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Search Results (278)

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Keywords = enteric micro-organisms

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31 pages, 1428 KiB  
Review
The Oral–Gut Microbiota Axis Across the Lifespan: New Insights on a Forgotten Interaction
by Domenico Azzolino, Margherita Carnevale-Schianca, Luigi Santacroce, Marica Colella, Alessia Felicetti, Leonardo Terranova, Roberto Carlos Castrejón-Pérez, Franklin Garcia-Godoy, Tiziano Lucchi and Pier Carmine Passarelli
Nutrients 2025, 17(15), 2538; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17152538 - 1 Aug 2025
Viewed by 120
Abstract
The oral–gut microbiota axis is a relatively new field of research. Although most studies have focused separately on the oral and gut microbiota, emerging evidence has highlighted that the two microbiota are interconnected and may influence each other through various mechanisms shaping systemic [...] Read more.
The oral–gut microbiota axis is a relatively new field of research. Although most studies have focused separately on the oral and gut microbiota, emerging evidence has highlighted that the two microbiota are interconnected and may influence each other through various mechanisms shaping systemic health. The aim of this review is therefore to provide an overview of the interactions between oral and gut microbiota, and the influence of diet and related metabolites on this axis. Pathogenic oral bacteria, such as Porphyromonas gingivalis and Fusobacterium nucleatum, can migrate to the gut through the enteral route, particularly in individuals with weakened gastrointestinal defenses or conditions like gastroesophageal reflux disease, contributing to disorders like inflammatory bowel disease and colorectal cancer. Bile acids, altered by gut microbes, also play a significant role in modulating these microbiota interactions and inflammatory responses. Oral bacteria can also spread via the bloodstream, promoting systemic inflammation and worsening some conditions like cardiovascular disease. Translocation of microorganisms can also take place from the gut to the oral cavity through fecal–oral transmission, especially within poor sanitary conditions. Some metabolites including short-chain fatty acids, trimethylamine N-oxide, indole and its derivatives, bile acids, and lipopolysaccharides produced by both oral and gut microbes seem to play central roles in mediating oral–gut interactions. The complex interplay between oral and gut microbiota underscores their crucial role in maintaining systemic health and highlights the potential consequences of dysbiosis at both the oral and gastrointestinal level. Some dietary patterns and nutritional compounds including probiotics and prebiotics seem to exert beneficial effects both on oral and gut microbiota eubiosis. A better understanding of these microbial interactions could therefore pave the way for the prevention and management of systemic conditions, improving overall health outcomes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exploring the Lifespan Dynamics of Oral–Gut Microbiota Interactions)
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15 pages, 2248 KiB  
Article
Effects of Treadmill Exercise on Gut Microbiota in Alzheimer’s Disease Model Mice and Wild-Type Mice
by Zhe Zhao, Xingqing Wu, Wenfeng Liu, Lan Zheng and Changfa Tang
Microorganisms 2025, 13(8), 1765; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms13081765 - 29 Jul 2025
Viewed by 247
Abstract
There is a growing body of research showing that Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is related to enteric dysbacteriosis. Exercise can be effective in alleviating AD, but the effects that exercise has on the gut microbiota in AD patients needs to be further studied. Through [...] Read more.
