Search Results (1,224)

The prototypical complex-forming reactions of OH + CO and OH + SO are critical elementary processes in atmospheric chemistry and combustion systems. The vibrational mode-specific quasi-classical trajectory (QCT) investigations for these two reactions were performed on full-dimensional globally accurate potential energy surfaces (PESs). Integral cross-sections (ICS), differential cross-sections (DCS), and product energy distributions for different vibrational excitation modes were calculated and analyzed. Although both exothermic oxygen-transfer reactions share similar topological features in their PES profiles, their energy landscapes exhibit pronounced differences, giving rise to entirely distinct dynamic and kinetic behaviors. This work will advance our understanding of how PES topology, collision energy, and mode-specific vibrational excitation jointly govern reactivity and energy dissipation in radical oxidation processes involving carbon- and sulfur-containing oxides. Full article

Background: The incidence of rheumatoid arthritis is steadily increasing worldwide, resulting in a growing number of individuals who may lose the ability to perform self-care activities and professional duties, thereby reducing their quality of life. Rheumatoid arthritis represents a significant social problem, limiting the ability of the working population to lead a full life. A comprehensive approach to the treatment of patients with rheumatoid arthritis, including both pharmacological therapy and an individualized rehabilitation program, is of strategic importance for maintaining their functional status. Materials and Methods: A review of modern physiotherapy methods (physical factors) in patients with rheumatoid arthritis was conducted in the international scientific databases Web of Science, PubMed, Google Scholar, and Elibrary over a seven-year period to identify an alternative approach to the treatment of this disease. Results: The search identified 12 articles presenting the results of clinical studies (3), cross-sectional study (1) and randomized clinical trials (8). These studies investigated physiotherapy interventions in patients with RA and highlighted the potential value of exploring alternative treatment approaches for this patient population. Despite substantial heterogeneity in the interventions, treatment protocols, and combinations of physical factors used, all of the reviewed methods demonstrated positive effects. Conclusions: Physiotherapy interventions may have a positive impact on the clinical course of rheumatoid arthritis; however, the available evidence is insufficient to draw definitive conclusions regarding their effectiveness, primarily due to the lack of long-term follow-up data and substantial heterogeneity in the number and design of treatment sessions, as well as in the physical factors applied. The long-term effects of physiotherapy interventions remain insufficiently studied and warrant further research aimed at developing standardized and evidence-based treatment protocols. Full article

Background/Objectives: Nurses’ job satisfaction is influenced by organizational conditions and psychological responses to demanding work. Although perceived organizational support, organizational justice, and burnout are established correlates of nurses’ work outcomes, less is known about how distributive justice and emotional exhaustion may operate simultaneously within the association between organizational support and job satisfaction. This study examined these two theoretically distinct indirect pathways. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 157 nurses employed at General County Hospital Požega, Croatia, between November 2023 and January 2025. Perceived organizational support, distributive justice, emotional exhaustion, and job satisfaction were assessed using standardized questionnaires. Structural equation modeling used robust maximum likelihood estimation with full information maximum likelihood for partially missing data; indirect associations were evaluated in a separate maximum-likelihood model using 5000 bootstrap samples. Results: Greater perceived organizational support was associated with more favorable perceptions of distributive justice and lower emotional exhaustion. Greater distributive justice was associated with higher job satisfaction, whereas emotional exhaustion was associated with lower job satisfaction. The remaining direct association between organizational support and job satisfaction was not statistically significant after both pathways were included. Bootstrap analyses supported indirect associations through both distributive justice and emotional exhaustion. A sensitivity analysis showed that reversing the ordering of distributive justice and organizational support yielded identical global fit indices. Conclusions: Organizational support, perceived fairness, and emotional exhaustion appear to be closely interconnected aspects of nurses’ work experience. The findings integrate organizational and psychological perspectives and identify supportive management, fair resource allocation, and the prevention of emotional exhaustion as complementary organizational targets. Because of the cross-sectional design, the pathways should be interpreted as statistical indirect associations rather than causal mechanisms. Full article

