Search Results (294)

This study evaluated the effect of sports and energy drinks on the surface roughness of three commonly used restorative dental materials: resin-based composites (RBCs), resin-modified glass ionomer cements (RMGICs), and conventional glass ionomer cements (GICs). Sixty-three A2-shade specimens of each material were fabricated, stored in distilled water for 24 h, and then immersed in six commercially available beverages or distilled water (control) for 6, 30, or 60 h. Surface roughness was assessed after each immersion period using contact profilometry, and the effects of material type, immersion medium, and exposure time were compared. Surface roughness increased with longer immersion times for all materials, although the magnitude of change varied significantly among material types. RBCs showed the greatest resistance to surface degradation, whereas RMGICs and particularly GICs exhibited progressively higher roughness values over time. Beverages generally produced greater surface roughness than distilled water, with sugar-containing formulations showing higher roughness values than their sugar-free counterparts. Prolonged exposure to sports and energy drinks may adversely affect the surface integrity of restorative materials. Resin-based composites demonstrated the highest resistance to roughness changes, whereas glass ionomer cements were the most susceptible. Increased surface roughness may contribute to plaque accumulation, staining, and material wear, potentially compromising the long-term clinical performance of restorations. Full article

Objective: The effect of incorporating various concentrations of 210 nm ZnO nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) into resin-based composites (RBCs) and glass-ionomer cement (GIC) on their color and surface roughness after immersion in red wine is evaluated. Materials and Methods: 12 experimental groups (n = 12) were tested, including three commercial restorative materials: a microhybrid RBC (Gradia Direct^®), a nanohybrid RBC (Evetric^®) and a GIC (Fuji IX^®). These were modified with ZnO-NPs at weight concentrations of 1%, 2%, and 3%. Color coordinates (L*,a*,b*) were measured using a spectrophotometer (CIEDE2000 formula) before and after 24 h immersion in red wine (37 °C). Surface roughness (Ra) was analyzed using contact profilometry. Results: The addition of ZnO-NPs increased the lightness (L*) and decreased the a* values in all materials. In resin-based composites, even a 1% concentration of ZnO-NPs caused a color change above the clinical acceptability threshold (ΔE₀₀ > 1.8; observed values ranged from 3.2 to 8.0). After immersion in wine, all materials exhibited further discoloration (ΔE₀₀ up to 12.5 for composites). Surface roughness values increased from 0.42 μm (control composite) to 1.95 μm (3% ZnO-NP-modified GIC). Conclusions: Addition of ZnO-NPs influences the aesthetics and topography of restorative materials. Their concentration must be balanced to maintain visual and surface integrity. Full article

Background: Chlorodontia is a rare condition characterized by intrinsic green discoloration of teeth. It is most often reported in association with bilirubin pigment deposition during teeth development, in cases of severe and/or prolonged neonatal hyperbilirubinemia. In extremely preterm infants, this condition may be complicated by other developmental enamel defects (DDE), such as hypoplasia or hypomineralization, linked to prematurity, systemic diseases, nutritional disturbances, and intensive care exposures. That overlap of enamel abnormalities can make diagnosis more difficult, necessitate a complex treatment plan, and increase the unpredictability of dental treatment efficacy. Case Presentation: This report presents the case of a child born at 25 weeks’ gestation with a birth weight of 910 g. Her neonatal course was complicated by, among others, recurrent episodes of hyperbilirubinemia, first neonatal (treated with phototherapy between the second and fifth day of life), and afterwards due to cholestasis from day 30 of life, with coexisting bacterial sepsis and metabolic disturbances. The available neonatal medical documentation indicated that total bilirubin level peak took place on the 40th day of life with levels approaching approximately 30 mg/dL, as well as levels of conjugated bilirubin being 19.0 mg/dL, but the exact peak values, duration, and bilirubin fractionation were not given in the patient’s discharge form. At 15 months of chronological age (11.5 months corrected age), she was referred for an assessment of abnormal morphology and green discoloration of the erupted primary incisors. Clinical examination revealed intrinsic green discoloration of the teeth, rough incisal edges and enamel breakdown on the incisal third. During follow-up, less intensity of the green pigmentation in the subsequent groups of erupted teeth was noticed. Despite excellent oral hygiene and adherence to a low-cariogenic diet, the primary first molars probably developed post-eruptive enamel loss with exposed dentin tissue. Minimally invasive management was introduced using atraumatic restorative treatment with glass-ionomer cement, combined with intensive preventive care. Conclusions: Despite the fact that, in the presented case, the diagnosis of presumptive bilirubin-related green pigmentation relies exclusively on the clinical picture and the complex neonatal medical history, it shows that, in extremely preterm infants, chlorodontia may coexist with hypomineralization or hypoplasia. This requires the introduction of dental treatment and prophylaxis, adjusted to the child’s age, to lower the risk of further complications of DDEs. Full article

