Search Results (22,758)

Water pollution is one of the most critical societal and environmental challenges and remains a persisting problem worldwide. The origin of this pollution is diverse, while organic matter occupies a significant portion, originating from different sources. This creates major environmental and health risks, requiring reliable and sensitive analytical tools for effective monitoring. The permanganate index stands as a conventional assessment method for organic pollution, but it demonstrates compound non-specificity toward compounds and limited sensitivity to various contaminant structures. This research introduces cyclic voltammetry as a standalone electrochemical method that provides sensitive detection and characterization of organic oxidizing compounds. Six organic compounds, including gallic acid, phenol, oxalic acid, ascorbic acid, salicylic acid and p-benzoquinone, were used as model compounds and studied in aqueous media. These compounds were analyzed individually, in single-compound mode, to characterize their redox behavior and to identify the voltammetric peaks. Subsequently, a multi-compound analysis was studied to check for the validity of the concept in a more complex matrix. Notably, a strong linear correlation was observed between the measured charge and the theoretical permanganate index, highlighting the quantitative reliability of the electrochemical method. Comparing the obtained results with the permanganate index method confirmed the superiority of cyclic voltammetry in terms of response time and detection capability. The outcomes demonstrate that cyclic voltammetry functions as a robust alternative to the classical chemical oxidation method for environmental water assessment. Full article

Esophageal cancer is a highly aggressive malignancy with a poor prognosis. More precise prognostic biomarkers are therefore needed. Disulfidptosis is a recently identified form of regulated cell death driven by disulfide stress. It has been implicated in tumor progression. However, its prognostic role in esophageal cancer remains largely unexplored. This study aimed to develop a disulfidptosis-related gene signature for risk stratification and outcome prediction in esophageal cancer patients. Based on 23 disulfidptosis-related genes, consensus clustering was performed to identify molecular subtypes. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between subtypes were subjected to functional enrichment, immune microenvironment, and drug sensitivity analyses. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression were used to construct a prognostic risk model, which was evaluated using time-dependent receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and Kaplan–Meier analysis. A clinical nomogram integrating the risk score and clinicopathological factors was developed and validated. Two distinct disulfidptosis-related subtypes were identified, showing significant differences in gene expression, immune infiltration, and stromal scores. A total of 1080 DEGs were enriched in pathways related to epidermal differentiation, NRF2 signaling, and glucocorticoid receptor activity. A five-gene prognostic signature was established and effectively stratified patients into high- and low-risk groups. The risk model exhibited strong discrimination for 1-, 3-, and 5-year overall survival outcomes. The predictive accuracy was further maximized through an integrated clinical nomogram, which achieved an outstanding area under the curve (AUC) of 0.94 for 5-year survival predictions. Drug sensitivity analysis revealed subtype-specific therapeutic vulnerabilities, supporting potential precision treatment strategies. This study proposes a novel disulfidptosis-related five-gene signature and nomogram that robustly predict prognosis in esophageal cancer. The findings highlight the clinical relevance of disulfidptosis in tumor biology and offer a potential tool for risk stratification and personalized therapeutic decision-making. Full article