There is a growing body of research showing that Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is related to enteric dysbacteriosis. Exercise can be effective in alleviating AD, but the effects that exercise has on the gut microbiota in AD patients needs to be further studied. Through this study, we aimed to investigate the differences in the diversity of gut microorganisms between AD model mice and wild-type mice and the effect that treadmill exercise has on the composition of the gut microbiota in both types of mice. C57BL/6 wild-type mice were randomly divided into a sedentary control group (WTC) and an exercise group (WTE); APP/PS1 double transgenic mice were also randomly divided into a sedentary control group (ADC) and an exercise group (ADE). After the control group remained sedentary for 12 weeks and a 12-week treadmill exercise intervention was adopted for the exercise group, the rectal contents were collected so that they could undergo V3-V4 16S rDNA sequencing, and a comparative analysis of the microbial composition and diversity was also performed. The alpha diversity of the gut microbiota in AD mice was lower than that in wild-type mice, but exercise increased the gut microbial diversity in both types of mice. At the phylum level, the dominant microorganisms in all four groups of mice were Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes. There was an increase in the Bacteroidetes phylum in AD mice. Treadmill exercise reduced the abundance of Bacteroidetes in both groups of mice, whereas the abundance of Firmicutes increased. At the genus level, Muribaculaceae, the Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group, Alloprevotella, and Alistipes were in relatively high abundance. Muribaculaceae and Alloprevotella were in greater abundance in AD mice than in wild-type mice, but both decreased after treadmill exercise. Through performing linear discriminant analysis effect size (LEfSe), we found that the dominant strains in AD mice were Campilobacterota, Helicobacteraceae, Escherichia–Shigella, and other malignant bacteria, whereas exercise resulted in an increase in probiotics among the dominant strains in both types of mice. Although gut microbial diversity decreases and malignant bacteria increase in AD mice, treadmill exercise can increase gut microbial diversity and lead to the development of dominant strains of probiotics in both types of mice. These findings provide a basis for applying exercise as a treatment for AD. Full article
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37 pages, 1945 KiB  
Review
Staphylococcus aureus in Foodborne Diseases and Alternative Intervention Strategies to Overcome Antibiotic Resistance by Using Natural Antimicrobials
by Anna Phan, Sanjaya Mijar, Catherine Harvey and Debabrata Biswas
Microorganisms 2025, 13(8), 1732; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms13081732 - 24 Jul 2025
Viewed by 331
Abstract
Foodborne diseases are the most common causes of illness worldwide. Bacterial pathogens, including Staphylococcus aureus, are often involved in foodborne disease and pose a serious threat to human health. S. aureus is commonly found in humans and a variety of animal species. [...] Read more.
Foodborne diseases are the most common causes of illness worldwide. Bacterial pathogens, including Staphylococcus aureus, are often involved in foodborne disease and pose a serious threat to human health. S. aureus is commonly found in humans and a variety of animal species. Staphylococcal enteric disease, specifically staphylococcal food poisoning (SFP), accounts for numerous gastrointestinal illnesses, through the contamination of food with its enterotoxins, and its major impact on human health imposes a heavy economic burden in society. Commonly, antibiotics and antimicrobials are used to treat SFP. However, a range of complications may arise with these treatments, impeding the control of S. aureus diseases specifically caused by methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA). Natural alternative options to control S. aureus diseases, such as bacteriophages, plant-based antimicrobials, nanoparticle-based or light-based therapeutics, and probiotics, are promising in terms of overcoming these existing problems as they are environmentally friendly, abundant, unlikely to induce resistance in pathogens, cost-effective, and safe for human health. Recent findings have indicated that these alternatives may reduce the colonization and infection of major foodborne pathogens, including MRSA, which is crucial to overcome the spread of antibiotic resistance in S. aureus. This review focuses on the present scenario of S. aureus in foodborne disease, its economic importance and current interventions and, most importantly, the implications of natural antimicrobials, especially probiotics and synbiotics, as alternative antimicrobial means to combat pathogenic microorganisms particularly, S. aureus and MRSA. Full article
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22 pages, 63949 KiB  
Article
Functionalised Mesoporous Silica Thin Films as ROS-Generating Antimicrobial Coatings
by Magdalena Laskowska, Paweł Kowalczyk, Agnieszka Karczmarska, Katarzyna Pogoda, Maciej Zubko and Łukasz Laskowski
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(15), 7154; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26157154 - 24 Jul 2025
Viewed by 310
Abstract
The recent COVID-19 pandemic has made the public aware of the importance of combating pathogenic microorganisms before they enter the human body. This growing threat from microorganisms prompted us to conduct research into a new type of coating that would be an alternative [...] Read more.
