Sign in to use this feature.

Years

Between: -

Subjects

remove_circle_outline
remove_circle_outline
remove_circle_outline
remove_circle_outline
remove_circle_outline
remove_circle_outline
remove_circle_outline

Journals

Article Types

Countries / Regions

Search Results (9)

Search Parameters:
Keywords = geometric morphometric (GMM)

Order results
Result details
Results per page
Select all
Export citation of selected articles as:
23 pages, 1621 KiB  
Review
Unveiling Nature’s Architecture: Geometric Morphometrics as an Analytical Tool in Plant Biology
by Federica Spani, Vittoria Locato and Laura De Gara
Plants 2025, 14(5), 808; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14050808 - 5 Mar 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1747
Abstract
Geometric morphometrics (GMM) is an advanced morphometric method enabling quantitative analysis of shape and size variations in biological structures. Through high-resolution imaging and mathematical algorithms, GMM provides valuable insights into taxonomy, ecology, and evolution, making it increasingly relevant in plant science. This review [...] Read more.
Geometric morphometrics (GMM) is an advanced morphometric method enabling quantitative analysis of shape and size variations in biological structures. Through high-resolution imaging and mathematical algorithms, GMM provides valuable insights into taxonomy, ecology, and evolution, making it increasingly relevant in plant science. This review synthesizes the existing literature and explores methodological details, research questions, and future directions, establishing a strong foundation for further study in plant biology. Following PRISMA 2020 guidelines, a rigorous literature search finally identified 83 studies for review. The review organized data on plant species, organs studied, GMM objectives, and methodological aspects, such as imaging and landmark positioning. Leaf and flower structures emerged as the most frequently analyzed organs, primarily in studies of shape variations. This review assesses the use of GMM in plant sciences, identifying knowledge gaps and inconsistencies, and suggesting areas for future research. By highlighting unaddressed topics and emerging trends, the review aims to guide researchers towards methodological challenges and innovations necessary for advancing the field. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Plant Molecular Biology)
Show Figures

Figure 1

17 pages, 8524 KiB  
Article
Shape and Size Variability of the Gynostemium in Epipactis helleborine (L.) Crantz (Orchidaceae)
by Zbigniew Łobas and Anna Jakubska-Busse
Biology 2025, 14(3), 241; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology14030241 - 27 Feb 2025
Viewed by 801
Abstract
Epipactis helleborine (L.) Crantz is considered a challenging and phenotypically difficult species to identify due to its wide range of morphological variability. This variability is mainly observed in the perianth parts but also extends to the gynostemium structure, which has so far been considered [...] Read more.
Epipactis helleborine (L.) Crantz is considered a challenging and phenotypically difficult species to identify due to its wide range of morphological variability. This variability is mainly observed in the perianth parts but also extends to the gynostemium structure, which has so far been considered one of the most useful diagnostic characteristics. As a result, a simple graphic illustrating the structural pattern of gynostemium morphology has appeared in 10 different forms in available European taxonomic keys, which significantly complicates the identification of this species. A total of 122 flowers of E. helleborine were collected from four natural populations in the Lower Silesia region (Poland) between 2017 and 2019 and analysed for gynostemium morphological variation. Geometric morphometric analyses, including Procrustes ANOVA, PCA, and CVA, were used to examine gynostemium shape, with statistical tests assessing variation in size and stigma inclination angle among populations, individual plants (ramets), and years of research. Statistical analysis revealed significant positive correlations between gynostemium width and height, with significant variation in size and angle of stigma inclination, primarily driven by population, while ramet and year of research had a lesser impact. Geometric morphometric analyses indicated significant population-level variation in gynostemium shape, with principal component analysis identifying the ventral view as the most informative for discriminating these differences. The first two principal components explained the major shape variation, and canonical variate analysis confirmed that this view is most important for species identification. Full article
Show Figures

