies, providing insights into their mechanisms of action, optimization of therapeutic strategies, and identification of predictive biomarkers for clinical application. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Unconventional T Cells in Health and Disease)

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15 pages, 628 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Accurate Nonrelativistic Energy Calculations for Helium 1snp^1,3P (n = 2 to 27) States via Correlated B-Spline Basis Functions

by Jing Chi, Hao Fang, Yong-Hui Zhang, Xiao-Qiu Qi, Li-Yan Tang and Ting-Yun Shi

Atoms 2025, 13(8), 72; https://doi.org/10.3390/atoms13080072 (registering DOI) - 4 Aug 2025

Abstract

Rydberg atoms play a crucial role in testing atomic structure theory, quantum computing and simulation. Measurements of transition frequencies from the

2^{1, 3} S

states to Rydberg

{}^{1, 3}P

states have reached a precision of several kHz, which poses [...] Read more.

Rydberg atoms play a crucial role in testing atomic structure theory, quantum computing and simulation. Measurements of transition frequencies from the

2^{1, 3} S

states to Rydberg

{}^{1, 3}P

states have reached a precision of several kHz, which poses significant challenges for theoretical calculations, since the accuracy of variational energy calculations decreases rapidly with increasing principal quantum number n. Recently the complex “triple” Hylleraas basis was employed to attain the ionization energy of helium

24 {}^{1}P

state with high accuracy. Different from it, we extended the correlated B-spline basis functions (C-BSBFs) to calculate the Rydberg states of helium. The nonrelativistic energies of

1 s n p

{}^{1, 3}P

states up to

n = 27

achieve at least 14 significant digits using a unified basis set, thereby greatly reducing the complexity of the optimization process. Results of geometric structure parameters and cusp conditions were presented as well. Both the global operator and direct calculation methods are employed and cross-checked for contact potentials. This C-BSBF method not only obtains high-accuracy energies across all studied levels but also confirms the effectiveness of the C-BSBFs in depicting long-range and short-range correlation effects, laying a solid foundation for future high-accuracy Rydberg-state calculations with relativistic and QED corrections included in helium atom and low-Z helium-like ions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Atom and Plasma Spectroscopy)

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22 pages, 1674 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Air-STORM: Informed Decision Making to Improve the Success of Solar-Powered Air Quality Samplers in Challenging Environments

by Kyan Kuo Shlipak, Julian Probsdorfer and Christian L’Orange

Sensors 2025, 25(15), 4798; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25154798 (registering DOI) - 4 Aug 2025

Abstract

Outdoor air pollution poses a major global health risk, yet monitoring remains insufficient, especially in regions with limited infrastructure. Solar-powered monitors could allow for increased coverage in regions lacking robust connectivity. However, reliable sample collection can be challenging with these systems due to extreme temperatures and insufficient solar energy. Proper planning can help overcome these challenges. Air Sampler Solar and Thermal Optimization for Reliable Monitoring (Air-STORM) is an open-source tool that uses meteorological and solar radiation data to identify temperature and solar charging risks for air pollution monitors based on the target deployment area. The model was validated experimentally, and its utility was demonstrated through illustrative case studies. Air-STORM simulations can be customized for specific locations, seasons, and monitor configurations. This capability enables the early detection of potential sampling risks and provides opportunities to optimize monitor design, proactively mitigate temperature and power failures, and increase the likelihood of successful sample collection. Ultimately, improving sampling success will help increase the availability of high-quality outdoor air pollution data necessary to reduce global air pollution exposure. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Trends in Air Quality Sensing)

24 pages, 2828 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Determining the Ground Reaction Force Value and Location for Each Foot During Bipedal Stance Exercises from a Single Forceplate

by Adrián Schmedling, Erik Macho, Francisco J. Campa, Ruben Valenzuela, Mikel Diez, Javier Corral, Paul Diego, Saioa Herrero and Charles Pinto

Sensors 2025, 25(15), 4796; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25154796 (registering DOI) - 4 Aug 2025

Abstract

In the study of biomechanical models, balance represents a complex problem due to the issue of indeterminate forces while standing. In order to solve this problem, it is essential to measure the ground reaction forces (GRFs) applied to each foot independently. The present work proposes a methodology for determining the independent GRF applied to each foot while standing when only one forceplate is available. For this purpose, an analytical method is proposed to determine the distribution of vertical GRFs and the position of the independent center of pressure (CoP) in each foot. Concurrently, several neural network (NN) models are trained to improve the results obtained. This hypothesis is experimentally validated by a self-developed device that allows one to simultaneously obtain the vertical GRF and CoP location of each foot at the same time that the GRF and the global CoP location are obtained from a single forceplate. The results obtained achieve a CoP position error of less than 8% and a vertical force error of 2%. The analytical hypothesis is demonstrated to offer a satisfactory level of precision, while the NN is shown to result in considerable improvement in some cases. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Medical Applications of Sensor Systems and Devices)

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24 pages, 6356 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Tectonic Rift-Related Manganese Mineralization System and Its Geophysical Signature in the Nanpanjiang Basin

by Daman Cui, Zhifang Zhao, Wenlong Liu, Haiying Yang, Yun Liu, Jianliang Liu and Baowen Shi