Background/Objectives: Maternal overweight and obesity are increasing in Libya, yet multicity evidence among pregnant women remains limited, particularly regarding central adiposity and associations with socioeconomic characteristics, unhealthy eating behaviours (UEBs), physical inactivity, and sedentary behaviour. This study estimated the prevalence of women meeting standard WHO BMI cut-offs for overweight/obesity at antenatal assessment and examined associated socioeconomic, dietary, and lifestyle characteristics among women attending participating public antenatal clinics in six Eastern Libyan cities. Methods: This cross-sectional study included 3000 pregnant women attending participating public antenatal clinics in six Eastern Libyan cities. A multistage, city-stratified sampling strategy was used. Participants completed a structured Arabic questionnaire assessing socioeconomic characteristics, dietary intake, physical inactivity, and sedentary behaviour. Trained female nurses obtained standardised anthropometric measurements during antenatal assessment using the TANITA RD-545HR Smart Segmental Body Composition Analyser. Body mass index (BMI) was evaluated as an indicator of general pregnancy-period adiposity, while WC and BIA-derived visceral fat rating (VFR) were treated as complementary epidemiological indicators rather than precise or diagnostic measures of visceral adiposity. For each participant, BMI, WC, and VFR were obtained during the same antenatal assessment; however, participants were recruited across different gestational stages. Multivariable linear regression examined associations between the specified exposures and continuous adiposity measures, while modified Poisson regression with robust variance estimated adjusted prevalence ratios (aPRs) for overweight/obesity after adjustment for age, parity, gestational stage, and relevant covariates. Results: Among the recruited antenatal clinic sample, 60.6% had BMI-defined overweight/obesity (95% CI: 58.9–62.3); using prespecified descriptive thresholds, 58.9% had WC ≥ 88 cm (95% CI: 57.1–60.7) and 52.1% had BIA-derived VFR ≥ 10 (95% CI: 50.3–53.9). Lower educational attainment (aPR = 1.24, 95% CI: 1.15–1.35, p < 0.001) and lower household income (aPR = 1.18, 95% CI: 1.09–1.27, p = 0.004) were independently associated with a higher prevalence of overweight/obesity. In the primary scale-level analyses, higher physical inactivity sedentary lifestyle scores (aPR = 1.04, 95% CI: 1.03–1.05, p < 0.001) and higher UEBs scores (aPR = 1.07, 95% CI: 1.05–1.09, p < 0.001) were associated with a higher prevalence of BMI-defined overweight/obesity. In secondary exploratory item-level analyses, prolonged mobile phone use showed the strongest lifestyle association (aPR = 1.30, 95% CI: 1.20–1.41, p < 0.001), while consuming fewer than five daily portions of fruit and vegetables demonstrated the strongest dietary association (aPR = 1.36, 95% CI: 1.24–1.49, p = 0.003). The full adjusted models accounted for 6.4–17.6% of variance in the continuous adiposity measures, indicating limited-to-modest explanatory power. Conclusions: BMI-defined weight status and elevated pregnancy-period adiposity indicators were common among women attending participating public antenatal services across six Eastern Libyan cities and were associated with socioeconomic disadvantage, sedentary behaviour, and poorer diet quality. The BMI-based classification reflects weight status at antenatal assessment and should not be interpreted as pre-pregnancy overweight/obesity prevalence. Full article

Background and Objectives: Anxiety and depression are among the most common psychological symptoms in patients with cancer and are associated with morbidity and impaired health-related quality of life (HRQoL), independent of the cancer stage. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of clinically significant anxiety and depression among adult oncology patients in Iraq and quantify the independent contribution of these symptoms to HRQoL. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted between 1 November and 15 December 2024, at the National Oncology Hospital in Najaf, Iraq. A total of 200 adult oncology patients were enrolled using consecutive sampling. Symptoms were measured using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), and HRQoL was measured using the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-General (FACT-G). Descriptive statistics were used to summarize sample characteristics. Group comparisons were performed using Pearson’s chi-square test, the Fisher–Freeman–Halton exact test with Monte Carlo estimation, and one-way ANOVA, as appropriate. Associations among continuous variables were assessed using Pearson’s correlation and multiple linear regression. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. Results: The mean age (SD) was 52.2 (12.0) years, and 64.0% of the participants were male. Severe anxiety and severe depression were observed in 41.0% and 34.0% of the participants, respectively. Anxiety severity was significantly associated with age, sex, marital status, and treatment modality (all p < 0.01) and was significantly higher in females (58.3% vs. 31.2%) and unmarried patients. Depression severity was significantly associated with age (p = 0.005), sex (p < 0.001), and marital status (p < 0.001) but not with cancer stage (p = 0.223) or treatment modality (p = 0.530). The mean total FACT-G score was 58.2 (14.6), indicating low-to-moderate HRQoL. HADS-A and HADS-D were strongly intercorrelated (r = 0.741) and inversely correlated with FACT-G (r = −0.750 and r = −0.780, respectively; all p < 0.001). Multiple linear regression showed that higher HADS-A and HADS-D scores were independently associated with lower HRQoL, and the full seven-predictor model explained approximately 62% of the variance in FACT-G total scores (R² = 0.62). Conclusions: Severe anxiety and severe depression were observed in 41.0% and 34.0% of participants, respectively. Higher anxiety and depression scores were independently associated with lower HRQoL. Full article

