Search Results (841)

This study investigates the mechanical performance of a pulsed laser butt-welded IN792 DS joint and its relationship to its microstructure by means of grid nanoindentation. A new ISE-free (rate-derived) hardness parameter (H_R) has been introduced to account for the local bulk elastoplastic behavior of the material in combination with the stable contribution of residual stress, thus overcoming the limitations of the current standard codes. It allows performance comparability between different welding experiments, materials, and joint configurations. It offers an alternate means to mechanically determine the HAZ width when microscopic and metallurgical methods fail to detect it. Moreover, the spectra of two independent indentation parameters have been utilized as an input within an iterative statistical deconvolution scheme to estimate the composition of the relevant phases present within the fused zone. While one parameter spectrum acted as a predictor in the first stage, the second one served as a corrector for the final estimation of the four detected phases, thereby self-validating the iteration procedure with 5% tolerance. The validity of phase estimation was first determined over the entire FZ and then at three levels of the weald seam (top, neck and bottom) for further validation. The results indicate that the γ-matrix and ultrafine fine/hard second phases in the fused zone amounted to 54% and 43% volume fractions, respectively. The associated deconvoluted mechanical performance, expressed in terms of E_IT, H_IT, and H_R, corresponded to approximately 209 ± 4.5, 6.3 ± 0.2, 4.4 ± 0.1 and 224 ± 7.0, 6.7 ± 0.1, and 4.6 ± 0.1 GPa, respectively. A correlation between the estimated phases and the local mechanical performance via the conventional indentation parameter (H_IT and E_IT) and the new H_R parameter in the three relevant regions of the fused zone was discussed while discerning the effect of cooling rate on precipitate size, heterogeneity, porosity, residual stresses, and grain orientation. Further validation studies on different sample geometries, materials and joint configurations are needed to confirm the generality of the proposed methodology. Full article

The manuscript deals with the bending behavior of beams with relatively less investigated cellular topologies based on triply periodic minimal surfaces (TPMSs). Three types of sandwich-type specimens (namely Schoen IWP, Fischer–Koch S, and Schoen F-RD) with five different volume fractions of 10, 15, 20, 25, and 35% (±1%) made of aluminum alloy AlSi10Mg by selective laser melting (SLM) technology were investigated. Three-point bending tests were performed at room temperature on a Zwick/Roell 1456 universal testing machine. The force–deflection dependences were plotted, while in addition to nominal stresses, the effective flexural stiffness and energy absorption to failure were evaluated to compare the properties of the investigated cellular beams. In the preparatory phase, critical aspects of possible premature failure of the samples with the smallest and highest selected volume fractions were addressed, while the manufacturability and fracture surfaces of the samples were assessed in order to improve the input conditions of the setup. By comparing the results obtained in the experimental testing in the second phase, it was found that the highest nominal bending stresses were achieved by the Schoen F-RD structure (although not significantly higher than Fischer–Koch S), but in terms of stiffness and amount of absorbed energy, the Fischer–Koch S structure showed the highest values. The improvement of input parameters led to an increase in the achieved nominal bending stresses by at least 100 MPa for all types of investigated structures compared to the first phase. The combined use of preliminary SLM process optimization, bending tests, and fracture surface/EDX analysis made it possible to relate the flexural response of the investigated TPMS topologies to manufacturing-related defects and premature-failure mechanisms in thin-walled AlSi10Mg cellular structures. The presented specimen configuration is intended as a comparative experimental benchmark for flexural performance of sandwich-type TPMS beams under quasi-static loading. Full article