Graphical abstract

21 pages, 2814 KiB  
Article
Three-Dimensional Geometric Morphometric Characterization of Facial Sexual Dimorphism in Juveniles
by Riccardo Solazzo, Annalisa Cappella, Daniele Gibelli, Claudia Dolci, Gianluca Tartaglia and Chiarella Sforza
Diagnostics 2025, 15(3), 395; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics15030395 - 6 Feb 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1070
Abstract
Background: The characterization of facial sexual dimorphic patterns in healthy populations serves as valuable normative data to tailor functionally effective surgical treatments and predict their aesthetic outcomes and to identify dysmorphic facial traits related to hormonal disorders and genetic syndromes. Although the analysis [...] Read more.
Background: The characterization of facial sexual dimorphic patterns in healthy populations serves as valuable normative data to tailor functionally effective surgical treatments and predict their aesthetic outcomes and to identify dysmorphic facial traits related to hormonal disorders and genetic syndromes. Although the analysis of facial sexual differences in juveniles of different ages has already been investigated, few studies have approached this topic with three-dimensional (3D) geometric morphometric (GMM) analysis, whose interpretation may add important clinical insight to the current understanding. This study aims to investigate the location and extent of facial sexual variations in juveniles through a spatially dense GMM analysis. Methods: We investigated 3D stereophotogrammetric facial scans of 304 healthy Italians aged 3 to 18 years old (149 males, 155 females) and categorized into four different age groups: early childhood (3–6 years), late childhood (7–12 years), puberty (13–15 years), and adolescence (16–18 years). Geometric morphometric analyses of facial shape (allometry, general Procrustes analysis, Principal Component Analysis, Procrustes distance, and Partial Least Square Regression) were conducted to detail sexually dimorphic traits in each age group. Results: The findings confirmed that males have larger faces than females of the same age, and significant differences in facial shape between the two sexes exist in all age groups. Juveniles start to express sexual dimorphism from 3 years, even though biological sex becomes a predictor of facial soft tissue morphology from the 7th year of life, with males displaying more protrusive medial facial features and females showing more outwardly placed cheeks and eyes. Conclusions: We provided a detailed characterization of facial change trajectories in the two sexes along four age classes, and the provided data can be valuable for several clinical disciplines dealing with the craniofacial region. Our results may serve as comparative data in the early diagnosis of craniofacial abnormalities and alterations, as a reference in the planning of personalized surgical and orthodontic treatments and their outcomes evaluation, as well as in several forensic applications such as the prediction of the face of missing juveniles. Full article
Show Figures

Figure 1

21 pages, 8678 KiB  
Article
First Results of a Geometric Morphometric Analysis of the Leaf Size and Shape Variation in Quercus petraea Across a Wide European Area
by Paola Fortini, Elisa Proietti, Srdjan Stojnic, Piera Di Marzio, Filippos A. Aravanopoulos, Raquel Benavides, Anna Loy and Romeo Di Pietro
Forests 2025, 16(1), 70; https://doi.org/10.3390/f16010070 - 4 Jan 2025
Viewed by 1939
Abstract
The high leaf morphological variability of European white oaks is largely documented in the botanical literature, and several papers have been published in the last two decades focusing on inter- and intraspecific leaf phenotypic plasticity. Studies involving landmark-based geometric morphometrics proved to be [...] Read more.
The high leaf morphological variability of European white oaks is largely documented in the botanical literature, and several papers have been published in the last two decades focusing on inter- and intraspecific leaf phenotypic plasticity. Studies involving landmark-based geometric morphometrics proved to be useful in highlighting relationships between leaf size and shape variation and environmental factors, phylogenetic patterns, or hybridization events. In this paper, the leaf size and shape variations of 18 populations of Quercus petraea distributed throughout a wide geographical area were analyzed by means of geometric morphometric methods (GMMs). This study involved 10 European countries and investigated the intraspecific leaf variability of Q. petraea within a wide latitudinal and longitudinal gradient. Analyses of variance for shape and centroid size were performed through Procrustes ANOVA. Multivariate analysis procedures, partial least squares method, and regression analyses were used to highlight possible patterns of covariation between leaf shape and size and geographical/environmental variables. The results revealed that the Q. petraea populations analyzed mainly differed in their leaf size, where a decrease was observed according to a north to south geographical gradient. Both leaf size and shape were found to be significantly related to latitude, and, to a lesser extent, to mean annual temperature and the leaf isotopic signature of 15N. All the other variables considered did not provide significant results. Unexpected differences observed comparing the leaf traits of geographically strictly adjacent populations suggest the involvement of local hybridization/introgression events. However, with a few exceptions, Q. petraea turned out to be quite conservative in its leaf shape and size at both the local and continental scale. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Forest Biodiversity)
Show Figures