The recent COVID-19 pandemic has made the public aware of the importance of combating pathogenic microorganisms before they enter the human body. This growing threat from microorganisms prompted us to conduct research into a new type of coating that would be an alternative to the continuous disinfection of touch surfaces. Our goal was to design, synthesise and thoroughly characterise such a coating. In this work, we present a nanocomposite material composed of a thin-layer mesoporous SBA-15 silica matrix containing copper phosphonate groups, which act as catalytic centres responsible for the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). In order to verify the structure of the material, including its molecular structure, microscopic observations and Raman spectroscopy were performed. The generation of ROS was confirmed by fluorescence microscopy analysis using a fluorogenic probe. The antimicrobial activity was tested against a wide spectrum of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, while cytotoxicity was tested on BALB/c3T3 mouse fibroblast cells and HeLa cells. The studies fully confirmed the expected structure of the obtained material, its antimicrobial activity, and the absence of cytotoxicity towards fibroblast cells. The results obtained confirmed the high application potential of the tested nanocomposite coating. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanomaterials for Biomedical and Environmental Applications)
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27 pages, 1706 KiB  
Review
Micro- and Nanoplastics as Emerging Threats to Both Terrestrial and Aquatic Animals: A Comprehensive Review
by Munwar Ali, Chang Xu and Kun Li
Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(8), 688; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12080688 - 23 Jul 2025
Viewed by 466
Abstract
Micro- and Nanoplastic (MNP) pollution is an emerging challenge globally, posing a significant threat to both aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems worldwide. This review critically examines the sources, exposure routes, and impact of plastics, with particular focus on implications for the livestock sector. MNPs [...] Read more.
Micro- and Nanoplastic (MNP) pollution is an emerging challenge globally, posing a significant threat to both aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems worldwide. This review critically examines the sources, exposure routes, and impact of plastics, with particular focus on implications for the livestock sector. MNPs enter animals’ bodies primarily through ingestion of contaminated feed and water, inhalation, and dermal exposure, subsequently accumulating in various organs, disrupting physiological functions. Notably, MNPs facilitate the horizontal transfer of antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs), exacerbating the global challenge of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). In agricultural environments, sources such as organic fertilizers, wastewater irrigation systems, surface runoff, and littering contribute to soil contamination, adversely affecting plant growth and soil health, which in turn compromises feed quality and ultimately animals’ productivity. This review synthesizes current evidence demonstrating how MNP exposure impairs animal production, reproduction, and survival, and highlights the interconnected risks to food safety and ecosystem health. The findings call for the urgent need for comprehensive research under controlled conditions to underscore the fine details regarding mechanisms of MNP toxicity and to inform effective mitigation strategies. Addressing MNP pollution is crucial for safeguarding animal health, ensuring sustainable livestock production, and promoting environmental sustainability and integrity. Full article
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23 pages, 1654 KiB  
Review
The Small Intestinal Microbiota and the Gut–Brain Axis in Parkinson’s Disease: A Narrative Review
by Gloria Carrossa, Valentina Misenti, Sofia Faggin, Maria Cecilia Giron and Angelo Antonini
Biomedicines 2025, 13(7), 1769; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines13071769 - 19 Jul 2025
Viewed by 671
Abstract
Researchers are increasingly focusing on understanding the microbiota’s influence on disease susceptibility and overall health. The vast number of microorganisms in our gastrointestinal tract and their extensive surface area underscore their undeniable impact on well-being. Viewing the gut microbiome as a distinct pool [...] Read more.
Researchers are increasingly focusing on understanding the microbiota’s influence on disease susceptibility and overall health. The vast number of microorganisms in our gastrointestinal tract and their extensive surface area underscore their undeniable impact on well-being. Viewing the gut microbiome as a distinct pool of microbial genetic information that interacts with the human genome highlights its pivotal role in genetically predisposed diseases. Investigating this complex crosstalk may lead to the development of novel therapeutic strategies—such as targeting dysbiosis—to complement conventional treatments and improve patient care. Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a multifactorial condition originating from a combination of genetic and environmental risk factors. Compelling evidence points to the enteric nervous system as an initial site of pathological processes that later extend to the brain—a pattern known as the ‘body-first’ model. Furthermore, most patients with PD exhibit both qualitative and quantitative alterations in the composition of the gut microbiota, including dysbiosis and small intestinal overgrowth. Nonetheless, the existing literature predominantly addresses fecal microbiota, while knowledge of upper intestinal sections, like the duodenum, remains scarce. Given the potential for microbiota modulation to impact both motor and gastrointestinal symptoms, further research exploring the therapeutic roles of balanced diets, probiotics, and fecal transplants in PD is warranted. Full article
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18 pages, 797 KiB  
Review
Impact of Invasive Mechanical Ventilation on the Lung Microbiome
by Jose Luis Estela-Zape, Valeria Sanclemente-Cardoza, Maria Alejandra Espinosa-Cifuentes and Leidy Tatiana Ordoñez-Mora
Adv. Respir. Med. 2025, 93(4), 23; https://doi.org/10.3390/arm93040023 - 1 Jul 2025
Viewed by 554
Abstract
The lung microbiota is integral to maintaining microenvironmental homeostasis, influencing immune regulation, host defense against pathogens, and overall respiratory health. The dynamic interplay among the lung microbiota emphasizes their significance in shaping the respiratory milieu and potential impact on diverse pulmonary affections. This [...] Read more.