Nickel ferrite (NiFe₂O₄) is one of the most studied inverse-spinel ferrites because it combines moderate saturation magnetization, comparatively high electrical resistivity, chemical stability, and broad synthesis flexibility. Yet the literature shows that the measured structure and magnetism of NiFe₂O₄ are not intrinsic constants; they evolve strongly with dimensionality, size, thickness, strain state, cation distribution, surface spin disorder, and synthesis pathway. This review develops a unified theoretical and literature-based interpretation of how dimensionality reshapes the structural and magnetic behavior of NiFe₂O₄ across bulk ceramics, nanoparticles, one-dimensional nanostructures, polycrystalline thin films, and ultrathin epitaxial films. The review is anchored in the two uploaded nickel ferrite attachments and expanded using internet-sourced journal literature on spinel inversion, surface effects, mechanochemical synthesis, sputtered and pulsed laser deposited thin films, and epitaxial ultrathin-film anomalies. The central novelty of this article is the formulation of a dimensionality-dependent framework in which the observed magnetic response is governed by a competition among three coupled factors: (i) the cation-distribution function, which controls the A–B superexchange balance and therefore the net ferrimagnetic moment; (ii) the microstructural coherence function, which measures how crystallinity, strain, defects, and anti-phase boundaries preserve or degrade exchange continuity; and (iii) the surface/interface spin-order parameter, which quantifies the loss or reconfiguration of magnetic order at free surfaces and buried interfaces. Within this framework, bulk NiFe₂O₄ behaves as a near-equilibrium inverse spinel with relatively stable magnetization, whereas nanoscale NiFe₂O₄ experiences strong spin canting and finite-size suppression due to the growing fraction of disordered surface spins. Thin films introduce a distinct regime in which strain, texture, anti-phase boundaries, substrate mismatch, and growth kinetics determine both anisotropy and magnetization. In ultrathin epitaxial films, off-equilibrium cation redistribution and interface-controlled electronic reconstruction may even generate magnetization values far above bulk expectations. The review also compares major synthesis routes—solid-state reaction, sol–gel, co-precipitation, hydrothermal growth, reactive milling, combustion, pulsed laser deposition, and radio-frequency sputtering—and explains why each route biases the final dimensionality-dependent properties differently. A set of word-style equations is provided to formalize spinel inversion, finite-size suppression, anisotropy scaling, coercivity trends, and superparamagnetic crossover. Beyond summarizing the field, the review proposes a regime map linking dimensionality to characteristic structural defects and magnetic signatures, and it identifies unresolved questions concerning the true origin of enhanced magnetization in ultrathin NiFe₂O₄, the interplay between anti-phase boundaries and strain, and the distinction between intrinsic inversion changes and extrinsic substrate artifacts. The resulting article offers a submission-ready, originality-focused review that positions dimensionality as the master variable governing structure–magnetism correlations in nickel ferrite. Full article

This work systematically investigates the effects of various heat treatment regimes, including solution treatment, solution treatment followed by aging at 623 K, 723 K and 823 K, and direct aging at the same temperatures, on the solidified microstructure, phase transformation behavior, and nanoindentation properties of thin NiTi samples fabricated by laser powder bed fusion (LPBF). The as-fabricated sample exhibits a strong {100}_B2<001>_B2 Cube texture (maximum texture index 25.77), a high dislocation density (2.70 × 10¹⁸ m⁻²), a single-step B19′↔B2 reversible transformation with A_f = 308.17 ± 3.08 K, and a recovery ratio of 0.46 ± 0.02. Subsequently, solution treatment homogenizes the microstructure, resulting in a lower dislocation density and a partial transformation from the Cube texture to the Goss texture. Further aging at 623 K after solution treatment achieves the highest recovery of 0.52 ± 0.03 by introducing fine and inferred-coherent Ni₄Ti₃ precipitates while maintaining a higher fraction of B2 phase at room temperature. However, aging at 723 K after solution treatment leads to a Goss-dominated texture, mixed austenite/martensite phases, and the lowest recovery (0.34 ± 0.01). In contrast, direct aging at 623 K or 723 K also yields lower recovery ratios (0.40 ± 0.06 and 0.35 ± 0.01, respectively), due to retained compositional inhomogeneity and higher dislocation densities. For direct aging at 823 K, however, the recovery ratio significantly increases to 0.49 ± 0.06. It is therefore suggested that the enhanced recovery performance can be achieved by combining solution treatment with low-temperature aging, which synergistically combines coherent precipitates, a fully austenitic matrix, and a favorable texture. Full article

