Search Results (3,154)

This study investigates the effects of repeated cleaning, disinfection, and sterilization cycles on the surface and mechanical properties of medical-grade silicone, including both pure silicone and silicone–steel composite samples. Given the critical importance of sterilization for infection control, understanding its long-term impact on material performance is essential. Samples were subjected to up to 1000 cycles, with evaluations at the initial state and after 200, 500, and 1000 cycles. The contact angle initially decreased from 117.1° to 104.0° after 200 cycles, then gradually increased, approaching the original value after 1000 cycles, likely due to the removal of degraded surface layers. Hardness measurements showed a steady increase at each stage, with an approximate 5% rise per cycle group. Notch growth testing revealed a sixfold increase in crack length after 200 cycles and a twofold increase between 500 and 1000 cycles, indicating substantial loss of mechanical integrity. Optical microscopy of the silicone–steel interface revealed progressive deterioration, including crack formation, erosion, and partial debonding, particularly after 1000 cycles. These findings highlight the material and interfacial vulnerabilities of silicone-based medical devices under prolonged sterilization protocols. Full article

The utility of nanostructured TiO₂ in the degradation of organic compounds and the disinfection of pathogenic microorganisms represents an important endeavor in photocatalysis. However, the low photocatalytic efficiency of TiO₂ remains challenging. Herein, we report a robust photocatalytic route to benzene removal rendered by enhancing its adsorption capacity via rationally designed mesoporous SiO₂-coated TiO₂ colloids. Specifically, amorphous, mesoporous SiO₂-coated TiO₂ nanoparticles (denoted T@S NPs) are produced via a precipitation-gel-hydrothermal approach, possessing an increased specific surface area over pristine TiO₂ NPs for improved adsorption of benzene. Notably, under UV irradiation, the degradation rate of benzene by T@S NPs reaches 89% within 30 min, representing a 3.1-fold increase over that achieved by pristine TiO₂. Moreover, a 99.5% degradation rate within 60 min is achieved and maintains a stable photocatalytic activity over five cycles. Surface coating of TiO₂ with amorphous SiO₂ imparts the T@S composite NPs nearly neutral characteristic due to the formation of Ti-O-Si bonds, while manifesting enhanced light harvesting, excellent stability, adhesion, and photocatalytic bacteriostatic effects. Our study underscores the potential of T@S composites for practical applications in photocatalysis over pristine counterparts. Full article

(1) Background: This study aimed to compare alveolar bone preservation and early healing outcomes following a comprehensive laser-assisted post-extraction protocol compared to conventional extraction alone. In addition, the potential influence of serum vitamin D levels on bone regeneration was assessed. (2) Methods: Thirty tooth extractions were performed and randomized into two groups: a test group (G1, n =15) and a control group (G2, n = 15). G1 received a laser-assisted protocol using Er:YAG and Nd:YAG lasers for granulation tissue removal, socket disinfection, clot stabilization, de-epithelialization, and photobiomodulation (PBM) with the Genova handpiece (LightWalker, Fotona, Slovenia). G2 underwent standard mechanical extractions and socket debridement without laser. (3) Results: Procedures in G1 were on average 8.7 min longer, but patients in this group reported significantly lower postoperative pain during the first three days (p < 0.05). A statistically significant difference in alveolar height was observed at the distal lingual site (25.4 mm vs. 21.7 mm; p = 0.046), with other sites showing a trend toward significance. Cumulative bone preservation, measured by Bone Loss Index (BLI4), was significantly better in the laser group. Notably, a positive correlation was found between serum vitamin D levels and bone preservation: each 1 ng/mL increase in vitamin D corresponded to a 0.18 mm gain in alveolar height (p = 0.021). (4) Conclusions: The comprehensive laser-assisted post-extraction protocol reduced postoperative pain and improved alveolar bone preservation, particularly at the lingual distal site. Serum vitamin D levels positively correlated with healing outcomes, suggesting a potential synergistic role of systemic and local regenerative factors. Full article

Exposure to microorganisms can significantly impact well-being and, more importantly, human health. A frequently overlooked aspect of indoor air quality (IAQ) research is the risk posed by harmful biological agents transported through the air in the form of biological aerosols. Given that healthcare facilities create environments with an increased risk of infection transmission, monitoring IAQ and reducing microbiological contamination have become global public health challenges. This paper presents a literature review, focusing on the current state of knowledge regarding microbiological air quality in healthcare settings. The analysis confirms that Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus are among the most prevalent airborne pathogens in healthcare facilities. The review also underlines the necessity for harmonized guidelines and integrated air quality management strategies to reduce microbial contamination effectively. Finally, the review compiles data on microorganism concentration levels and influencing factors. The present study highlights that implementing standardized monitoring and effective air filtration and disinfection methods is essential to improving microbiological air quality and enhancing patient safety. The sources analyzed in this review were collected from databases such as PubMed, ScienceDirect, ResearchGate, and Web of Science, considering only English-language publications. The studies cited were conducted in multiple countries across different regions, providing a comprehensive global perspective on the issue. Full article