The lung microbiota is integral to maintaining microenvironmental homeostasis, influencing immune regulation, host defense against pathogens, and overall respiratory health. The dynamic interplay among the lung microbiota emphasizes their significance in shaping the respiratory milieu and potential impact on diverse pulmonary affections. This investigation aimed to identify the effects of invasive mechanical ventilation on the lung microbiome. Materials and Methods: A systematic review was conducted with registration number CRD42023461618, based on a search of PubMed, SCOPUS, and Web of Science databases, in line with the PRISMA guidelines. To achieve this, “(mechanical ventilation) AND (microbiota)” was used as the search term, replicable across all databases. The closing date of the search was 12 March 2025, and the evidence was scored using the MINORS scale. Results: A total of 16 studies were included, with patients aged 13.6 months to 76 years, predominantly male (64.2%). Common ICU admission diagnoses requiring invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV) included pneumonia, acute respiratory failure, and COVID-19. IMV was associated with reduced lung microbiota diversity and an increased prevalence of pathogenic bacteria, including Prevotella, Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, Pseudomonas, and Acinetobacter. The most frequently used antibiotics were cephalosporins, aminoglycosides, and penicillins. IMV-induced pulmonary dysbiosis correlated with higher infection risk and mortality, particularly in pneumonia and COVID-19 cases. Factors such as antimicrobial therapy, enteral nutrition, and systemic inflammation contributed to these alterations. Conclusions: Invasive mechanical ventilation has been associated with the development of alterations in the respiratory microbiome, resulting in reduced diversity of lung microorganisms. Full article
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36 pages, 1957 KiB  
Review
Rewiring the Brain Through the Gut: Insights into Microbiota–Nervous System Interactions
by Ilinca Savulescu-Fiedler, Serban-Nicolae Benea, Constantin Căruntu, Andreea-Simona Nancoff, Corina Homentcovschi and Sandica Bucurica
Curr. Issues Mol. Biol. 2025, 47(7), 489; https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb47070489 - 26 Jun 2025
Viewed by 1546
Abstract
The gut-brain axis (GBA) represents an operant acting in a two-direction communication system between the gastrointestinal tract and the central nervous system, mediated by the enteric nervous system (ENS), vagus nerve, immune pathways, and endocrine signaling. In recent years, evidence has highlighted the [...] Read more.
The gut-brain axis (GBA) represents an operant acting in a two-direction communication system between the gastrointestinal tract and the central nervous system, mediated by the enteric nervous system (ENS), vagus nerve, immune pathways, and endocrine signaling. In recent years, evidence has highlighted the pivotal role of the gut microbiota in modulating this axis, forming the microbiota-gut-brain axis (MGBA). Our review synthesizes current knowledge on the anatomical and functional substrates of gut-brain communication, focusing on interoceptive signaling, the roles of intrinsic primary afferent neurons (IPANs) and enteroendocrine cells (EECs) and the influence of microbial metabolites, including short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), bile acids, and indoles. These agents modulate neurotransmission, epithelial barrier function, and neuroimmune interactions. The vagus nerve serves as a primary pathway for afferent sensory signaling from the gut influenced indirectly by the ENS and microbiota. Dysbiosis has been associated with altered gut-brain signaling and implicated in the pathophysiology of disorders ranging from irritable bowel syndrome to mood disorders and neurodegeneration. Microbial modulation of host gene expression via epigenetic mechanisms, including microRNAs, adds another layer of complexity. The gut has a crucial role as an active sensory and signaling organ capable of influencing higher-order brain functions. Understanding the MGBA has significant implications for new therapeutic interventions targeting the microbiome to manage neurogastroenterological and even neuropsychiatric conditions. Full article
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34 pages, 1199 KiB  
Review
Antechodynamics and Antechokinetics: Dynamics and Kinetics of Antibiotic Resistance Biomolecules
by F. Baquero, R. Cantón, A. E. Pérez-Cobas, T. M. Coque, B. Levin and J. Rodríguez-Beltrán
Biomolecules 2025, 15(6), 823; https://doi.org/10.3390/biom15060823 - 5 Jun 2025
Viewed by 597
Abstract
The pharmacology of antimicrobial agents comprises pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics. Pharmacodynamics refers to studying drugs’ mode of action on their molecular targets at various concentrations and the resulting effect(s). Pharmacokinetics refers to studying the way(s) in which drugs enter the body and are distributed [...] Read more.