To predict weld geometry and clarify structure–property relationships in high-speed coaxial dual-laser butt welding of 1 mm-thick SUS301 stainless steel sheets, an SSA-BP neural network model was established to describe the nonlinear correlation between welding parameters and weld morphology. The model related continuous laser power, welding speed, pulse frequency, and pulse width to weld width and penetration depth. To improve the transparency of model validation, conventional BP and SSA-BP models were compared using the same independent test set, and five-fold cross-validation was performed using the original experimental samples. On the independent test set, the SSA-BP model achieved an overall correlation coefficient of R = 0.960, with RMSE values of 0.0561 mm and 0.0439 mm for weld width and penetration depth, respectively. Compared with the conventional BP model, SSA-BP reduced the overall RMSE, MAE, and MAPE by 25.9%, 36.4%, and 29.6%, respectively. The five-fold cross-validation further indicated stable prediction performance under different data partitions. Based on the predicted and experimentally measured weld geometry, candidate parameter sets were screened according to the weld aspect ratio (Φ = h/w). Within the present experimental window, joints with Φ = 0.82–0.84 showed more stable weld formation and relatively higher ultimate tensile strength (1211.4–1264.8 MPa) than two representative joints outside this interval (796.0 MPa at Φ = 0.63 and 1061.1 MPa at Φ = 0.88). Therefore, this interval should be regarded as a favorable empirical range under the present welding conditions rather than a universal optimum. Fractographic observations of a representative high-strength joint showed abundant dimples and tear ridges, indicating ductile fracture characteristics. EBSD analysis further revealed a graded microstructure from the weld center to the base metal. The weld center and fusion line-adjacent regions exhibited relatively high fractions of high-angle grain boundaries (66.2–70.6%), while phase distribution, GND density, and KAM maps indicated a gradual phase transition and localized but non-continuous strain concentration features across the joint. These results indicate that the present approach provides an effective route for weld geometry prediction and for linking morphology screening with tensile response and microstructural heterogeneity in SUS301 thin sheet welding. Full article

Objectives: Recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis (RVVC) is a difficult-to-treat infection, most likely due to the growth of Candida biofilms on the human vaginal epithelium. We assessed in vitro efficacy of conventional antifungals and complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) used in clinical settings, and sought for Candida biofilm-effective single or combination therapies. Methods: Standard broth microdilution assay and XTT (2,3-Bis-(2-Methoxy-4-Nitro-5-Sulfophenyl)-2H-Tetrazolium-5-Carboxanilide) assay were used for antifungal and anti-biofilm efficacies of three conventional antifungals, and selected CAM including boric acid, povidone-iodine, and allicin (garlic extract), against Candida clinical isolates grown at neutral and acidic pHs respectively. Fractional inhibitory concentration (FIC) indices were assessed to evaluate interactions between fluconazole and different CAM. Viable count-based cell enumeration and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) were performed to confirm the efficacy of single or combination therapies against Candida biofilms. Results: All selected conventional antifungals and CAM showed efficacies against planktonic Candida cells. Acidic vaginal microenvironments provided agent-specific protection to Candida cells against conventional antifungals and the CAM. Synergistic or additive interactions were observed between fluconazole at serum achievable concentrations and povidone-iodide at topically achievable concentrations against all tested Candida strains. Most antifungal agents except caspofungin had very limited activities against Candida biofilms. Combining fluconazole at 8 mg/L with povidone-iodine at 2048 mg/L effectively killed Candida biofilms in an acidic vaginal microenvironment to a level that is comparable to that of caspofungin. Conclusions: We provided robust in vitro evidence supporting the combinational use of oral fluconazole and topical CAM povidone-iodine against Candida biofilms in managing RVVC. Full article

Fucoidan (FPS), a sulfated polysaccharide isolated from brown algae with a molecular weight ranging approximately from 5 to 200 kDa, exhibits diverse bioactivities, yet its high molecular weight (HMW) restricts topical bioavailability. This study explored the molecular-weight-dependent transdermal behavior of FPS and its underlying interaction mechanisms with the skin barrier. To address this, FPS fractions (6 to 103 kDa) were prepared via controlled oxidative degradation. In vitro permeation studies combined with Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy (CLSM) visualization revealed a critical molecular weight threshold of approximately 11 kDa. HMW-FPS were mainly retained on the skin surface, whereas low molecular weight FPS (LMW-FPS, ≤11 kDa) penetrated into the viable epidermis and dermis. ATR-FTIR spectroscopy was employed to elucidate the underlying mechanism, which revealed that LMW-FPS overcomes the skin barrier through synergistic structural modulations: (1) it enhances intercellular lipid fluidity, accompanied by a reduction in CH₂ stretching vibration intensity; (2) it induces conformational changes in keratin via direct electrostatic interactions, promoting the transition from α-helices to β-sheets. Furthermore, histological evaluation confirmed that FPS treatment caused no obvious skin irritation. These findings demonstrate that LMW-FPS acts as a safe, reversible modulator of the stratum corneum (SC) barrier, providing a promising strategy for the design of polysaccharide-based transdermal delivery systems. Full article

