Search Results (2,690)

Digital twin technology is reshaping modern agriculture. Digital twins are the virtual replicas of real-world farming systems, which are continuously updated with real-time data, and are revolutionizing the monitoring, simulation, and optimization of agricultural processes. The literature on agricultural digital twins is multidisciplinary, growing rapidly, and often fragmented across disciplines, which lacks well-curated documentation. A bibliometric analysis includes thematic content analysis and science mapping, which provides research trends, gaps, thematic landscape, and key contributors in this continuously evolving and emerging field. Therefore, in this study, we conducted a bibliometric review that included collecting bibliometric data via keyword search strategies on popular scientific databases. The data was further screened, processed, analyzed, and visualized using bibliometric tools to map research trends, landscapes, collaborations, and themes. Key findings show that publications have grown exponentially since 2018, with an annual growth rate of 27.2%. The major contributing countries were China, the USA, the Netherlands, Germany, and India. We observed a collaboration network with distinct geographic clusters, with strong intra-European ties and more localized efforts in China and the USA. The analysis identified seven major research theme clusters revolving around precision farming, Internet of Things integration, artificial intelligence, cyber–physical systems, controlled-environment agriculture, sustainability, and food system applications. We observed that core technologies, such as sensors, artificial intelligence, and data analytics, have been extensively explored, while identifying gaps in research areas. The emerging interests include climate resilience, renewable-energy integration, and supply-chain optimization. The observed transition from task-specific tools to integrated, system-level approaches underline the growing need for adaptive, data-driven decision support. By outlining research trends and identifying strategic research gaps, this review offers insights into leveraging digital twins to improve productivity, sustainability, and resilience in global agriculture. Full article

Gum arabic production is a key source of income for communities in several African countries. Despite this, producing nations capture only a small share of the market value due to weak domestic markets, low price incentives, and limited value-added. Meanwhile, global demand is expected to grow from USD 1.1 billion in 2025 to USD 2.2 billion by 2035, driven by rising consumption in food, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and textiles. Importing countries, such as France and the US, benefit from significantly higher export prices—French export prices rose from USD 1.58/kg to USD 4.63/kg—highlighting the value added from outside producer regions. This study uses a qualitative analytical approach to examine trends and challenges in enhancing value capture within producer countries. Key strategies include local value-added, collective action, compliance with international standards, market transparency, and direct trade linkages. Findings suggest that implementing these measures could raise farmgate prices by 30–50%, retain more value within African economies, and improve access to premium export markets. In conclusion, targeted interventions are crucial for strengthening the gum arabic supply chain and promoting sustainable and equitable collection practices in producer countries. Full article

Background/Objectives: The components of food and beverages are important elements that determine their palatability. Although the components of sake, a traditional Japanese alcoholic beverage, have been studied for many years, their correlation with sensory characteristics is unclear. Methods: We investigate the correlation with the sake metabolome analysis method developed by our group using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. We constructed orthogonal projections to latent structure models to predict sensory evaluation data obtained through the quantitative descriptive analysis method from the sake metabolome data. Results: For two years of study, 8 sensory evaluation models of the 2016 brewing year and 11 sensory evaluation models of the 2017 brewing year, including color, ethyl hexanoate, Hine-ka, Nama hine-ka, ethyl acetate, grainy/sweet aroma, sweetness, sourness, body, astringency, harsh taste/acrid taste, aftertaste, and overall quality, demonstrated a predictive performance with Q² > 0.5. Liquid chromatography-based analytical data indicated that it is possible to predict not only taste but also aroma. Additionally, the generalization performance of the prediction models for sensory evaluation attributes common to both years was verified. Conclusions: These results provide a new option for explaining the sensory characteristics of sake from its components and contribute to a deeper understanding of them. Full article