Gait analysis study comparing unicompartmental vs. total knee arthroplasty, differences in knee kinematics: a retrospective cohort study. Background and Objectives: Total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is an effective treatment for advanced knee osteoarthritis, although functional outcomes may remain suboptimal in many patients. Unicompartmental knee arthroplasty (UKA) often provides better functional recovery but shows lower long-term implant survival. Recently, personalized TKA approaches have been developed to improve kinematic restoration and patient satisfaction. This study aimed to compare knee kinematics among patients who underwent personalized TKA, medial UKA, and healthy controls. Materials and Methods: This retrospective cohort study included 9 patients treated with robotic-assisted personalized TKA, 9 patients treated with medial UKA, and 9 healthy controls matched for age, sex, and BMI. Inclusion criteria were age 60–80 years, Kellgren–Lawrence grade III–IV, a minimum follow-up of 12 months, deviation from neutral HKA < 15°, healthy contralateral knee, and high postoperative functional scores. Exclusion criteria included valgus knees (HKA > 180°), postoperative complications, and neuromotor disorders. In the TKA group, a Medial Congruent implant was implanted with ROSA robotic assistance using a restricted kinematic alignment (±5° HKA) and asymmetric intercompartmental balancing. In the UKA group, a fixed-bearing medial implant (Physica ZUK) was used. Gait analysis was performed on a markerless instrumented treadmill (WalkerView™; Dalmine, Italy). Differences between groups were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Tukey’s post-hoc test (p < 0.05). Results: UKA patients walked with a stiffer knee during stance. Knee range of motion during stance increased from UKA (6.3° ± 7.2°) to TKA (13.6° ± 8.8°, p = 0.045) and to controls (16.6° ± 4.5°, p = 0.02). During loading response, UKA patients showed lower flexion (10.2° ± 6.1°) than TKA (19.4° ± 7.9°, p = 0.049) and controls (19.6° ± 2.8°, p = 0.004). Knee flexion during swing was comparable between UKA and TKA. Conclusions: UKA patients demonstrated reduced knee flexion during early stance compared with robotic-assisted TKA and healthy controls. The observed differences may reflect multiple factors, including surgical technique, implant design, and patient-related characteristics. Because preoperative functional data were not available, potential selection bias cannot be excluded. These findings should be interpreted cautiously and warrant confirmation in larger prospective studies. Full article

Background: There is limited contemporary evidence on predictors of adverse outcomes in ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) involving the right coronary artery (RCA). We examined this in a single-centre retrospective cohort study, focusing on 30-day outcomes. Methods: Consecutive patients presenting to an Australian tertiary hospital between May 2022 and April 2024 with acute STEMI who underwent primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) or rescue PCI were eligible. Patients were divided into STEMI due to RCA and non-RCA culprit lesions, and their characteristics were compared. The primary outcome was a composite of 30-day all-cause mortality and cardiogenic shock. Results: Among 320 included patients, the primary composite outcome was similar between the RCA and non-RCA groups (12% vs. 15%, p = 0.44), although 30-day mortality was lower in the RCA-STEMI group (2% vs. 8%, p = 0.01). In the RCA-STEMI cohort, right ventricular (RV) longitudinal dysfunction on echocardiogram, defined as a tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE) < 17 mm or RV tissue doppler lateral annular systolic velocity (RV S′) < 10 cm/s (p = 0.04), and Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) flow < 3 in the RV marginal branch post-PCI (p = 0.04) were independently associated with the primary outcome. The latter was also associated with a higher risk of intensive care unit admission for cardiogenic shock (p < 0.01) and heart failure requiring inpatient diuresis (p = 0.02). Conclusions: In patients with RCA-STEMI, compromised RV marginal branch flow post-PCI and impaired RV function were independently associated with the composite primary outcome of 30-day all-cause mortality and cardiogenic shock. These characteristics may assist early identification of at-risk individuals who could benefit from pro-active monitoring and early implementation of therapies for cardiogenic shock. Full article

Postural balance is a foundational component of human motor behavior, yet it remains conceptually ambiguous and methodologically heterogeneous across the clinical, educational, and sport sciences. This narrative review aims to provide an integrative framework that clarifies key concepts (postural control vs. postural balance), synthesizes the main sensorimotor and biomechanical mechanisms underpinning balance, and organizes current assessment approaches and functional implications across populations. Narrative literature synthesis was conducted to integrate evidence covering multisensory integration and sensory reweighting, central neural control (spinal, brainstem, cerebellar, and cortical contributions), neuromuscular and biomechanical strategies (e.g., ankle/hip/stepping), and cognitive influences (e.g., dual-task effects). We further summarize commonly used instrumental outcomes derived from force-platform center-of-pressure metrics and widely adopted clinical and functional balance tests, highlighting their typical applications and limitations across the lifespan including pediatric, general adults, older adults, and athletic populations. This review proposes a closed-loop, systems-based model in which postural balance is conceptualized as an emergent functional outcome arising from distributed postural control processes shaped by task, environmental, and individual constraints. In conclusion, integrating mechanistic understanding with population-specific assessment enhances interpretability and supports more precise, context-sensitive balance evaluation and intervention in both health and performance settings. Full article