Background/Objectives: High-viscosity glass hybrid restorative systems (GHRS) were developed to improve the mechanical limitations of conventional glass ionomer cements while preserving their bioactive properties. This scoping review aimed to map and synthesize the currently available evidence regarding the clinical performance of high-viscosity glass hybrid restorative systems in posterior teeth. Methods: A literature search was conducted in PubMed/MEDLINE, Web of Science and Google Scholar using MeSH terms and free-text keywords related to glass hybrid restorative systems and posterior restorations. After screening and eligibility assessment, 39 studies were included in the review. Results: The reviewed studies indicated that GHRS exhibited better wear resistance, higher fracture resistance, improved surface durability, and superior marginal integrity compared with conventional high-viscosity glass ionomer cements. Equia Forte HT (GC Corporation, Tokyo, Japan), combined with nano-filled resin coatings, was the most frequently investigated system and showed favorable short- and medium-term clinical performance in small-to-moderate posterior restorations. Discussion: Glass-hybrid restorative systems have demonstrated considerable potential in minimally invasive dentistry, atraumatic restorative treatment, and pediatric restorative applications, particularly in patients with increased caries susceptibility. Their sustained fluoride release, chemical adhesion to dental tissues, and improved moisture tolerance may contribute to favorable clinical outcomes in challenging operative conditions. Conclusions: Within the limitations of the available evidence, high-viscosity glass-hybrid restorative systems may represent a promising restorative option for selected posterior restorations. Nevertheless, the available evidence remains heterogeneous, and further high-quality long-term randomized controlled trials are required to confirm their clinical performance and indications. Full article

This systematic review aimed to investigate the effect of titanium dioxide (TiO₂) incorporation on the mechanical, physicochemical, and biological properties of conventional glass ionomer cements (GICs). A systematic search was conducted in June 2026 in PubMed, Scopus, Embase, Web of Science and WorldCat databases. Search terms included combinations of glass ionomer AND titanium dioxide OR TiO₂ OR titanium oxide OR titanium nanotubes OR titanium nanoparticles. The study selection process followed the PRISMA guideline and was organized according to the PECO framework. The search yielded the identification of 475 articles, of which 34 met the eligibility criteria. The included studies investigated different TiO₂ forms, concentrations, and commercial GIC formulations. Many studies reported improvements in compressive strength, surface microhardness, fracture toughness, and antibacterial activity following TiO₂ incorporation. However, the findings were heterogeneous. Several studies reported no statistically significant differences or contradictory outcomes, particularly regarding flexural strength, fluoride release, cytocompatibility, and antibacterial performance. Beneficial effects were most frequently observed at TiO₂ concentrations between 3 and 5 wt%, whereas higher concentrations were occasionally associated with nanoparticle agglomeration and reduced material performance. Variability among studies was likely influenced by differences in TiO₂ characteristics, concentration, testing protocols, and GIC formulation. Overall, TiO₂ incorporation appears to be a promising approach for enhancing selected properties of conventional GICs. However, further standardized studies are required to confirm the consistency and clinical relevance of these effects. Full article

Background: Compomer materials combine the advantages of composite resins and glass ionomer cements, including fluoride release, durability, and aesthetics. This study evaluated the effects of silver nanoparticles (nAg⁰) and copper oxide (CuO) particles on fluoride ions release and the structural properties of a commercially available compomer. Methods: Compomer discs modified with 0.125 wt.%, 0.25 wt.%, and 0.5 wt.% nAg⁰ or CuO were prepared and analyzed in demineralized water and artificial saliva at various pH levels for 168 h. Fluoride release was measured using a fluoride-selective electrode, while structural and morphological properties were examined using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Results: Under most of the tested conditions, the modified materials exhibited higher fluoride release than the unmodified compomer, with the greatest increase typically observed at higher additive concentrations. XRD analysis confirmed the presence of crystalline phases of Ag⁰ and CuO while maintaining the amorphous nature of the compomer matrix. SEM observations revealed better particle dispersion at lower additive concentrations and increased agglomeration at a 0.5% content. Conclusions: These results indicate that the incorporation of nAg⁰ and CuO particles may enhance the fluoride-releasing potential of compomer materials; however, further studies are necessary to evaluate their mechanical, antibacterial, cytotoxic, and aesthetic properties prior to clinical application. Full article