Figure 1

19 pages, 6128 KiB  
Article
Identifying Morphs of the Yellow-Legged Hornet (Vespa velutina) and Other Pests of Quarantine Importance with Geometric Morphometrics
by Allan Smith-Pardo, P. David Polly and Todd Gilligan
Diversity 2024, 16(7), 367; https://doi.org/10.3390/d16070367 - 26 Jun 2024
Viewed by 1950
Abstract
We assess the accuracy of geometric morphometrics (GMM) for determining the origin of insects of quarantine importance using the Asian hornet (Vespa velutina Lep.1836) as a case study. This species is highly variable, has an extensive natural distribution, and has been transported [...] Read more.
We assess the accuracy of geometric morphometrics (GMM) for determining the origin of insects of quarantine importance using the Asian hornet (Vespa velutina Lep.1836) as a case study. This species is highly variable, has an extensive natural distribution, and has been transported to many regions of the world. Forewing landmarks were applied to a large sample of regionally specific color morphs (previously considered “subspecies”) from across the species’ native Asian range. We reconfirm that GMM can statistically distinguish geographic variants independent of the color patterns that have heretofore been used for provenance, but which have been suspected of being unreliable. Almost all morphs in our analyses were statistically different except the centrally located V. v. variana, whose range lies between the continental V. v. auraria Smith, 1852, and V. v. nigrithorax du Buysson, 1905 morphs, and the Malaysian and Indonesian morphs. Even with moderate-sized training samples, discriminant function analysis (DFA) was able to classify geographic morphos with about 90% accuracy (ranging from 60% to 100%). We apply these results to determine the origin of a dead wasp recently intercepted in a mail parcel in Utah. Both DFA and continuous-trait maximum-likelihood clustering suggest that the Utah specimen belongs to the nigrithorax morph, which is native to southern China but now invasive in Europe, Japan, and Korea. These results are also supported by DNA barcode analysis, which groups the Utah individual with nigrithorax populations in South Korea and Japan. The relationship between variation in wing shape and genetic differentiation deserves further study, but molecular data are consistent with the GMM results suggesting that morphometric comparisons may be able to identify and provenance intercepted specimens quickly and inexpensively when molecular sequences and taxonomic specialists are unavailable. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ecology and Management of Invasive Vespidae)
Show Figures

Figure 1

9 pages, 1721 KiB  
Article
Evaluation of the Upper Arch Morphological Changes after Two Different Protocols of Expansion in Early Mixed Dentition: Rapid Maxillary Expansion and Invisalign® First System
by Elisabetta Cretella Lombardo, Valeria Paoloni, Silvia Fanelli, Chiara Pavoni, Francesca Gazzani and Paola Cozza
Life 2022, 12(9), 1323; https://doi.org/10.3390/life12091323 - 26 Aug 2022
Cited by 24 | Viewed by 4800
Abstract
Background: The objective of this retrospective study was to analyze the morphological changes of the upper arch after two protocols of expansion, the Invisalign® First system and rapid maxillary expansion (RME), in mixed dentition by means of geometric morphometric analysis (GMM). Methods: Digital [...] Read more.
Background: The objective of this retrospective study was to analyze the morphological changes of the upper arch after two protocols of expansion, the Invisalign® First system and rapid maxillary expansion (RME), in mixed dentition by means of geometric morphometric analysis (GMM). Methods: Digital dental casts of 32 children treated either with RME (RME group: 17 subjects; mean age 8.1 years) or the First system (First group: subjects; mean age 8.4 years) were collected. For both the RG and FG, pre-(T1) and post-treatment(T2) digital models were created. A total of 14 landmarks were digitized and GMM was applied. Procrustes analysis and principal component analysis (PCA) were performed. Results: The PC1 resulting from the T2–T1 comparison in the RG g showed statistically significant morphological changes in the posterior region of the upper arch shape, without significant variations in the anterior region. The comparison of the T2–T1 changes in the FG showed an increase in the transverse dimension at the level of the canine and the first deciduous molar widths, with morphological variation in the anterior region due to frontal teeth alignment. Conclusions: The First system induced shape modifications of the upper arch during expansion in contrast to RME. The FG presented an improvement in the maxillary arch shape, while the RG maintained the initial triangular shape. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Medical Research)
Show Figures

Figure 1

10 pages, 1682 KiB  
Article
The Role of the Thoracic Spine during Breathing in Osteogenesis Imperfecta: A Combined Traditional Morphometry and 3D Geometric Morphometrics Research
by José María González-Ruiz, Carlos A. Palancar, Federico Mata Escolano, Susanna Llido, Isabel Torres-Sanchez, Francisco García-Río, Markus Bastir and Juan A. Sanchis-Gimeno
Osteology 2022, 2(1), 1-10; https://doi.org/10.3390/osteology2010001 - 23 Dec 2021
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 3896
Abstract
OsteogenesisImperfecta (OI) is a rare disease with respiratory problems, which are usually attributed to the secondary effects of scoliosis and rib fractures and to severe restrictive pulmonary disease. Conventional morphometry has already been studied in OI patients but three-dimensional geometric morphometrics (3D GMM) [...] Read more.
OsteogenesisImperfecta (OI) is a rare disease with respiratory problems, which are usually attributed to the secondary effects of scoliosis and rib fractures and to severe restrictive pulmonary disease. Conventional morphometry has already been studied in OI patients but three-dimensional geometric morphometrics (3D GMM) has never been used to assess how the thoracic spine shape changes during maximal breathing. A total of 6 adult subjects with OI type III and 16 healthy controls underwent a spirometric study and two computed tomography scans in maximal inspiration and expiration. Shape data by means of 3D GMM and Cobb angle values of scoliosis and kyphosis were obtained and their relationship with spirometric values was analysed using regressions and mean shape comparisons. No differences in kyphosis (p = 0.285) and scoliosis Cobb values (p = 0.407) were found between inspiration and expiration in OI patients. The 3D GMM analysis revealed significant shape differences between OI and control subjects (p < 0.001) that were related to the inspiration (p = 0.030) and not to the expiration (p = 0.079). Nevertheless, no significant relation was found between thoracic spine shape, scoliosis, kyphosis and breathing outcomes in both OI patients and controls. There were thoracic spine shape differences during maximal breathing between OI patients and controls that were mainly related to the inspiration. Full article
Show Figures