The pharmacology of antimicrobial agents comprises pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics. Pharmacodynamics refers to studying drugs’ mode of action on their molecular targets at various concentrations and the resulting effect(s). Pharmacokinetics refers to studying the way(s) in which drugs enter the body and are distributed to their targets in various compartments (such as tissues) and how local drug concentrations are modified in time, such as by metabolism or excretion. Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics constitute pivotal knowledge for establishing the breakpoints used to identify the appropriate antimicrobial agents for infection therapy. Antibiotic resistance is the biological force opposing antimicrobials’ pharmacological effects. However, we do not have a term similar to pharmacology for microbial antibiotic resistance reactions. Here, we propose the new scientific field of antechology (from the classic Greek antechó, resistance), studying the dynamics and kinetics of antibiotic resistance molecules which oppose the effect of antimicrobial drugs. Antechodynamics refers to the study of the molecular mechanisms through which antibiotic molecules are chemically modified or degraded by particular bacterial resistance enzymes (primary effectors) or drive the modification of an antibiotic’s target inhibition sites through molecules released by antibiotic action on the microorganism (secondary effectors). Antechokinetics refers to the study of the processes leading to bacterial spatial cellular (subcellular, pericellular, extracellular) localizations of the molecules involved in antibiotic detoxifying mechanisms. Molecules’ local concentrations change over time due to their production, their degradation, and ultimately their excretion rates. We will examine the antechodynamics and antechokinetics for various antimicrobial classes and the relation between pharmacodynamics/pharmacokinetics and antechodynamics/antechokinetics. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Molecular Biology)
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15 pages, 1524 KiB  
Article
Enhancing Sialidase Production from the Oerskovia paurometabola O129 Strain by the Optimization of Fermentation Parameters and the Addition of Stimulative Compounds
by Yana Gocheva, Ekaterina Krumova, Irina Lazarkevich, Rumyana Eneva and Stephan Engibarov
Appl. Microbiol. 2025, 5(2), 50; https://doi.org/10.3390/applmicrobiol5020050 - 25 May 2025
Viewed by 1090
Abstract
Sialidases are gradually entering various areas of human practice—in medicine and pharmacy, as antiviral, antitumor, diagnostic, and vaccine preparations; for the chemoenzymatic synthesis of regioselective sialoglycoconjugates; and for the structural analysis of sialoglycoproteins. Optimizing the synthesis conditions of these commercially important enzymes would [...] Read more.
Sialidases are gradually entering various areas of human practice—in medicine and pharmacy, as antiviral, antitumor, diagnostic, and vaccine preparations; for the chemoenzymatic synthesis of regioselective sialoglycoconjugates; and for the structural analysis of sialoglycoproteins. Optimizing the synthesis conditions of these commercially important enzymes would be beneficial for enhancing their production and expanding potential applications. Since sialidase producers are often pathogenic microorganisms, the use of saprophytic bacteria could be an alternative to reduce the health risk when working with them. So far, the topic has not been widely discussed. By a single-factor optimization method, the most suitable fermentation conditions for achieving maximum sialidase production by the non-model strain Oerskovia paurometabola O129 were established. The dynamics of enzyme accumulation during the growth phases and the optimal physicochemical parameters for cultivation were determined (30 °C, pH 8.0, agitation at 200 rpm, for 28 h). The addition of various inducers and surfactants to improve enzyme yield was also investigated. The effect of surfactants on bacterial sialidase production was tested for the first time. Maximum enzyme production (98.3 U/mL), representing about a three-fold increase compared to non-optimized conditions, was obtained by culturing the strain under optimal conditions and by the synergistic action of glucomacropeptide and Tween 80. A new, simple, and cost-effective laboratory model for optimizing sialidase production by the saprophytic strain O. paurometabola O129 in submerged fermentation was proposed. Future work may involve scaling up the process and exploring genetic or metabolic enhancements for targeted biomedical and industrial applications. Full article
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14 pages, 4014 KiB  
Article
Microplastics in Cronius ruber: Links to Wastewater Discharges
by Sofía Huelbes, May Gómez, Ico Martínez, Raül Triay-Portella, Miguel González-Pleiter and Alicia Herrera
Animals 2025, 15(10), 1420; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15101420 - 14 May 2025
Viewed by 472
Abstract
Microplastic pollution in the ocean is a growing problem. It affects the entire ecosystem and, therefore, the species that inhabit it. Plastics can be filtered or ingested by organisms, entering and negatively affecting individuals. Among the populations affected are crustaceans. In previous studies, [...] Read more.