Background: Hypertension and unhealthy traditional diets often coexist among Nigerian adults, but limited regional evidence clarifies how local dietary patterns correlate with hypertension prevalence, leading to fragmented, culturally insensitive prevention guidelines. Objectives: This cross-sectional analysis examined cross-sectional associations between PCA-derived dietary patterns and physical activity levels and hypertension prevalence among adults residing in Oyo and Kwara States, southwestern Nigeria. Methods: A total of 608 eligible adults completed a culturally validated 7-day Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) and Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ). Standardized single-visit blood pressure measurements defined hypertension per WHO criteria. Robust cluster-adjusted Poisson regression was used to estimate prevalence ratios (PR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI, all two-sided p < 0.05). Results: The overall prevalence of hypertension was 24.34%, with significantly higher prevalence among males (29.78%) compared to females (16.67%). Four distinct dietary patterns were extracted via Varimax-rotated PCA: diversified traditional pattern, typical traditional pattern, fruits and vegetables pattern, and fats and soft drinks pattern. After full covariate adjustment, highest adherence to the typical traditional pattern was significantly associated with higher hypertension prevalence (PR = 1.642, 95% CI: 1.069–2.252, p = 0.024). In contrast, maximum adherence to the fruit and vegetable pattern was associated with lower hypertension prevalence (PR = 0.408, 95% CI: 0.258–0.646, p < 0.001). No significant cross-sectional associations were detected for diversified traditional or fats and soft drinks patterns. The crude positive activity–hypertension association turned non-significant after adjusting for all dietary patterns. Conclusions: Distinct local dietary patterns displayed consistent cross-sectional associations with hypertension prevalence in this population, while physical activity showed no independent correlation with hypertension after accounting for habitual diet. Full article

Background/Objectives: The oral protozoa Entamoeba gingivalis (E. gingivalis) and Trichomonas tenax (T. tenax) have been implicated in periodontal disease, yet their relationship to clinical periodontal status remains unresolved. This study examined their detection frequency by light microscopy across periodontally healthy, gingivitis, and periodontitis groups, and its association with clinical periodontal parameters. Methods: In this single-center, cross-sectional study, 120 adults were allocated to three equal groups (n = 40 each): periodontally healthy, gingivitis, and periodontitis. From each participant, subgingival plaque was collected from the deepest periodontal pocket or sulcus of every quadrant, together with unstimulated saliva. Each specimen was examined as an unstained saline wet mount and with a Lugol iodine preparation under light microscopy. Data were analyzed using Chi-square, Kruskal–Wallis, and Mann–Whitney U tests. Results: E. gingivalis was detected in 20/120 participants: 7.5% in periodontally healthy, 20.0% in gingivitis, and 22.5% in periodontitis, a difference that did not reach statistical significance (p = 0.156). T. tenax was not detected in any participant (0/120). Positive participants had greater full-mouth probing pocket depth than negative participants (median 1.89 vs. 1.59 mm; p = 0.025). Conclusions: On microscopic examination of this sample, E. gingivalis detection did not differ significantly between periodontal groups, whereas T. tenax was not encountered. Among the clinical parameters examined, positivity for E. gingivalis was associated with probing pocket depth, consistent with the organism occupying the deep subgingival niche. Longitudinal molecular studies in larger, multicenter samples are warranted. Full article