Manganese (Mn) is an essential micronutrient required for plant growth, photosynthesis and metabolic regulation. Its importance is related to the involvement in several metabolic processes that ensure proper cellular function and balanced plant development throughout the production cycle. In plants, Mn is absorbed predominantly as Mn²⁺, and its availability is strongly influenced by soil pH, aeration, and other mineral nutrients in the soil solution. After uptake by roots, Mn is translocated to the shoot, accumulating primarily in metabolically active organs such as stems, young leaves and flowers. Although Mn exhibits limited mobility in the phloem, adequate concentrations are necessary to sustain both vegetative development and reproductive growth. Adequate Mn concentration is directly reflected in fruit development, as well-nourished plants show improved flowering, greater assimilate translocation capacity, and better fruit filling, thereby positively influencing yield and quality. However, Mn deficiency is common in alkaline soils or soils with high organic matter, causing interveinal chlorosis in young leaves, reduced growth, and lower biomass production. Under prolonged conditions, deficiency leads to less vigorous plants with reduced metabolic efficiency. Conversely, Mn toxicity, typically associated with acidic and poorly drained soils, restricts root development and induces nutritional imbalances with other elements, such as calcium, magnesium, and iron. Therefore, proper Mn management is essential to ensure nutritional balance and optimal performance of agricultural crops. Overall, this review synthesizes advances in Mn transport, cellular compartmentalization, and metabolic regulation, emphasizing how Mn interacts with other mineral nutrients to influence plant physiology. Attention is given to the integration of Mn with redox networks, photosynthetic regulation, and reproductive development. By linking transport mechanisms with physiological outcomes, this review identifies key patterns governing Mn homeostasis and highlights implications for crop nutrition and sustainable nutrient management. Full article

Background: Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) remains a devastating neurological condition, with patients presenting with poor-grade aSAH having a particularly limited potential for recovery. Data on outcome trajectories after microsurgical clipping in this subgroup are scarce. The objective of this study was to analyze the functional outcomes in patients with poor-grade aSAH treated with microsurgical clipping, and to identify clinical factors associated with recovery. Methods: This retrospective study included 38 patients (median age 55 years; 60.5% female) with World Federation of Neurosurgical Societies (WFNS) grades 4–5, who underwent microsurgical clipping at a single tertiary care centre between 2016 and 2023. Functional outcome was assessed using the modified Rankin Scale (mRS) at hospital discharge and 6 months follow-up, and functional outcome was analyzed in relation to clinical variables (delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI), intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), initial seizures, the need for decompressive craniectomy) using correlation and group comparison analyses. Results: The indication for microsurgical clipping was primarily driven by the need for ICH evacuation (50%) or by aneurysm configuration (47.5%). Microsurgical aneurysm clipping was performed on the day of hemorrhage in 25 patients (65.8%), with 16 patients (42.1%) undergoing immediate surgery following direct transfer from the emergency department to the operating theatre. ICH was present in 60.5% and IVH in 92.1%. Decompressive craniectomy was performed in 42.1%. DCI occurred in 21.6% of patients. In-hospital mortality was 15.8%, increasing to 22.6% at 6 months follow-up. Good functional outcome (mRS 0–2) was observed in 10.5% of patients at discharge and improved to 25.8% at 6 months. At hospital discharge, higher mRS scores were associated with the need for immediate aneurysm repair (p = 0.04), primary decompressive craniectomy (p = 0.02), and DCI (p = 0.006). Primary decompressive craniectomy (p = 0.04), reflecting greater disease severity, and DCI (p = 0.002) remained associated with worse functional outcome at 6 months. Conclusions: In poor-grade aSAH patients undergoing microsurgical clipping, mortality remains substantial; however, functional recovery may extend beyond hospital discharge. The need for immediate surgical intervention and primary decompressive craniectomy likely reflects a particularly severe hemorrhagic burden in patients and is associated with worse early functional outcomes, whereas DCI remains an important factor in overall functional recovery. Full article