Microplastic pollution in the ocean is a growing problem. It affects the entire ecosystem and, therefore, the species that inhabit it. Plastics can be filtered or ingested by organisms, entering and negatively affecting individuals. Among the populations affected are crustaceans. In previous studies, fibers have been found mainly in the stomach contents of these animals, although other types, such as pellets, have also been found. This study examines the presence of microplastics in Cronius ruber, an invasive crab species in the Canary Islands, and investigates their potential links to nearby wastewater discharges. A total of 63 crabs were sampled from four beaches in Gran Canaria in 2021, and their stomach contents were analyzed through alkaline digestion, filtration, and micro-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (micro-FTIR). Microplastics were detected in 52% of individuals; the particles averaged 0.7 ± 0.5 mm in length, with an average of 1.73 ± 1.02 particles per crab. Fibers constituted 89% of the microplastics, with blue and black being the predominant colors. Rayon, commonly used in textiles, was the most frequently identified polymer (52%), highlighting the role of wastewater from laundry processes as a significant pollution source. Beaches close to unauthorized wastewater discharges, such as Anfi del Mar (n = 3) and El Puertillo (n = 32), showed the highest contamination levels, with a frequency of occurrence (FO) of microplastic particles of 67% and 58%, respectively. Playa de Las Nieves was the one with the lowest contamination level (n = 22), with a frequency of occurrence of microplastic particles of 41%. This is the first study to document microplastic ingestion in C. ruber, raising concerns about its ecological presence and the potential bioaccumulation of contaminants in marine ecosystems. Further research is essential to understand the long-term consequences of microplastic exposure on invasive species and their possible roles in pollutant transfer through food webs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Ecology and Conservation)
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26 pages, 14460 KiB  
Article
Identifying the Key Control Factors of Deep Marine Shale Gas Reservoirs: A Case Study on Lower Cambrian Fine-Grained Sedimentary Rocks in Cen Gong, Guizhou, China
by Dahai Wang, Lichi Ma, Qian Yu, Tao Zhang, Jian Bai, Chuan An, Chuntang Li and Jun Peng
Minerals 2025, 15(5), 505; https://doi.org/10.3390/min15050505 - 9 May 2025
Viewed by 481
Abstract
This study identifies the following three key factors controlling shale gas reservoirs in the lower Cambrian Niutitang Formation, northern Guizhou, China: sedimentary features, diagenetic modification, and stable tectonic conditions. This research addresses gaps in previous studies by investigating how tectonic and diagenetic conditions [...] Read more.