In this work, we present a single-step, chemical-free method to tune the wettability of copper surfaces using nanosecond and picosecond laser irradiation. By controlling the area fraction of the laser-ablated surface, a continuous adjustment of the static water contact angle from nearly 0° to over 130° is achieved. The wettability evolution is interpreted using classical Wenzel and Cassie–Baxter models, where the ablated area fraction serves as an effective geometrical parameter governing the solid–liquid interaction. Importantly, similar wettability behavior is observed for both nanosecond and picosecond processing despite significant differences in surface roughness, indicating that roughness alone is insufficient to describe the wetting response. Instead, the ablated area fraction provides a more consistent and measurable descriptor of wettability. In addition to wettability modification, correlated changes in optical appearance, primarily manifested as surface darkening, are observed with increasing ablation. These changes are quantified using grayscale-based metrics and are attributed to combined effects of surface morphology and oxidation rather than deliberate color engineering. The proposed approach offers a simple, reproducible, and scalable route for functionalizing copper surfaces, where wettability can be controlled through a single geometrical parameter. Full article

This study investigates in situ methodologies for enhancing austenite formation in Laser Powder Bed Fusion (LPBF)-processed Super Duplex Stainless Steel (SDSS), aiming to eliminate the requirement for post-process heat treatments. The evaluated approaches included layer remelting, increased layer thickness (from 40 μm to 80 μm), and chemical modification by blending SDSS with Stainless Steel SS316L at a 50/50 weight ratio. Microstructural characterization and macro-hardness testing were conducted, complemented by nanoindentation analyses to assess the local mechanical response of the austenite and ferrite phases in samples exhibiting the highest austenite content. The findings indicate that neither layer remelting nor increased layer thickness alone substantially elevated austenite content; the as-built microstructure remained predominantly ferritic under these conditions. In contrast, compositional adjustment through SS316L powder blending yielded a significant increase in austenite, resulting in a duplex microstructure. These compositional changes and the resulting phase balance were associated with a reduction in macro-hardness relative to the ferritic microstructures. Nanoindentation results showed comparable nanomechanical properties in both phases, suggesting that the decreased macro-hardness in the duplex microstructure is primarily attributable to changes in chemical composition and diminished solid-solution strengthening, rather than the increased austenite fraction itself. These results highlight the limitations of thermal strategies alone in achieving phase balance in LPBF-processed SDSS and demonstrate the effectiveness of compositional tuning in promoting favorable duplex microstructures. Full article

The dissimilar joining of aluminum alloy and carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) is critical for lightweight manufacturing in transportation and aerospace sectors, yet it remains challenging due to their substantial differences in physical and chemical properties. This paper systematically reviews friction stir welding (FSW) of aluminum alloy and CFRP, and compares it with laser welding, induction welding, resistance welding, and ultrasonic welding. The comparative analysis indicates that while each alternative process presents distinct limitations in thermal management, heating uniformity, or joint configuration, FSW demonstrates the most balanced overall performance, uniquely combining single-pass long-distance capability, low heat input, and broad industrial applicability. Through systematic parametric analysis, the optimal FSW processing window is quantitatively established as a tool rotation speed of 1200–1500 rpm combined with a traverse speed of 30–50 mm/min. Under these optimized conditions, the CFRP side remains below its thermal degradation threshold of 350 °C, the defect volume fraction is reduced from 12% to below 3%, and the maximum joint tensile strength reaches 78 MPa, representing 65% of the base CFRP strength. The interfacial bonding mechanisms are identified as mechanical interlocking and localized chemical bonding, which however cover only approximately 30% of the interfacial area. Optimization strategies, including surface modification, auxiliary structures, nanoparticle reinforcement, and external field assistance, are evaluated for their effectiveness in improving joint quality. Finally, critical challenges and future research directions toward engineering application are outlined. Full article