Background/Objectives: Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a rare but life-threatening disease that presents particular therapeutic challenges in children. It is characterized by pulmonary vasoconstriction and vascular remodeling, leading to right ventricular strain and eventually right heart failure. Although advances in pharmacotherapy have improved outcomes, treatment options remain limited. This review aims to evaluate the potential role of sotatercept, a novel fusion protein recently approved for adult PAH, and to assess the translatability of adult data to the pediatric population. Methods: A narrative synthesis of preclinical studies and randomized controlled trials was conducted to summarize the current evidence on sotatercept. In addition, pathophysiological, developmental, and therapeutic differences between adult and pediatric PAH were critically examined to assess relevance and applicability to younger patients. Results: Clinical trials in adults (PULSAR, STELLAR, ZENITH, HYPERION) confirm sotatercept’s efficacy on background therapy, with significant reductions in pulmonary vascular resistance, improvements in 6 min walk distance, enhanced right ventricular function, and risk reductions in clinical worsening events. However, extrapolation to pediatric PAH faces challenges including etiological differences (e.g., PAH-CHD predominance, PPHN in infants), age-inappropriate endpoints (e.g., 6MWD infeasible in young children), variable growth-related pharmacokinetics, and compensatory RV physiology delaying overt failure. Safety concerns are manageable in adults but raise pediatric-specific alarms: activin inhibition’s theoretical tumorigenic potential (dual tumor suppressor/promoter role), pubertal/fertility disruption (FSH suppression, gonadal maturation delay), and skeletal growth interference—unproven clinically yet demanding long-term monitoring. The ongoing MOONBEAM trial will provide initial pharmacokinetic/safety data in children. Conclusions: Sotatercept represents a promising, first-in-class therapeutic option for PAH with the potential to transform disease management. Nevertheless, dedicated pediatric studies are crucial to confirm safety, efficacy, and appropriate dosing and to define its role in the long-term treatment of children with PAH. Full article

Background: Mental disorders are often associated with a high burden of physical comorbidities, particularly cardiovascular risk factors, which contribute to functional impairment. However, limited evidence exists regarding the multidimensional interaction between cardiovascular risk, cognitive function, and emotional symptoms in hospitalized psychiatric patients. Objective: This study aimed to examine the relationship between cardiovascular risk and cognitive impairment and to characterize multidimensional health profiles through cluster analysis in hospitalized patients with mental disorders. Methods: An observational, cross-sectional study was conducted in Colombia (N = 50). Cardiovascular risk (Framingham score and anthropometry), cognitive performance (MoCA, DRS-2, FAB), emotional symptoms (BAI, BDI-II, Yesavage, GHQ-28), and functional status (Barthel, Lawton–Brody) were assessed. Hierarchical cluster analysis and Spearman correlations (rho) were used for data analysis. Results: Two distinct clusters were identified. Differentiation was primarily driven by emotional symptom severity and executive dysfunction rather than traditional cardiovascular risk factors. Cluster 2 represented a high-vulnerability profile, characterized by severe anxiety, depression, and significant cognitive impairment (MoCA: 10.3 +/− 5.1). Robust positive correlations were found between BDI-II and Yesavage (rho = 0.91; p < 0.001) and between MoCA and FAB (rho = 0.81; p < 0.001). Negative correlations confirmed that age (rho = −0.45) and depressive symptoms (rho = −0.32) significantly impacted functional independence (Lawton–Brody). Conclusions: In hospitalized psychiatric patients, multidimensional health profiles are defined by emotional burden and executive dysfunction rather than traditional cardiovascular risk factors. Identifying the high-risk Cluster 2 underscores the need for integrated, multidisciplinary care models that simultaneously address mental health, cognition, and functionality to improve clinical outcomes. Full article

Rural property rights reform is considered paramount for mobilizing land resources and promoting rural entrepreneurship. However, the outcomes of tenure clarification depend on the role of the land in household livelihoods. The study focuses on China’s homestead rights confirmation and examines its effects on farmer entrepreneurship. The analysis is based on data from 2337 households in Jiangsu Province from the 2020 China Land Economic Survey. The application of Probit and endogenous switching Probit models yielded the following finding: confirming homestead rights reduces the probability of farmer entrepreneurship by approximately 11.4 percentage points. This decline can be attributed to several factors, including a decrease in homestead utilization, a shift towards lower-investment-risk preferences, an increase in entrepreneurial risk perception, and a contraction in entrepreneurial social networks. Collectively, these factors contribute to a reshaping of households’ risk evaluation and asset allocation. The negative impact is primarily observed among households with higher dependency ratios, poorer housing conditions, older heads of household, and those residing in less developed areas. The findings indicate that the consequences of property rights confirmation are characterized by institutional and functional specificity, thereby underscoring the necessity for measures that promote land transfer, exit, and risk-sharing to harmonize tenure reform with entrepreneurship. Full article