Underground infrastructure inspection requires sensing methods capable of characterizing both ferromagnetic and non-ferromagnetic subsurface features. This study evaluated a portable nitrogen-vacancy (NV) quantum diamond magnetometer (QDM) together with multi-frequency ground-penetrating radar (GPR; 250, 500, and 800 MHz) at a 90 m full-scale pavement test site containing documented subsurface targets. Repeated stationary QDM measurements were first conducted to characterize temporal variability and establish site-specific magnetic baselines, followed by a 1 m interval spatial survey and corresponding GPR measurements. The QDM showed reproducible spatial magnetic patterns despite substantial variability in reinforcement-dense sections, and all 10 cross-session measurements remained within ±1.5 standard deviations of their repeated-measurement baselines. Ferromagnetic targets produced localized magnetic responses, whereas post hoc classification using disturbance-normalized magnetic anomalies showed limited target-level discrimination (AUC = 0.495). GPR likewise showed limited post hoc target classification (500 MHz AUC = 0.472), but section-level radar responses differed significantly across pavement environments. The two modalities exhibited contrasting section-level responses while showing weak and inconsistent point-level correspondence. These results indicate that NV-diamond magnetometry and GPR provide complementary physical information, while repeated magnetic measurements are important for interpreting QDM observations under heterogeneous field conditions. Full article

Objective: The objective was to quantify whether demographic and social attributes that were irrelevant to stated clinical need, prognosis, and expected benefit altered resource-allocation decisions made by a general-purpose large language model (LLM). Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional audit of the gpt-5-chat-latest API model alias on 8 October 2025, across seven clinical vignettes, generating 30,618 forced-choice comparisons between patient profiles. Profiles varied across a full-factorial combination of eight demographic and social attributes while clinical need, prognosis, and expected benefit were held constant. Forced choices were analyzed using pooled logistic regression with separate Patient A and Patient B attribute terms and vignette-specific position effects; position-averaged odds ratios and position-balanced absolute probabilities were derived from this model. Priority-score differences were analyzed using an analogous linear model. Results: The model showed large position-averaged associations between non-clinical patient attributes and allocation decisions. Indigenous and Black race were associated with substantially higher odds of selection relative to White race (Indigenous: OR 16.48, 95% CI 14.85–18.28; Black: OR 8.07, 95% CI 7.32–8.90), corresponding to position-balanced absolute increases in selection probability of 30.7 and 16.3 percentage points, respectively. Conversely, high-status occupation (OR 0.064, 95% CI 0.058–0.071), friendship with institutional leadership (OR 0.121, 95% CI 0.111–0.131), and major donor status (OR 0.092, 95% CI 0.084–0.101) were associated with markedly lower odds of selection. Choice-score concordance was 95.1%. Conclusions: In this controlled audit, the LLM’s allocation decisions varied substantially according to demographic and social characteristics despite identical stated clinical need, prognosis, and expected benefit. Although some patterns could be interpreted differently under competing ethical frameworks, their implicit and unexplained incorporation into resource-allocation decisions raises concerns regarding transparency, accountability, and clinical governance. Clinical use of LLM-based allocation support should therefore require explicit safeguards and systematic auditing for non-clinical influences. Full article