Obesity is a major global health burden that is linked to type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and metabolic syndrome. Chitosan oligosaccharides (COS) are bioactive compounds that are derived from the depolymerization of the chitosan in crustacean shells and are promising candidates for natural anti-adipogenesis effects. However, there is incomplete understanding of the molecular mechanisms by which structurally defined low-molecular-weight COS modulates adipogenic transcription networks and global transcriptional reprogramming. MALDI-TOF (matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight) mass spectrometry and ¹³C NMR spectroscopy indicated a predominance of dimeric species (DP2) at m/z 344.79, which represents a lower molecular weight fraction and is proposed to improve the membrane permeability and intracellular bioavailability of COS. In a 3T3-L1 preadipocyte model, COS treatment at concentrations of 320–1280 µg/mL dose-dependently reduced intracellular lipid accumulation, triglyceride content, and adipocyte maturation while enhancing lipolysis and insulin-mediated glucose uptake. Western blot analysis indicated dose-dependent downregulation of PPARγ and C/EBPα. Transcriptomic RNA-seq analysis indicated large-scale transcriptional reprogramming with the altered expression of genes involved in PPAR signaling, PI3K-Akt, AMPK, insulin signaling, and fatty acid metabolism pathways among differentially expressed genes. These findings demonstrate that COS suppresses adipogenesis through the coordinated modulation of adipogenic transcription factors and multiple metabolic signaling pathways. The results support its potential as a promising natural compound but warrant preclinical investigation in the context of obesity and metabolic disorders. Full article

Oily sludge is one of the most challenging solid wastes generated during petroleum production and wastewater treatment, posing long-term environmental risks and demanding effective resource-recovery strategies. This study systematically investigated the physicochemical characteristics, compositional differences, and oil–solid interaction mechanisms of oily sludge (OS) from three representative Chinese oilfields, Panjin, Daqing and Xinjiang, through integrated analyses of elemental composition, oil composition, X-ray diffractometer (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR), Gas chromatograph (GC), and Confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM). The results revealed pronounced regional variations in oxidation degree, hydrocarbon composition, and mineralogy that critically influenced oil occurrence and removal behavior. The Panjin OS sample (PJ-OS) exhibited a high oxidation degree, enriched resins and asphaltenes, and compact film-like oil–solid structures, resulting in the lowest oil mobility and recovery potential. The Daqing OS (DQ-OS) was dominated by light saturates and showed the weakest oil–solid bonding, while the Xinjiang OS (XJ-OS) displayed moderate oxidation and intermediate properties. A novel room-temperature high-speed stirring cleaning method was applied to evaluate oil removal performance under ambient conditions. The residual oil contents after treatment were 4.43% (PJ-OS), 1.65% (DQ-OS), and 1.22% (XJ-OS), corresponding to removal efficiencies of 80.86%, 86.74%, and 90.33%, respectively. The cleaning efficiency was strongly governed by the sludge composition and oxidation state: higher O/C ratios and enrichment of polar heavy fractions enhanced oil–solid adhesion and hindered oil detachment, whereas higher saturate contents and lower oxidation degrees facilitated rapid oil separation. Overall, the findings demonstrate that the treatability of oily sludge is controlled by its intrinsic physicochemical properties. The proposed high-speed stirring technique provides a promising, energy-efficient, and environmentally sustainable approach for oily sludge remediation and resource recovery, offering valuable insights for optimizing treatment parameters and scaling up green petroleum waste management technologies. Full article