Figure 1

17 pages, 9288 KiB  
Article
Fluctuating Asymmetry as a Method of Assessing Environmental Stress in Two Predatory Carabid Species within Mediterranean Agroecosystems
by Lara Ivanković Tatalović, Barbara Anđelić, Mišel Jelić, Tomislav Kos, Hugo A. Benítez and Lucija Šerić Jelaska
Symmetry 2020, 12(11), 1890; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym12111890 - 17 Nov 2020
Cited by 18 | Viewed by 3846
Abstract
Fluctuating asymmetry (FA) is used in assessing the effect of environmental stress on the development stability of individuals by measuring small random deviations from perfect bilateral symmetry. Here, we checked for FA on two predatory carabid beetles, Pterostichus melas and Poecilus koyi, [...] Read more.
Fluctuating asymmetry (FA) is used in assessing the effect of environmental stress on the development stability of individuals by measuring small random deviations from perfect bilateral symmetry. Here, we checked for FA on two predatory carabid beetles, Pterostichus melas and Poecilus koyi, in order to evaluate species response to agricultural practices within Mediterranean agroecosystems, as well as FA as a method. The samples were collected in vineyards and olive groves, both under integrated pest management (IPM) and ecological pest management (EPM), and in pristine habitats in the Mediterranean region of Croatia. Geometric morphometrics (GMMs) were used to analyze the pronotum and abdomen shape variations and left–right asymmetries of each population. In respect to the FA measurements, analyzed species responded differently, with P. koyi displaying a lower intensity of FA than P. melas. On the other hand, P. melas beetles from vineyards showed a higher intensity of FA compared with populations from pristine habitats and olive groves. Accordingly, FA pointed out olive groves as potentially less adverse habitats to predatory carabids, keeping in mind the different levels of asymmetry between the two species. Our study singled out P.melas as a more suitable species for further research, in the effect that different agricultural practices can have their impact on non-target invertebrates analyzed by measuring the FA. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fluctuating Asymmetry as a Measure of Stress)
Show Figures

Figure 1

17 pages, 5301 KiB  
Article
Statistical Comparison between Low-Cost Methods for 3D Characterization of Cut-Marks on Bones
by Miguel Ángel Maté-González, Julia Aramendi, Diego González-Aguilera and José Yravedra
Remote Sens. 2017, 9(9), 873; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs9090873 - 23 Aug 2017
Cited by 42 | Viewed by 7318
Abstract
In recent years, new techniques for the morphological study of cut marks have become essential for the interpretation of prehistoric butchering practices. Different criteria have been suggested for the description and classification of cut marks. The methods commonly used for the study of [...] Read more.
In recent years, new techniques for the morphological study of cut marks have become essential for the interpretation of prehistoric butchering practices. Different criteria have been suggested for the description and classification of cut marks. The methods commonly used for the study of cut marks rely on high-cost microscopy techniques with low portability (i.e., inability to work in situ), such as the 3D digital microscope (3D DM) or laser scanning confocal microscopy (LSCM). Recently, new algorithmic developments in the field of computer vision and photogrammetry, have achieved very high precision and resolution, offering a portable and low-cost alternative to microscopic techniques. However, the photogrammetric techniques present some disadvantages, such as longer data collection and processing time, and the requirement of some photogrammetric expertise for the calibration of the cameras and the acquisition of precise image orientation. In this paper, we compare two low-cost techniques and their application to cut mark studies: the micro-photogrammetry (M-PG) technique presented, developed, and validated previously, and a methodology based on the use of a structured light scanner (SLS). A total of 47 experimental cut marks, produced using a stainless steel knife, were analyzed. The data registered through virtual reconstruction was analyzed by means of three-dimensional geometric morphometrics (GMM). Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Remote Sensing for Archaeological Heritage)
Show Figures

Graphical abstract

Back to TopTop