Background/Objectives: The triglyceride–glucose (TyG) index, a surrogate marker associated with insulin resistance, has been linked to both blood pressure elevation and circadian blood pressure dysregulation; however, its relationship with ambulatory blood pressure (BP) phenotypes across the full spectrum of contemporary ambulatory BP categories remains incompletely characterised. This study investigated the association of the TyG index with ambulatory BP categories and circadian BP phenotypes in untreated adults undergoing ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM). Methods: This retrospective cross-sectional study included 723 consecutive adults with no current or previous exposure to antihypertensive medication (treatment-naïve status refers exclusively to antihypertensive pharmacotherapy) who underwent 24 h ABPM and same-day laboratory assessment at a tertiary referral centre. Participants were classified according to the 2024 European Society of Cardiology ambulatory BP thresholds into non-elevated BP (n = 199), elevated BP (n = 243), or hypertension (n = 281) groups. Circadian BP phenotypes were categorised as extreme-dippers, dippers, non-dippers, and reverse-dippers. Associations between the TyG index and ambulatory BP categories were evaluated using multivariable proportional-odds ordinal logistic regression. The joint effect of BP category and circadian phenotype was examined by adding a TyG index × circadian phenotype interaction term to the ordinal model, and circadian phenotypes were characterised using multinomial logistic regression. Results: The TyG index increased progressively across ambulatory BP categories (8.8 ± 0.5, 9.1 ± 0.5, and 9.2 ± 0.6; p-trend < 0.001). After adjustment for age, sex, HbA1c, estimated glomerular filtration rate, and body mass index, each one-standard-deviation increase in the TyG index was associated with higher ambulatory BP category (OR 1.57, 95% CI 1.34–1.83; p < 0.001). The Brant test provided no evidence against the proportional-odds assumption (p = 0.379). In an exploratory analysis, the TyG–BP category association differed across circadian phenotypes (TyG × phenotype interaction, likelihood-ratio χ² = 8.26, df = 3, p = 0.041). In multinomial analysis, a higher TyG index was associated with the reverse-dipper (OR 2.90 per SD, 95% CI 2.06–4.08) and extreme-dipper (OR 2.77, 95% CI 1.87–4.10) phenotypes relative to the results for the dippers (both p < 0.001), but not with non-dipping (OR 1.02, 95% CI 0.84–1.24; p = 0.86) after multivariable adjustment. Conclusions: Among untreated adults undergoing ABPM, higher TyG index values were associated with progressively higher ambulatory BP categories and with reverse- or extreme-dipper circadian BP phenotypes after multivariable adjustment. Because insulin resistance was not measured directly, these results describe an association between the TyG index, a surrogate marker, and ambulatory BP phenotypes; they should be interpreted as hypothesis-generating because of the retrospective cross-sectional design. Prospective studies are warranted to determine their temporal and clinical significance. Full article

Accurate trajectory prediction is critical for autonomous driving safety and energy-efficient motion planning in sustainable urban mobility. This study isolates the effect of local lane graph conditioning by proposing a waterflow method that extracts an ego-centric lane topology via breadth-first traversal of the HD map (For convenience, all acronyms used throughout this manuscript (e.g., HD, LSTM, ADE, FDE, minADE, minFDE, BFS, GNN, SOTA) are collected in the Abbreviations section at the end of the paper), fusing lane features into trajectory encoders through cross-attention. The evaluation is deliberately scoped to ego-vehicle prediction at signal-controlled intersections: we evaluate across two architectures (LSTM and Transformer), two horizons (3 s and 8 s), and both single- and multi-modal ($K=6$) settings on 89,258 such scenarios from the Waymo Open Motion Dataset, so that “generality” refers to consistency across architectures, horizons, and output settings within this scope, rather than across prediction tasks. Lane conditioning consistently improves accuracy: $+9.3\%$ ADE at 3 s ($p=0.007$, 3 seeds), $+26.6\%$ minADE at 8 s ($K=6$, $p=0.003$, 3 seeds), and $+26.8\%$ ADE for the Transformer ($p=0.030$, 3 seeds)—with only ∼$8\%$ additional parameters for the LSTM. A controlled full-graph ablation (nearest 64 lanes) shows a consistent but not statistically significant trend favouring topologically guided local selection over brute-force spatial proximity ($+11.4\%$ minADE, $p=0.063$). Error decomposition reveals balanced lateral ($+26.5\%$) and longitudinal ($+25.4\%$) improvements, and a per-maneuver analysis over all 13,388 validation scenarios shows the largest gains for turning maneuvers. The lane-conditioned model (<700,000 parameters) runs in 0.8 ms per prediction on a desktop GPU (0.7 ms single-threaded CPU) with below 30 MB peak memory and an estimated 51 mJ per prediction, suggesting feasibility for resource-constrained deployment, pending validation on production automotive hardware. Full article