Background/Objectives: The peroneus longus tendon (PLT) is increasingly used as an autograft for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR). However, during PLT harvest, the necessity of distal peroneus longus-to-peroneus brevis (PL-to-PB) tenodesis for the potential preservation of donor ankle function and medial longitudinal arch alignment remains unclear. This study compared ankle function, donor-site morbidity, complications, and weight-bearing radiographic foot alignment after PLT harvest with and without distal tenodesis. Methods: Between January 2020 and December 2024, 92 primary ACLR cases using an ipsilateral PLT autograft were retrospectively screened; 60 patients with available bilateral weight-bearing comparative foot radiographs were included and categorized into a tenodesis group (n = 30) or a non-tenodesis group (n = 30). Ankle outcomes included American Orthopedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) Ankle–Hindfoot and Foot and Ankle Disability Index (FADI) scores, ankle range of motion (ROM), and donor-site complications. Radiographic alignment was assessed using Meary’s angle and calcaneal pitch angle on bilateral weight-bearing lateral foot radiographs, including side-to-side differences. Results: Follow-up duration was comparable between groups (18.5 ± 4.4 vs. 16.8 ± 3.4 months, p = 0.113). No patient demonstrated clinically relevant loss of ankle range of motion or strength at final follow-up. AOFAS (97.3 ± 4.9 vs. 95.0 ± 5.5, p = 0.078) and FADI (96.8 ± 5.2 vs. 95.3 ± 5.5, p = 0.091) scores were similarly high in the tenodesis and non-tenodesis groups, respectively. Sural nerve sensory disturbance occurred in 6/30 (20.0%) versus 5/30 (16.7%) patients (p = 0.739), and no harvest-site infection was observed. On weight-bearing radiographs, Meary’s angle and calcaneal pitch angle did not differ significantly between groups on the operated side (Meary: 7.99 ± 6.76 vs. 4.76 ± 6.32°, p = 0.061; calcaneal pitch: 23.19 ± 5.94 vs. 21.41 ± 4.64°, p = 0.201) or intact side (Meary: 7.05 ± 6.89 vs. 5.36 ± 6.11°, p = 0.320; calcaneal pitch: 23.33 ± 5.43 vs. 22.00 ± 4.48°, p = 0.305). Side-to-side differences were small and comparable (Δ Meary: 0.94 ± 3.97 vs. −0.60 ± 3.58°, p = 0.120; Δ calcaneal pitch: −0.14 ± 3.35 vs. −0.59 ± 3.29°, p = 0.603). Conclusions: Distal PL-to-PB tenodesis did not appear to provide measurable advantages in donor-ankle patient-reported outcomes or weight-bearing radiographic foot alignment compared with no tenodesis after PLT harvest for ACLR. Full article

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) and cancer frequently coexist in older patients, posing significant challenges in clinical management due to overlapping risk factors and treatment-related complications. This narrative review summarizes current knowledge on the epidemiology, shared pathophysiological mechanisms and clinical impact of neoplastic comorbidities in older adults with cardiovascular diseases. It highlights the increased mortality, morbidity and diminished quality of life resulting from the coexistence of these conditions. The review also discusses personalized management strategies, emphasizing comprehensive geriatric and cardiac assessments, and tailoring oncologic treatments to minimize cardiotoxicity, as well as the role of prevention and rehabilitation programs. As the population ages and cancer survival improves, integrated cardio-oncology care adapted to older adults becomes increasingly essential to optimize outcomes and preserve functional status. Full article