Fluoride remains the keystone of evidence-based caries prevention by stabilizing the mineral balance at the tooth–biofilm–saliva interface. Contemporary understanding emphasizes a predominantly post-eruptive, topical mode of action where fluoride inhibits demineralization and accelerates remineralization. This interfacial catalysis is reinforced by pH-responsive calcium-fluoride-like reservoirs that release fluoride during acid challenges. While community water fluoridation confers population-level reductions, the most effective approach is sustaining low-level fluoride in the biofilm environment. Evidence confirms that toothpastes with 1000–1500 ppm fluoride provide a dose–response benefit in children, while 5000 ppm concentrations are indicated for high-risk scenarios such as root caries and xerostomia. Beyond physicochemical effects, fluoride modulates the oral microbiome by inhibiting bacterial enzymes and proton pumps, shifting community function toward a health-associated state without reducing overall diversity. In restorative dentistry, glass ionomer cements offer superior preventive effects against secondary caries compared to amalgam; however, marginal integrity, adhesive performance, and clinical technique, rather than fluoride release alone, remain the primary determinants of success. Despite well-known risks associated with high systemic intake, such as fluorosis, current evidence does not indicate genotoxic or adverse microbiome effects in humans from routine topical use of standard fluoride products at recommended preventive concentrations. Overall, fluoride’s cariostatic value rests on frequent, low-level exposures that maintain tissues in a repair-favoring state. Full article

Objectives: Limited information is available on how connector size and luting protocols influence the fracture resistance of 3D-printed resin-based fixed dental prostheses (FDPs). This in vitro study evaluated the effect of connector size and luting agent type on fracture load. Methods: Eighty 3-unit posterior FDPs were 3D-printed (GC Temp PRINT, GC Corp.) and assigned to eight groups (n = 10) by connector size (GroupA 5 × 5 mm or Group B 3 × 3 mm) and luting protocol (1: no cement; 2: TempBond temporary cement; 3: Ketac Cem glass ionomer; 4: G-Cem One self-adhesive resin cement). Specimens were seated on standardized metal abutments and loaded to failure (Instron 5567, 1 mm/min). Data analyzed by Shapiro–Wilk normality test, Mann–Whitney U (connector size), ANOVA/Kruskal–Wallis (luting within size; α = 0.05). Results: Connector size significantly affected fracture resistance (Mann–Whitney U, p < 0.001): 5 × 5 mm groups showed ~3× higher loads (1468–1638 N) than 3 × 3 mm groups (266–384 N). In 5 × 5 mm groups, luting protocol had no significant effect (ANOVA, p > 0.05). In 3 × 3 mm groups, resin cement (343 N) and temporary cement (384 N) showed higher loads than no-cement controls (266 N; Kruskal–Wallis p = 0.022, exploratory U p < 0.05); glass ionomer showed no significant difference. Conclusions: Within the limitations of this in vitro study, larger connectors substantially increased 3D-printed FDP fracture resistance. Resin-based luting agents increased loads in smaller-connector FDPs. Full article

Aim: The aim of this study was to comparatively evaluate the shear bond strengths between different calcium silicate-based biomaterials and glass ionomer-based restorative materials. Materials and Methods: In this in vitro study, a total of 96 acrylic blocks were prepared, each containing a standardized cylindrical cavity measuring 4 mm in diameter and 2 mm in depth. Four different calcium silicate-based biomaterials (ProRoot MTA, Biodentine, TheraCal LC, and MTA BioRep) were placed into the cavities according to the manufacturers’ instructions. Three different glass ionomer restorative materials (Fuji II LC, Equia Forte HT, and Riva Self Cure) were then applied onto the biomaterial surfaces using molds measuring 2 mm in diameter and 2 mm in height, resulting in 12 experimental groups (n = 8). After storage at 37 °C for 24 h, the shear bond strengths were measured using a universal testing machine. The data were analyzed using the Kruskal–Wallis and Mann–Whitney U tests with Bonferroni correction (p < 0.05). Results: The highest bond strength was observed in the TheraCal LC–Fuji II LC combination, whereas the lowest value was obtained in the MTA BioRep–Equia Forte HT group. Both the type of biomaterial and type of glass ionomer cement had a statistically significant effect on the bond strength (p < 0.05). Conclusions: The combination of calcium silicate-based biomaterial and glass ionomer-based restorative material influenced the early shear bond strength. These findings suggest that material selection may play an important role in early bonding behavior at the biomaterial–restorative material interface. Full article