Brazil has one of the greatest biodiversities in the world, with emphasis on the fruit family Myrtaceae, to which the native fruits guabijú (Myrcianthes pungens (O.Berg) D.Legrand), guabiroba (Campomanesia xanthocarpa (Mart.) O.Berg), and araçá (Psidium cattleyanum Sabine) belong. These fruits are promising sources of phenolic compounds, mainly phenolic acids, flavonoids, and tannins, with high antioxidant capacity and potential health benefits. This integrative review aimed to gather and analyze data on the phenolic composition of these fruits, as well as the analytical methods used for their extraction and characterization. The reviewed literature reveals that there is still a lack of in-depth studies, although some studies have already characterized the phenolic compounds in different parts of the fruits. The efficient extraction of phenolics, especially bound ones, requires techniques such as acid or alkaline hydrolysis. For their identification and quantification, the use of liquid chromatography (LC) coupled to mass spectrometry (MS) with mass analyzers such as triple quadrupole (QqQ) and quadrupole-time-of-flight (QToF), stands out. Knowledge of these fruits contributes to the development of functional ingredients and the conservation and appreciation of Brazilian biodiversity, thereby reinforcing the importance of expanding research on these fruits and exploring potential applications in the food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries. Full article

The rapid conversion of cropland into construction land in China poses an increasing threat to national food security. Using high-resolution (30 m) land-use data from 2000 to 2020, obtained from the Resource and Environment Science and Data Center, along with spatial analytical methods such as land-use transition metrics and centroid-based migration models, this study identifies the spatio-temporal evolution and spatial migration patterns of construction land expansion and cropland loss. Combined with multi-source data, including socioeconomic, environmental, and topographic variables, this study employs a geographically weighted regression (GWR) model to explore the spatially heterogeneous driving mechanisms of two key indicators: the dependency of construction land expansion on cropland (DEP) and the contribution of cropland loss to construction land (CON). The results reveal that cropland has generally increased in the west and decreased in the east, reflecting expansion in underdeveloped areas and shrinkage in wealthier regions. In contrast, construction land expansion shows polycentric and stage-specific characteristics. Both DEP and CON remain high in major grain-producing areas like the North China Plain. Among the influencing factors, the non-grain production rate strongly inhibits DEP, while chemical fertilizer use significantly promotes CON. The urbanization rate shows a southwest-to-northeast increasing inhibitory effect on DEP and a northeast-to-southwest increasing promoting effect on CON. Local fiscal expenditure and land degradation demonstrate spatially heterogeneous effects. These differences highlight the conflict between low-cost land development priorities and cropland protection policies. Full article

We report herein the development of a polyclonal antibody against ochratoxin A (OTA) using a specially designed synthetic OTA derivative as the immunizing hapten. This OTA derivative contains a tetrapeptide linker (glycyl-glycyl-glycyl-lysine, GGGK), through which it can be linked to a carrier protein and form an immunogenic conjugate. The OTA derivative (OTA-glycyl-glycyl-glycyl-lysine, OTA-GGGK) has been synthesized on a commercially available resin via the well-established Fmoc-based solid-phase peptide synthesis (Fmoc-SPPS) strategy; overall, this approach has allowed us to avoid tedious liquid-phase synthesis protocols, which are often characterized by multiple steps, several intermediate products and low overall yield. Subsequently, OTA-GGGK was conjugated to bovine thyroglobulin through glutaraldehyde, and the conjugate was used in an immunization protocol. The antiserum obtained was evaluated with a simple-format ELISA in terms of its titer and capability of recognizing the natural free hapten; the anti-OTA antibody, as a whole IgG fragment, was successfully applied to three different immunoanalytical systems for determining OTA in various food materials and wine samples, i.e., a multi-mycotoxin microarray bio-platform, an optical immunosensor, and a biotin–streptavidin ELISA, which has proved the analytical effectiveness and versatility of the anti-OTA antibody developed. The same approach may be followed for developing antibodies against other low-molecular-weight toxins and hazardous substances. Full article