Remote Sens. 2025, 17(15), 2702; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs17152702 (registering DOI) - 4 Aug 2025

Abstract

The southeastern Yunnan region in the southwestern Nanpanjiang Basin is one of the most important manganese enrichment zones in China. Manganese mineralization is mainly confined to marine mud–sand–carbonate interbeds of the Middle Triassic Ladinian Falang Formation (T₂f), which contains several medium to large deposits such as Dounan, Baixian, and Yanzijiao. However, the geological processes that control manganese mineralization in this region remain insufficiently understood. Understanding the tectonic evolution of the basin is therefore essential to unravel the mechanisms of Middle Triassic metallogenesis. This study investigates how rift-related tectonic activity influences manganese ore formation. This study integrates global gravity and magnetic field models (WGM2012, EMAG2v3), audio-frequency magnetotelluric (AMT) profiles, and regional geological data to investigate ore-controlling structures. A distinct gravity low–magnetic high belt is delineated along the basin axis, indicating lithospheric thinning and enhanced mantle-derived heat flow. Structural interpretation reveals a rift system with a checkerboard pattern formed by intersecting NE-trending major faults and NW-trending secondary faults. Four hydrothermal plume centers are identified at these fault intersections. AMT profiles show that manganese ore bodies correspond to stable low-resistivity zones, suggesting fluid-rich, hydrothermally altered horizons. These findings demonstrate a strong spatial coupling between hydrothermal activity and mineralization. This study provides the first identification of the internal rift architecture within the Nanpanjiang Basin. The basin-scale rift–graben system exerts first-order control on sedimentation and manganese metallogenesis, supporting a trinity model of tectonic control, hydrothermal fluid transport, and sedimentary enrichment. These insights not only improve our understanding of rift-related manganese formation in southeastern Yunnan but also offer a methodological framework applicable to similar rift basins worldwide. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Remote Sensing for Mineral Exploration: Current Progress and Future Vision)

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19 pages, 940 KiB

Open AccessReview

An Exploration of U.S. Nutritional Diet Policies: A Narrative Review for Transformation Toward Sustainable Food Systems

by Ana Daniela Gonzalez-Alvarez, Asma Tahir Awan and Manoj Sharma

Encyclopedia 2025, 5(3), 114; https://doi.org/10.3390/encyclopedia5030114 (registering DOI) - 4 Aug 2025

Abstract

Background: Current food systems contribute significantly to poor public health and environmental degradation. With increasing rates of chronic disease and undernutrition globally and in the United States of America (U.S.), transforming food systems toward sustainability is a critical public health priority. Objectives: This narrative review aimed to summarize U.S. policies from the past decade relevant to sustainable food systems, focusing on four domains—availability, accessibility, affordability, and desirability—proposed by the 22nd Annual Harvard Nutrition Obesity Symposium. Methods: Systematic searches were conducted using MEDLINE (PubMed), Scopus, U.S. Congress websites, and Google searches. Studies and policies published between 2013 and 2023 that addressed at least one of the four domains were included. Policies were reviewed according to their alignment with the policy lifecycle framework, encompassing formulation through implementation. Results: A review of the final 632 articles explained that, despite growing interest in sustainable food systems, there is a lack of comprehensive U.S. policies that address the four domains in an integrated manner. Most initiatives were limited in scope, often school-based, and not explicitly sustainability-focused. Food availability and accessibility policies exist but remain fragmented, while affordability and desirability domains are severely underrepresented. Few laws or bills have been enacted or evaluated for population-level or environmental outcomes. Conclusions: Transforming U.S. food systems requires more robust evidence-based policy development and evaluation. There is an urgent need for integrated multisectoral policy frameworks to ensure health, equity, and sustainability across all food system domains. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Food and Food Culture)

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25 pages, 961 KiB

Open AccessReview

Mobile Thermal Energy Storage—A Review and Analysis in the Context of Waste Heat Recovery

by Marta Kuta, Agata Mlonka-Mędrala, Ewelina Radomska and Andrzej Gołdasz

Energies 2025, 18(15), 4136; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18154136 (registering DOI) - 4 Aug 2025

Abstract

The global energy transition and increasingly rigorous legal regulations aimed at climate protection are driving the search for alternative energy sources, including renewable energy sources (RESs) and waste heat. However, the mismatch between supply and demand presents a significant challenge. Thermal energy storage (TES) technologies, particularly mobile thermal energy storage (M-TES), offer a potential solution to address this gap. M-TES can not only balance supply and demand but also facilitate the transportation of heat from the source to the recipient. This paper reviews the current state of M-TES technologies, focusing on their technology readiness level, key operating parameters, and advantages and disadvantages. It is found that M-TES can be based on sensible heat, latent heat, or thermochemical reactions, with the majority of research and projects centered around latent heat storage. Regarding the type of research, significant progress has been made at the laboratory and simulation levels, while real-world implementation remains limited, with few pilot projects and commercially available systems. Despite the limited number of real-world M-TES implementations, currently existing M-TES systems can store up to 5.4 MWh in temperatures ranging from 58 °C to as high as 1300 °C. These findings highlight the potential of the M-TES and offer data for technology selection, simultaneously indicating the research gaps and future research directions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Highly Efficient Thermal Energy Storage (TES) Technologies)

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