Objectives: The aim of the present systematic review and meta-analysis is to compare bracket adhesion failure rates between resin-modified glass ionomer cement (RMGIC) and conventional resin adhesives (CRA) during fixed orthodontic treatment (OT), based on evidence from randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Methods: The research question is “Is there a difference in bracket adhesion failure rates between RMGIC and CRA?” The study was performed in accordance with the PRISMA guidelines. A comprehensive literature search was performed across multiple databases without time or language restrictions through February 2026. Keywords were used in different combinations using Boolean operators. Hand searching was performed and disagreements were resolved via discussion. The risk of bias (RoB) and certainty of evidence (CoE) were assessed using the Cochrane risk of bias tool and Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation approach, respectively. Quantitative data synthesis was conducted using a random-effects model to calculate pooled odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals. Results: Seven RCTs met the inclusion criteria. Bracket failure rates ranged from 5.95% to 15.0% for RMGIC and 3.4% to 25.0% for CRA. The pooled meta-analysis revealed no statistically significant difference in bracket failure between the two adhesive types (OR = 1.00; 95% CI: 0.60 to 1.67), although substantial statistical heterogeneity was observed (I² = 69.0%, p = 0.0065). One included trial demonstrated significantly improved retention for RMGIC when combined with a specific enamel deproteinization conditioning step prior to bonding. Three studies had a low RoB and the remaining were judged as having “some concerns”. The overall CoE was low. Conclusions: Based on the currently available randomized evidence, no statistically significant difference in bracket adhesion failure rates was observed between RMGIC and CRA during fixed OT. However, given the low CoE, substantial heterogeneity among studies, and relatively short follow-up periods, these findings should be interpreted with caution. Further well-designed randomized controlled trials with longer follow-up are needed to provide more definitive conclusions. Full article

This in vitro study evaluated and compared the shear bond strength (SBS) of three restorative materials bonded to dentin: a glass hybrid ionomer (EQUIA Forte HT), a resin-modified glass ionomer (RIVA Light Cure), and a nanofilled composite resin (Filtek Z350 XT). Additionally, their modes of failure were assessed. Thirty extracted human teeth were prepared and randomly assigned to three groups (n = 10) by restorative material: Group 1: Filtek Z350 XT; Group 2: EQUIA Forte HT; Group 3: RIVA Light Cure. All materials were applied following manufacturer instructions. SBS testing used a universal testing machine, applying a load at the tooth–restoration interface at 1 mm/min until failure. SBS values were recorded in megapascals (MPa). Failure modes were examined under a stereomicroscope at 40× magnification. A one-way ANOVA compared mean SBS among groups, with post hoc tests for pairwise group comparisons. Results: Filtek Z350 XT had the highest mean SBS (21 MPa), followed by RIVA Light Cure (7.5 MPa) and EQUIA Forte HT (7.2 MPa). One-way ANOVA indicated a statistically significant difference in SBS (p < 0.05). Post hoc analysis showed Filtek Z350 XT had significantly higher SBS than the glass ionomer-based materials, while EQUIA Forte HT and RIVA Light Cure did not differ significantly. Conclusions: Filtek Z350 XT demonstrated significantly higher shear bond strength to dentin than the glass ionomer-based materials. No significant SBS difference was found between the resin-modified and hybrid glass ionomers. Full article

Surface hardness is a fundamental parameter influencing wear resistance, durability, and the interaction of occlusal ramps with opposing enamel during orthodontic treatment. Five commercially available materials (Harmonize, Leone F3172-01, Transbond™ XT, Band and Build LC, and Ultra Band-Lok) and one experimental material (Composite RK-F10) were evaluated for bite ramps. Twelve standardized specimens (n = 2 per material) were prepared using EVA molds and polymerized according to manufacturers’ instructions or internal protocols. Vickers microhardness (HV) was measured following ASTM E384-16 using a 500 g load, 20 s dwell time, and ten indentations per specimen. Load dependence was assessed (25–2000 g). Surface morphology was analyzed by SEM, and cytotoxicity of eluates was evaluated on dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) and monocyte/macrophage cell lines using CCK-8 assays (ISO 7405, ISO 10993). Significant differences in hardness were observed among materials (p < 0.05). Harmonize (64.5 ± 1.6 HV), Band and Build LC (64.4 ± 1.9 HV), and Ultra Band-Lok (64.1 ± 2.0 HV) showed the highest values, whereas Transbond™ XT exhibited the lowest value (53.7 ± 6.0 HV). Composite RK-F10 demonstrated intermediate hardness and good cytocompatibility. SEM analysis revealed differences in surface homogeneity and filler distribution. Overall, the materials exhibited distinct mechanical and biological profiles. The combined Vickers microhardness, short-term (24 h) cytotoxicity, and SEM data provide an integrated preliminary in vitro characterization of materials for bite ramps. The observed differences contribute to a comparative description of their physico-biological behavior. Full article