Agriculture plays a crucial role in discussions about environmental challenges because of its ecological footprint and high vulnerability to environmental shocks. To better understand the social and behavioral dynamics among food producers and their perceptions of climate change-related risks, this paper draws on forty-one in-depth, semi-structured interviews with farmers and ranchers in Colorado (USA). Leveraging the concept of social capital, the paper extends the concept analytically in a direction missed by previous research highlighting network structures, such as by focusing on its bonding, bridging, and linking characteristics. Instead, focus centers on the inclusiveness and diversity of values, beliefs, worldviews, and cultural orientations within those networks, arguing that these elements can be just as influential, if not more so in certain instances, than structural qualities. The concept of social capital heterogeneity is introduced to describe a network’s level of diversity and inclusivity. The findings do not question the importance of studying network structures when trying to understand how food producers respond to threats like climate change; an approach that remains useful for explaining social learning, technology adoption, and behavioral change. However, this method misses elements captured through a subjective, interpretivist perspective. With social capital heterogeneity, we can use social capital to explore why farmers and ranchers hold specific values and risk perceptions, peering deeper “within” networks, while tools like quantitative social network analysis software help map their structures from the “outside.” Additionally, social capital heterogeneity provides valuable insights into questions about “effective” agro-environmental governance. The paper concludes by discussing practical implications of the findings and reviewing the limitations of the research design. Full article

Livestock-associated Staphylococcus species—particularly Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (S. pseudintermedius), and coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS)—pose escalating threats to animal health, food safety, and public health due to their evolving antimicrobial resistance (AMR) profiles. This review synthesizes recent insights into the molecular epidemiology, resistance determinants, and host adaptation strategies of these pathogens across food-producing animals. We highlight the role of mobile genetic elements (MGEs), clonal dissemination, and biofilm formation in shaping multidrug resistance (MDR) patterns. Diagnostic advancements, including MALDI-TOF MS, whole-genome sequencing (WGS), and PCR-based assays, are discussed alongside treatment challenges arising from therapeutic failures and limited vaccine efficacy. The review critically examines current AMR surveillance gaps and the need for integrative One Health frameworks that encompass animals, humans, and the environment. Novel tools such as metagenomics, real-time genomic surveillance, and artificial intelligence (AI)-driven analytics are proposed to enhance predictive monitoring and resistance management. Together, these insights underscore the urgency of coordinated, evidence-based interventions to curb the spread of MDR staphylococci and safeguard One Health. Full article

This study investigates the impact of climatic factors on the quality of naturally stored wheat, focusing on the relationship between environmental conditions (temperature and humidity) and key physico-chemical properties (internal moisture, protein, gluten, and test weight). Elevated temperatures (>25 °C) and high relative humidity (>65%) are known to accelerate grain degradation, promoting mold development and reducing baking quality. This research was conducted over 12 months in a temperate-region storage facility in Romania, using RO 1 common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) harvested in 2023. A total of 48 samples were periodically collected, and environmental and product parameters were continuously monitored using a LoRaWAN-based digital system. The results revealed strong correlations between ambient humidity and grain moisture (r² = 0.99), and between external and internal temperatures (r² = 0.99), with observable thermal and hygroscopic lags. Wheat quality degradation was most pronounced during warmer months, with protein content decreasing from 13.1% to 11.6%, gluten from 27.1% to below 26%, and hectoliter weight from 80.1 kg/hl to under 78 kg/hl. Multivariate statistical analyses (PCA and HCA) identified clusters of interdependent variables, while regression-based predictive models achieved high accuracy (r² > 0.97), confirming the feasibility of forecasting wheat quality under varying climatic scenarios. These findings underscore the critical role of climate control and real-time environmental monitoring in preserving wheat quality during storage. This study supports the integration of advanced technologies and predictive analytics into post-harvest management strategies, contributing to reduced losses and enhanced food safety in the agri-food supply chain. Full article