This study identifies the following three key factors controlling shale gas reservoirs in the lower Cambrian Niutitang Formation, northern Guizhou, China: sedimentary features, diagenetic modification, and stable tectonic conditions. This research addresses gaps in previous studies by investigating how tectonic and diagenetic conditions contribute to the unique characteristics of shale gas enrichment in tectonically complex areas with high thermal maturity (Ro > 2.5%). Sedimentary conditions revealed a positive correlation between total organic carbon (TOC) content and gas adsorption capacity, with higher TOC enhancing adsorption. Experimental data indicate that the TOC content (2.33%–9.07%) significantly correlates with methane adsorption capacity (Langmuir volume VL = 1.87–8.78 cm3/g at 30 °C and 10 MPa), as evidenced by the linear relationship between TOC and VL in shale samples. Clay mineral content exhibited a dual role as moderate levels (15%–25%) improved adsorption, while excessive amounts (>30%) reduced efficiency due to pore occlusion. Diagenesis, including compaction, cementation, and thermal evolution of organic matter, significantly reshaped reservoir porosity. Quantitative analysis of core samples demonstrates that compaction caused a porosity reduction of 18%–25% in samples with burial depths exceeding 1500 m, thereby influencing gas retention capacity. The reservoir has entered the anchizone (average vitrinite reflectance Ro = 2.54%), characterized by advanced organic matter maturation and widespread organic porosity development. Tectonic activity was critical for gas retention; intense tectonic activity led to shallower burial depths and gas loss, whereas structurally stable areas favored preservation. This study emphasizes the significance of tectonic conditions and their role in maintaining gas reservoirs in the anchizone, reconciling discrepancies in gas storage mechanisms observed in basins with similar TOC and thermal maturity. In summary, deep marine shale gas enrichment relies on the synergistic effects of high-quality sedimentary foundations (TOC > 4%, quartz > 30%), diagenetic evolution optimizing pore structures, and stable tectonic conditions ensuring gas retention. These findings provide new insights into the exploration of shale gas in complex tectonic regions and offer a framework for improving prediction models in shale gas enrichment by integrating micro-scale organic–inorganic interactions with macro-scale tectonic controls. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Element Enrichment and Gas Accumulation in Black Rock Series)
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14 pages, 813 KiB  
Article
Assessment of Potential Toxic Effects of Fungicide Fludioxonil on Human Cells and Aquatic Microorganisms
by Maria Antonopoulou, Anna Tzamaria, Sotiris Papas, Ioanna Efthimiou and Dimitris Vlastos
Toxics 2025, 13(5), 358; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics13050358 - 30 Apr 2025
Viewed by 577
Abstract
Fludioxonil is a widely used fungicide that is frequently used to combat fungal plant diseases. Consequently, excessive concentrations of fludioxonil may enter and accumulate over time in aquatic systems, harming (micro) organisms in several ways. Thus, it is of great importance to evaluate [...] Read more.
Fludioxonil is a widely used fungicide that is frequently used to combat fungal plant diseases. Consequently, excessive concentrations of fludioxonil may enter and accumulate over time in aquatic systems, harming (micro) organisms in several ways. Thus, it is of great importance to evaluate the potential toxic effects of fludioxonil using bioassays. In the present study, various in vitro assays were used to assess the possible effects of fludioxonil in human cells and aquatic microorganisms. For the investigation of the toxic effects of fludioxonil on freshwater microalgae, Scenedesmus rubescens and Dunaliella tertiolecta were exposed to various environmentally relevant concentrations of the fungicide for a period of 96 h. Fludioxonil at 50–200 μg L−1 significantly limited the growth of both microalgae, especially in the first 24 h of the exposure, where inhibitions up to 82.34% were calculated. The toxicity of fludioxonil was further evaluated via the Microtox test, and the studied fungicide was found to be less toxic for the bacteria Aliivibrio fischeri. Regarding human cells, the fludioxonil’s toxic and cyto-genotoxic effects were assessed using the Trypan blue exclusion test and the Cytokinesis Block MicroNucleus (CBMN) assay. Cell viability in all fludioxonil-treated concentrations was similar to control values according to the results of the Trypan blue exclusion test. However, the CBMN assay was used and revealed that fludioxonil had genotoxic potential in higher concentrations and exerted cytotoxic activity against human lymphocytes. Specifically, only the highest dose of fludioxonil, i.e., 10 μg mL−1, exerted genotoxic effects against human lymphocytes, whereas treatment with 0.5, 1, and 5 μg mL−1 did not lead to statistically significant induction of micronuclei (MN) frequencies compared with the control culture. However, fludioxonil-mediated cytotoxicity was statistically significant, which was demonstrated by the decreased CBPI (cytokinesis block proliferation index) values in all cases except for the lowest dose, i.e., 0.5 μg mL−1. Full article
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19 pages, 8359 KiB  
Article
Driving Effects of Coal Mining Activities on Microbial Communities and Hydrochemical Characteristics in Different Zones
by Zongkui Zhu, Yating Gao, Li Zhang and Yajun Sun
Sustainability 2025, 17(9), 4000; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17094000 - 29 Apr 2025
Viewed by 349
Abstract
Elucidating the microbial–hydrochemical interactions in distinct functional zones of coal mines holds significant implications for groundwater pollution mitigation strategies in mining regions. Taking Xinji No. 2 Coal Mine as an example, 15 water samples (including surface water, goaf water, sump water, working face [...] Read more.