Background: The therapeutic paradigm of Crohn’s disease (CD) has progressively evolved from symptom control toward objective treatment targets aimed at modifying disease course. Although endoscopic mucosal healing (MH) is currently regarded as a major treatment goal, it may inadequately reflect residual inflammation in a condition characterized by transmural bowel involvement. Consequently, transmural healing (TH), assessed through cross-sectional imaging modalities, has emerged as a potential marker of deeper disease control. Methods: A comprehensive literature review was conducted to identify studies evaluating the definition, assessment, prognostic significance, and achievability of TH in CD. Original studies, randomized controlled trials, systematic reviews, consensus statements, and international guidelines were included. Results: Accumulating evidence indicates that TH is associated with superior long-term outcomes compared with MH alone, including lower risks of hospitalization, surgery, treatment escalation, disease relapse, and bowel damage progression. However, substantial heterogeneity persists regarding the definition of TH across imaging modalities, with intestinal ultrasound and magnetic resonance enterography representing the principal tools for its assessment. Available data suggest that TH can be achieved in a meaningful proportion of patients receiving advanced therapies, particularly when treatment is initiated early in the disease course, although rates vary considerably according to therapeutic class, disease characteristics, and the definition adopted. Emerging technologies may further refine the assessment of transmural disease activity. Conclusions: TH represents a promising therapeutic target that may better capture the full burden of inflammation in CD than mucosal endpoints alone. Future efforts should focus on harmonizing imaging criteria and determining whether targeting TH can translate into meaningful disease modification and improved long-term outcomes. Full article

Eye–hand coordination (EHC), a fundamental component of visuomotor development in children, plays an important role in motor control, learning, and injury prevention. This study aimed to examine the association between trail making test part A (TMT-A) performance and EHC in school-aged children. Twenty-seven children aged 9–14 years participated in this cross-sectional study. EHC was assessed using a touchscreen-based visuomotor task, whereas visual search and reaction speed were evaluated using the TMT-A and ruler drop test (RDT), respectively. Spearman’s correlation and multiple linear regression analyses were performed with adjustment for age and sex. Bias-corrected and accelerated (BCa) bootstrap confidence intervals (2000 resamples) were calculated. Both TMT-A and RDT were significantly correlated with EHC performance. In the full sample, TMT-A remained significantly associated with EHC performance after adjustment for age and sex; however, this association was not robust in a sensitivity analysis excluding a high-leverage observation. Thus, the adjusted association should be considered exploratory and requires confirmation in larger independent samples. Full article

Background/Objectives: Firefighters may be at an elevated risk for cardiovascular disease due to occupational stressors, including shift work, overnight emergency responses, and sleep disruption. This cross-sectional pilot study conducted within a single career fire department examined the associations among sleep quality, daytime sleepiness, and resting cardiovascular strain in full-time firefighters. Methods: Thirty-five full-time firefighters (38.3 ± 13.1 years, one female) completed the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), and resting blood pressure assessments. A subset of 20 male firefighters completed additional arterial health assessments, including subendocardial viability ratio (SEVR), resting heart rate (HR), mean arterial pressure (MAP), and pulse wave velocity (PWV). Pearson partial correlations, adjusted for age and BMI, were used to examine relationships between sleep measures and cardiovascular outcomes. Results: No significant associations were observed between PSQI or ESS scores and systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, pulse pressure, SEVR, HR, MAP, or PWV after adjustment for multiple comparisons (all q > 0.05). Conclusions: Sleep quality and daytime sleepiness were not significantly associated with resting cardiovascular strain measures in this sample of firefighters. Although subjective sleep disturbances are recognized as occupational concerns in the fire service, no statistically significant relationships were detected between sleep questionnaire scores and the cardiovascular outcomes examined in this exploratory pilot study. Larger studies incorporating objective sleep assessments and additional occupational and lifestyle factors are warranted. Full article

To investigate the damage behavior of a truncated-cone concrete target (TCCT) under the coupled action of reactive-jet penetration and deflagration, full-scale experiments were conducted to characterize the damage induced in the TCCT by different reactive shaped charge liner (RSCL) structures. The results show that, under the coupled action of reactive-jet penetration and deflagration, the TCCT exhibits a damage mode characterized by upper crushing and lower fracture, which is significantly affected by the RSCL structure. Based on a combined analysis of a segmented numerical simulation method for reactive-jet penetration and deflagration and the full-scale experimental results, the gain relationship between the residual mass of the reactive jet and the deflagration enhancement effect was revealed. The study shows that the internal damage of the concrete target is mainly caused by compressive waves, whereas the damage to the bottom and sidewalls is mainly caused by tensile waves reflected from the walls. The deflagration enhancement effect of the reactive jet is positively correlated with its residual mass. On average, the deflagration enhancement increased the final damaged depth and the fully damaged cross-sectional area of the TCCT by 33.4% and 117.4%, respectively. Full article