Background/Objectives: Betulin is a promising agent in many areas of medicine and is being investigated, particularly in the field of cancer. However, in in vivo experiments, its water insolubility becomes a significant obstacle. This study describes a promising method for the administration of betulin in in vivo experiments and the determination of betulin levels in organ samples. Methods: Betulin was first dissolved in ethanol, and this solution was then mixed with acylglycerols, followed by evaporation of the ethanol. Olive oil and food-grade lard were determined to be suitable lipids for noninvasive application per os. A method for processing the organs of experimental animals for betulin determination was developed. Determination of betulin levels in blood is also likely the only viable option for use in future clinical studies and practice. Results: The maximum amount of betulin usable (i.e., absorbable by organisms) in olive oil (10 mg/mL), suppository mass (6 mg/mL), food lard (4 mg/mL), and cocoa butter (2 mg/mL) carriers was found microscopically. A specific distribution of betulin concentration in the organs of experimental animals (Wistar rats) after a weekly diet containing betulin was discovered. The blood was shown to be particularly advantageous, as it allows continuous monitoring of betulin levels in the body. In these pilot experiments, a statistically significant (p < 0.001) synergistic effect of betulin on solid Ehrlich adenocarcinoma tumors was observed when betulin was combined with cytostatic Namitecan (NMRI mice). The high-purity betulin used in this study is very stable even under fluctuating storage conditions. Conclusions: Our study suggests that both the method of betulin administration and the proposed analytical procedure could greatly increase the reliability and reproducibility of in vivo studies, as well as future preclinical and clinical studies on the effects of betulin and potentially other similar water-insoluble triterpenoids on living organisms. Full article

Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) technology, leveraging its single-molecule-level detection sensitivity, molecular fingerprint recognition capability, and capacity for rapid, non-destructive analysis, has emerged as a pivotal analytical tool in food science, life sciences, and environmental monitoring. This review systematically summarizes recent advancements in SERS technology, encompassing its enhancement mechanisms (synergistic effects of electromagnetic and chemical enhancement), innovations in high-performance substrates (noble metal nanostructures, non-noble metal substrates based on semiconductors/graphene, and hybrid systems incorporating noble metals with functional materials), and its interdisciplinary applications. In the realm of food safety, SERS has enabled the ultratrace detection of pesticide residues, mycotoxins, and heavy metals, with flexible substrates and intelligent algorithms significantly enhancing on-site detection capabilities. Within biomedicine, the technique has been successfully applied to the rapid identification of pathogenic microorganisms, screening of tumor biomarkers, and viral diagnostics. For environmental monitoring, SERS platforms offer sensitive detection of heavy metals, microplastics, and organic pollutants. Despite challenges such as matrix interference and insufficient substrate reproducibility, future research directions aimed at developing multifunctional composite materials, integrating artificial intelligence algorithms, constructing portable devices, and exploring plasmon-catalysis synergy are poised to advance the practical implementation of SERS technology in precision diagnostics, intelligent regulation, and real-time monitoring. Full article

The growing consumer awareness of functional foods has increased interest in fermented plant-based products with enhanced nutritional and health-promoting properties. This comprehensive narrative literature review examines the potential of diverse raw materials for tempeh production beyond traditional soybeans, analysing their nutritional composition, bioactive compounds, and functional properties. A structured literature search was conducted on peer-reviewed publications up to July 2025, focusing on tempeh fermentation technology, chemical composition, and bioactive compounds from various substrates using recognised analytical methods according to Association of Official Analytical Collaboration (AOAC) standards. The analysis of over 25 different substrates revealed significant opportunities for enhancing tempeh’s nutritional profile through alternative raw materials including legumes, cereals, algae, seeds, and agricultural by-products. Several substrates demonstrated superior nutritional characteristics compared with traditional soybean tempeh, notably tarwi (Lupinus mutabilis) with exceptional protein content ((32–53% dry matter (DM)) and mung bean (Vigna radiata) exhibiting remarkably high polyphenol concentrations (137.53 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/g DM). Fermentation with Rhizopus oligosporus consistently achieved substantial reductions in anti-nutritional factors (64–67% decrease in trypsin inhibitors, up to 65% reduction in phytates) while maintaining consistent antioxidant activities (39–70% 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) inhibition) across most variants. The diversity of bioactive compounds across different substrates demonstrates potential for developing targeted functional foods with specific health-promoting properties, supporting sustainable food system development through protein source diversification. Full article