Backround: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of probiotic yogurt containing Lactobacillus rhamnosus (LGG) on the microhardness and surface roughness of restorative dental materials commonly used in pediatric dentistry. Methods: Three materials were tested: conventional glass ionomer cement Fuji II, high-viscosity glass ionomer cement Fuji IX, and microhybrid composite resin Te Econom. The samples were prepared according to the manufacturers’ instructions, initially stored in distilled water, and subsequently immersed in probiotic yogurt. Microhardness was measured by the Vickers hardness test, and surface roughness was assessed by 3D profilometers. Results: Statistical analysis was performed using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test and the Kruskal–Wallis test. Exposure to probiotic yogurt resulted in increased microhardness for the resin-modified and high-viscosity glass ionomer cements, whereas the microhardness of the microhybrid composite resin decreased. The surface roughness increased for all the tested materials, with statistically significant differences observed in most groups (p < 0.05). Conclusions: These findings indicate that probiotic yogurt can alter the physical properties of restorative dental materials and highlight the importance of careful selection of preventive agents in pediatric dental practice. Further research is needed to clarify the long-term effects of probiotic preparations on dental restorations. Full article

Background: Biofilm formation and associated tooth demineralization are key factors influencing the clinical performance of dental materials. Methods: This study compared the antibiofilm and demineralization preventive effects of two zinc-modified glass ionomer cements (Zn-GICs) with a conventional GIC. Disk-shaped specimens of Caredyne Restore (CR), ChemFil Rock (CFR), and Ketac Molar (KM) (n = 6) were evaluated in a multi-species biofilm model using an oral biofilm reactor. Early biofilm formation was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (after 2 h and 4 h), bacterial accumulation and water-insoluble glucan (WIG) production were quantified (after 12 h). For demineralization assessment, restored human enamel and dentin specimens (n = 6) including an additional resin-based control group (Dura Seal, DS) were subjected to a 14-day biofilm challenge and lesion depth was measured using swept-source optical coherence tomography and confocal microscopy. Results: CR showed significantly lower bacterial accumulation and WIG production than the other materials (p < 0.05). CFR demonstrated lower bacterial levels than KM (p < 0.05), whereas no significant differences were observed between CFR and KM in WIG production (p > 0.05). CR produced the shallowest enamel and dentin lesions, whereas DS exhibited the deepest (p < 0.05); however, no statistically significant differences were observed between CFR and KM in lesion depth (p > 0.05). Conclusions: CR demonstrated superior biofilm suppression and reduced demineralization, whereas CFR showed limited differences compared with the conventional GIC. Full article

Background/Objectives: Root perforation treatment is essential for restoring the tightness of the root system, preventing periradicular inflammation and tooth loss. The present study aimed to evaluate the biocompatibility of Ketac™ Molar EasyMix as well as conduct a thorough morphological and structural characterization of the material, considering its potential use in managing root perforations. Methods: Morpho-structural characterization was performed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT–IR), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Biocompatibility tests were performed on osteosarcoma cell line (ATCC—G 292 CRL-1423), monitoring metabolic activity and cell viability (MTT, n = 3), as well as the inflammatory response (nitric oxide—NO, n = 6), after 24 and 48 h of incubation. The control group consisted of cells unexposed to the material. Results: Microstructurally, the material exhibits a heterogeneous structure, along with pores and cracks. The specific bonds of the material, including both organic acid (COO⁻, O-H) and the glass components (Si-O-Al, Ca-O, C-F), were identified by FT-IR, while the crystalline phase composed of calcium fluorolanthanate was determined by XRD. Moreover, in vitro metabolic activity and viability test (MTT) showed a decrease of ~28% (p = 0.029) and ~30% (p = 0.150) after 24 and 48 h for samples incubated with Ketac™ Molar EasyMix. The statistically significantly increased levels of NO (p = 0.002, p = 0.004) suggest that the cells are trying to adapt to the environment that they have been exposed to. Conclusions: Within the limitations of the present study, under the tested conditions, our results suggest that Ketac™ Molar EasyMix maintained cell viability close to the 70% threshold defined by ISO 10993-5:2009, indicating a borderline biological response, a feature that may be influenced by the composition and behavior of the material. Full article