Elucidating the microbial–hydrochemical interactions in distinct functional zones of coal mines holds significant implications for groundwater pollution mitigation strategies in mining regions. Taking Xinji No. 2 Coal Mine as an example, 15 water samples (including surface water, goaf water, sump water, working face drainage, rock roadway water, and coal roadway water) were collected from six surface and underground areas for hydrochemical and microbial detection analysis. The results show that bacterial genera such as Exiguobacterium and Mycobacterium cannot adapt to high-salinity environments with elevated K+ + Na+ concentrations, showing negative correlation with TDS. Microbial communities related to sulfate serve as important indicators for microbial technology-based pollution control in coal mine groundwater, where sulfate-reducing bacteria (e.g., norank_f__Desulfuromonadaceae) can reduce SO42− concentrations and improve mine water quality. Low dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations lead to decreased abundance of aerobic microorganisms, hindering the formation of stable microbial communities in mines. Affected by mine water quality, the confluence of mine drainage into rivers results in HCO3 and SO42− concentrations at the confluence being higher than upstream, which gradually return to upstream concentrations after entering the downstream. However, due to the influx of nitrogen cycle-related bacteria and organic matter from mine water into surface water, increased microbial physiological activities and carbon sources cause NO3 concentrations to increase more than tenfold. The formation stages of mine water quality exhibit regional characteristics, with goaf areas showing distinct hydrochemical components and microbial communities compared to other zones. Based on this research, new microbial approaches for groundwater pollution control in coal mining areas are proposed: (1) selecting and cultivating functional microorganisms (such as SRB and organic matter-degrading bacteria) to develop biological materials for mine water remediation; (2) regulating the transformation of elements by adjusting carbon sources and oxygen supply according to indigenous microbial requirements, thereby reducing pollutant concentrations in water bodies. Full article
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28 pages, 16516 KiB  
Review
Recent Advances in Microfluidics-Based Monitoring of Waterborne Pathogens: From Isolation to Detection
by Guohao Xu, Gaozhe Cai, Lijuan Liang, Jianxin Cheng, Lujie Song, Rui Sun, Feng Shen, Bo Liu, Shilun Feng and Jin Zhang
Micromachines 2025, 16(4), 462; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi16040462 - 14 Apr 2025
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Abstract
Waterborne pathogens seriously threaten human life and can cause diarrhea, gastrointestinal disorders, and more serious systemic infections. These pathogens are usually caused by contaminated water sources that contain disease-causing microorganisms, such as bacteria, viruses, and parasites, which cause infection and disease when they [...] Read more.
Waterborne pathogens seriously threaten human life and can cause diarrhea, gastrointestinal disorders, and more serious systemic infections. These pathogens are usually caused by contaminated water sources that contain disease-causing microorganisms, such as bacteria, viruses, and parasites, which cause infection and disease when they enter the human body through drinking water or other means. Due to the wide range of transmission routes and the high potential risk of waterborne pathogens, there is an urgent need for an ultrasensitive, rapid, and specific pathogenic microorganism monitoring platform to meet the critical monitoring needs of some water bodies’ collection points daily monitoring needs. Microfluidics-based pathogen surveillance methods are an important stage towards automated detection through real-time and multi-targeted monitoring, thus enabling a comprehensive assessment of the risk of exposure to waterborne pathogens and even emerging microbial contaminants, and thus better protection of public health. Therefore, this paper reviews the latest research results on the isolation and detection of waterborne pathogens based on microfluidic methods. First, we introduce the traditional methods for isolation and detection of pathogens. Then, we compare some existing microfluidic pathogen isolation and detection methods and finally look forward to some future research directions and applications of microfluidic technology in waterborne pathogens monitoring. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Integrated Optical, Electrochemical, and Electrical Biomicrofluidics)
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