An advanced anodic stripping voltammetry (ASV)-based Micro Electro Mechanical System (MEMS) sensor for cadmium (Cd) detection is presented in this study, which is cost-effective and efficient for in situ water monitoring, providing a crucial early warning mechanism, streamlining environmental monitoring, and facilitating timely intervention to safeguard public health and environmental safety. The rationale behind this work is to address the critical need for an in situ monitoring system for cadmium (Cd) in freshwater sources, particularly those adjacent to agricultural fields. Cd(II) is a highly toxic heavy metal that poses a significant threat to agricultural ecosystems and human health due to its rapid bioaccumulation in plants and subsequent entry into the food chain. The developed analytic device is composed of a commercial mercury salt-modified graphite screen-printed electrode (SPE) with a custom-designed innovative polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) flow detection cell. The flow cell was prototyped using 3D printing and replica moulding, with its design and performance validated through COMSOL Multiphysics simulations to optimize inflow conditions and ensure maximum analyte dispersion on the working electrode surface. Chemical detection was performed using square wave voltammetry, demonstrating a linear response for Cd(II) concentrations of 0 to 20 µg/L. The system exhibited robust analytical performance, enabling 25–30 daily analyses with consistent sensitivity within the Limit of Detection (LoD) set by the law of 3 µg/L. Full article

The growing environmental and economic impacts of agri-food waste have intensified interest in digital and circular strategies for more sustainable resource management. This study investigates how digital technologies are being applied to enhance the circular management of agri-food waste. A systematic literature review was conducted following PRISMA guidelines, using Scopus as the primary database. The bibliometric analysis included 373 publications from 2015 to 2025 and was complemented by a thematic review of the 20 most cited articles. Results revealed six major research clusters, ranging from predictive waste analytics and smart traceability systems to circular bioeconomy applications such as anaerobic digestion and pyrolysis. In addition, the study examined structural indicators such as food waste per capita and hunger indices to contextualize geographic disparities in research output. The findings underscore the dual role of digital technologies as both operational tools and mechanisms for reducing systemic inequalities. Overall, the integration of intelligent systems and circular models offers promising pathways to support the Sustainable Development Goals and foster a more inclusive and resilient agri-food sector. Full article

Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) films, derived from sugarcane bagasse agricultural waste (SCB) incorporated with Betalains-nitrogen-doped carbon dots (Betalains-N–CQDs), derived from beet root waste (BR), offer a sustainable, smart and naked-eye sensor for strawberry packaging due to their excellent fluorescent and shape memory properties. These CMC-Betalains-N–CQDs aim to enhance strawberry preservation and safety by enabling visual detection of common food contaminants such as bacteria, fungi and Pb(II). Crucially, the CMC-Betalains-N–CQD film also exhibits excellent shape memory properties, capable of fixing various shapes under alkaline conditions and recovering its original form in acidic environments, thereby offering enhanced physical protection for delicate produce like strawberries. Optical studies reveal the Betalains-N–CQDs’ pH-responsive fluorescence, with distinct emission patterns observed across various pH levels, highlighting their potential for sensing applications. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) confirms the successful incorporation of Betalains-N–CQDs into the CMC matrix, revealing larger pores in the composite film that facilitate better interaction with analytes such as bacteria. Crucially, the CMC-Betalains-N–CQD film demonstrates significant antibacterial activity against common foodborne pathogens like Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Candida albicans, as evidenced by inhibition zones and supported by molecular docking simulations showing strong binding interactions with bacterial proteins. Furthermore, the film functions as a fluorescent sensor, exhibiting distinct color changes upon contact with different microorganisms and Pb(II) heavy metals, enabling rapid, naked-eye detection. The film also acts as a pH sensor, displaying color shifts (brown in alkaline, yellow in acidic) due to the betalains, useful for monitoring food spoilage. This research presents a promising, sustainable, and multifunctional intelligent packaging solution for enhanced food safety and extended shelf life. Full article