The integration of exosomes into professional cosmetics marks a significant paradigm shift from traditional passive formulations to advanced regenerative esthetics. Rather than being defined solely by their nanometric dimensions or classical association with endosomal biogenesis, these vesicles function as highly targeted intercellular messengers capable of delivering complex bioactive payloads to modulate tissue repair and collagen synthesis. While robust preclinical and clinical trials validate their remarkable potential in skin rejuvenation, hair restoration, and hyperpigmentation management, significant translational barriers remain. A critical analysis of the current literature reveals that successful clinical outcomes frequently rely on physical penetration enhancers, such as microneedling or fractional lasers, making it challenging to isolate the autonomous efficacy of topical vesicles from the trauma-induced regenerative response. Furthermore, commercial viability is dictated by stringent regulatory frameworks. In the European Union, Regulation (EC) No 1223/2009 strictly prohibits human-derived biologicals, while the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) aggressively monitors the unsubstantiated marketing of cellular therapies. To navigate these biosafety and legal constraints, the aesthetic industry is increasingly pivoting toward non-human and legally compliant alternatives. Consequently, Plant-Derived Extracellular Vesicles (PDEVs), microbiome-derived exosomes (such as those obtained from bacterial fermentation), and bioengineered synthetic analogues have become the focal point of market innovation. A practical evaluation of the MCCM Medical Cosmetics portfolio illustrates this strategic shift, demonstrating the clinical versatility of botanical sources. To secure the long-term credibility of exosome technology, the industry must overcome current manufacturing heterogeneity by aligning with international standardization frameworks, such as the MISEV2023 guidelines, thereby ensuring reliable delivery systems, batch-to-batch consistency, and uncompromised consumer safety. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the biological mechanisms, clinical efficacy, and translational challenges associated with exosome-based cosmetics. Full article

This article presents a new combined post-processing concept to improve the quality of laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) of 17-4PH stainless steel (SS) cylindrical parts fabricated from N₂-atomised LaserForm 17-4PH (B) powder. The concept is based on consecutive heat treatment procedures and diamond burnishing (DB) processes. A two-stage study was conducted. The first stage was an LPBF process experiment. The following combination of LPBF parameter values was selected after optimisation: a laser power of $\mathrm{P}=150 \mathrm{W}$, laser scanning speed of v = 1200 mm/s, and layer thickness of $\mathrm{t}=40 \mathsf{\mu }\mathrm{m}$. In the second stage, this combination was used to evaluate the effects of two heat treatment procedures (HT1 and HT2) and two DB processes (using burnishing forces of 100 N and 300 N) on the tensile properties and surface integrity of LPBF 17-4PH SS cylindrical samples. The HT2 procedure, including annealing $({1200}^{\circ }$, $4 \mathrm{h})$, solution treatment (${1060}^{\circ }$, $1 \mathrm{h})$, cooling (${-70 }^{\circ }\mathrm{C},2 \mathrm{h}$), and ageing (${482}^{\circ }$, $4 \mathrm{h}$) led to yield limit, tensile strength, and Vickers hardness values of $\mathrm{Y}\mathrm{L}=1071 \mathrm{M}\mathrm{P}\mathrm{a}$, $\mathrm{T}\mathrm{S}=1410 \mathrm{M}\mathrm{P}\mathrm{a}$, and $523 \mathrm{H}\mathrm{V},$ respectively. The concept presented takes advantage of the combination of the transformation, precipitation and strain-hardening effects. The combined effect was most pronounced in the samples subjected to the HT2 procedure and subsequent DB (300 N), for which a retained austenite fraction of 6.93%, surface microhardness of ${563 \mathrm{H}\mathrm{V}}_{0.05}$ and the maximum values of the compressive axial and hoop RSs of $-1426.3 \mathrm{M}\mathrm{P}\mathrm{a}$ and $-1095.9 \mathrm{M}\mathrm{P}\mathrm{a}$, respectively, were measured. Full article

Laser-induced graphene (LIG) enables rapid conversion of polymer substrates into conductive carbon materials. In this study, nitrogen-containing carbon nanomaterials were fabricated on polyetherimide (PEI) substrates using empirical screening of two specific process points. The resulting materials were characterized using scanning electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy to correlate structural features with electron-transfer behavior. Raman and XPS analyses showed different structure and morphology depending on irradiation regime. The carbon materials with a higher sp³ fraction (≈55–59%), larger in-plane crystallite size (L_a up to 8.0 nm), and pronounced π–π* shake-up satellites indicated enhanced graphitic ordering when a shorter nanosecond laser was used. These structural differences resulted in substantially lower charge-transfer resistance (0.53–0.79 kΩ·cm³) and larger electroactive surface areas for the porous electrodes compared with foam structured carbon nanomaterials. The results show that, under the selected fabrication conditions, variations in laser processing parameters correspond to differences in graphitic ordering and electron-transfer properties in PEI-derived laser-induced carbon materials. Full article