Aim: We aimed to evaluate the clinical efficacy and safety of Shenqu Xiaoshi Oral Liquid in the treatment of functional constipation in children. Methods: A comprehensive literature search was conducted from inception to 20 October 2025, across PubMed, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, the Cochrane Library, Chinese VIP Information Database, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), and Wan Fang Med Database. For quantitative analysis, the mean difference (MD) was used for continuous outcomes and the risk ratio (RR) for dichotomous outcomes. The methodological quality of the included studies was assessed using the Cochrane risk of bias tool. Statistical analyses were performed using RevMan 5.3 and Stata 13 software. Results: Eight studies involving 692 pediatric patients were included (Shenqu Xiaoshi Oral Liquid group: 345; control group: 347). Compared to the control group, Shenqu Xiaoshi Oral Liquid demonstrated superior clinical effectiveness [RR = 1.36, 95% CI: (1.25, 1.47); z = 7.11, p < 0.00001] and a lower recurrence rate [RR = 0.49, 95% CI: (0.26, 0.93); z = 2.18, p = 0.03]. Both the post-treatment [WMD = −0.91, 95% CI: (−0.97, −0.86); z = 31.94, p < 0.00001] and post-recurrence [WMD = −1.49, 95% CI: (−1.56, −1.41); z = 40.12, p < 0.00001] defecation intervals were shorter in the Shenqu Xiaoshi Oral Liquid group. No significant difference was observed in the incidence of adverse reactions between the two groups [RR = 0.67, 95% CI: (0.35, 1.29); z = 1.20, p = 0.23]. Furthermore, serum levels of motilin [WMD = 41.66, 95% CI: (34.17, 49.16); z = 10.90, p < 0.00001] and gastrin [WMD = 23.74, 95% CI: (7.30, 40.19); z = 2.83, p = 0.005] were significantly higher in the Shenqu Xiaoshi Oral Liquid group. Conclusions: Shenqu Xiaoshi Oral Liquid shows favorable clinical efficacy and an acceptable safety profile for treating functional constipation in children. However, these outcome measures are influenced by the limited sample size and potential heterogeneity of the included studies, warranting cautious interpretation of the results. Full article

Cities worldwide are turning to green infrastructure (GI) as a potential decentralized pathway to stormwater management, heat abatement, and other climate adaptation and wellbeing benefits. As with environmental governance, public engagement in GI planning—from design to implementation and maintenance—is necessary to incorporate diverse perspectives, better understand the potential impact of environmental policies, and ensure fair and equitable outcomes. However, GI is different from broader environmental governance approaches in that it demands on-the-ground labor and long-term maintenance, which are crucial for ecosystem function. In this paper, we conduct a comprehensive literature review of 46 articles published between 2014 and 2024 to provide a more nuanced understanding of public engagement for GI in municipal settings. Results reveal diverse and innovative approaches to engagement that involve integrating social and environmental data, on-the-ground activities, and working groups. We further highlight four key characteristics of GI engagement: (1) the multifunctionality of GI, (2) the incorporation of public and private land, (3) effects on community-building and sense of place, and (4) environmental and social justice. By embracing the multifunctionality of GI and centering justice, engagement efforts are more likely to recruit diverse community members, maintain long-term engagement, and simultaneously address multiple social and environmental needs. Full article

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a leading cause of vision loss worldwide and represents a complex neurovascular complication of diabetes mellitus driven by chronic hyperglycemia. Increasing evidence identifies oxidative stress—defined as an imbalance between reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and antioxidant defenses—as a central pathogenic mechanism linking metabolic dysregulation to retinal injury. The retina is particularly vulnerable to oxidative damage due to its high metabolic demand, elevated oxygen consumption, and abundance of polyunsaturated fatty acids. Hyperglycemia activates multiple interconnected biochemical pathways, including the polyol and hexosamine pathways, protein kinase C signaling, advanced glycation end-product formation, and lipid peroxidation, all of which converge on excessive ROS production and mitochondrial dysfunction. Growing attention has focused on oxidative stress biomarkers as tools to characterize DR severity and progression. Elevated systemic markers of lipid, protein, and DNA oxidation, together with impaired antioxidant capacity, correlate with disease stage, while oxidative biomarkers detected in aqueous and vitreous humor reflect localized retinal injury. Importantly, oxidative stress biomarkers are also associated with functional outcomes, including best-corrected visual acuity and diabetic macular edema. Integration of systemic and ocular oxidative biomarkers with clinical staging may improve risk stratification and support personalized therapeutic strategies in DR. Full article