Nowadays, members of the genus Enterobacter have been documented as human and aquaculture pathogens. To date, no reports have described Enterobacter bugandensis infecting Hippocampus abdominalis. In the present study, an isolate of E. bugandensis, designated H4, was identified as a causative pathogen in cultured H. abdominalis following Koch’s postulate, and its virulence properties were further described. The isolate’s genome consisted of a single circular chromosome and harbored several virulence and resistance genes, including, but not limited to, csgG, acrB, hcp, gndA, galF, rpoS, fur, rcsB, and phoP involved in adherence, antimicrobial activity, effector delivery systems, immune modulation, and regulation, as well as baeR, blaACT-49, ramA, hns, ftsI, acrA, gyrA, fabI, crp, oqxB, parE, gyrB, phoP, rpoB, tuf, ptsI, and fosA2 functioning against aminoglycoside, cephamycin, disinfecting agent and antiseptic, fluoroquinolone, macrolide, peptide, and other antimicrobials. Additionally, the isolate exhibited multiple resistance to cephalosporins, penicillins, and tetracyclines and demonstrated a median lethal dose (LD₅₀) of 4.47 × 10⁵ CFU/mL in H. abdominalis. To our knowledge, this is the first study to describe E. bugandensis infecting H. abdominalis. These findings highlight the zoonotic potential of E. bugandensis and underscore the need for targeted health management in seahorse farming. Full article

Novel infection control practices are necessary to reduce the incidence of healthcare-associated infections (HAIs). Since 2007, probiotic-based cleaning solutions have been proposed as an alternative to traditional methods using disinfectants and detergents in healthcare settings, including hospitals. We conducted a comprehensive search across Google Scholar, PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science resources. Studies that assessed the reduction in pathogens on surfaces and the emergence of HAIs after the use of probiotic-based cleaning solutions were eligible for evaluation. A total of 16 studies (13 in clinical settings and 3 on experimental surfaces) were included. The Staphylococcus species were most commonly identified before and after the use of probiotic-based cleaning solutions. All studies showed numerically lower pathogen counts and fewer HAIs after using probiotic-based cleaning solutions compared to disinfectants and detergents. Three studies indicated a reduction in antimicrobial resistance genes after use of probiotic-based cleaning solutions. One of these showed statistically significant differences compared to traditional disinfectants (alcohol, amines, and quaternary ammonium compounds) and detergents (non-ionic and anionic surfactants). The results of the included studies suggest the consideration of probiotic-based cleaning solutions for infection control in healthcare systems. However, given the novelty of this approach, further studies are needed to verify the evaluated findings and investigate the short- and long-term effectiveness, and safety of probiotic-based cleaning solutions on infection control practices in healthcare settings. Full article

Onychomycosis is a prevalent and clinically relevant complication among individuals with diabetes. It is associated with an elevated risk of secondary fungal and bacterial infections, foot ulceration, and, in advanced cases, amputation. Factors contributing to the increased prevalence of onychomycosis in this population include age, peripheral vascular disease, poor glycemic control, neuropathy, suboptimal foot hygiene, and nail trauma. While dermatophytes are the most common pathogens, diabetic patients are more prone to mixed infections involving Candida species with varying antifungal susceptibility profiles, necessitating accurate identification to guide therapy. Prompt diagnosis and early intervention are important to prevent complications. Systemic antifungals such as terbinafine and itraconazole are considered first-line therapies, particularly for moderate to severe onychomycosis. However, drug interactions, renal, hepatic, and metabolic comorbidities may necessitate individualized treatment plans. For patients with mild to moderate disease, or contraindications to oral therapy, topical agents such as efinaconazole or tavaborole offer viable alternatives. Adjunctive measures, including education on foot hygiene, prompt treatment of tinea pedis, and environmental sanitization, are important in preventing recurrence and reinfection. This review summarizes the epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment considerations for onychomycosis in diabetic patients, emphasizing the need for individualized care to improve outcomes in this high-risk population. Full article

Ensuring the safe reuse or discharge of treated wastewater is critical to achieving environmental sustainability, particularly in regions facing growing water stress. This study introduces a biological approach using Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) biofilm formation as an indicator of treated wastewater quality from three wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in Deep East Texas. Treated wastewater samples were collected from chlorine and sulfur dioxide treatment stages at WWTPs in Nacogdoches, San Augustine, and San Jacinto counties. We assessed biofilm development through optical density and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and evaluated changes in key anions (F⁻, Cl⁻, NO₂⁻, Br⁻, NO₃⁻, PO₄³⁻, and SO₄²⁻) using ion chromatography (IC). A two-tailed Student’s t-test was used to evaluate statistical significance (p ≤ 0.05). Remarkably, biofilm formation occurred in all samples, including those treated with chemical disinfectants, suggesting that microbial activity can still occur post-disinfection. Ion shifts, particularly the depletion of F⁻, NO₃⁻, and SO₄²⁻ and the release of Cl⁻, NO₂⁻, and PO₄³⁻, highlighted active microbial processes. These findings suggest that Bt biofilms can serve as sensitive, low-cost tools to monitor treated wastewater, offering critical insights into potential reuse risks and supporting more sustainable water management. Full article

The growing prevalence of bacteria resistant to antibiotics and conventional disinfectants is a cause for concern and underscores the necessity of developing new strategies to prevent the transmission of microorganisms. To this end, nanocrystalline Cu, Au, and Ag nanoparticles were employed to fabricate various coatings using the sputtering technique. Then, the antibacterial activity of the coatings against Gram-negative Escherichia coli and Gram-positive Staphylocococcus epidermidis was investigated. The coating obtained by co-sputtering of Au, Ag, and Cu exhibited the most pronounced antibacterial properties. This coating was applied to disposable BIC ballpoint pens, which were subsequently used by clients in two public institutions. After three months of regular use, the antibacterial properties of the coatings were re-evaluated. It was confirmed that this coating led to a significant reduction (log5 CFU/mL) in the bacterial presence on the treated surface within 0.5 h. These results support further investigation into the underlying mechanism, which is likely based on the synergistic interaction of the employed noble metal nanoparticles. Full article

Background/Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate longitudinal changes in the subgingival microbiome over 12 months following non-surgical periodontal treatment, with or without adjunctive systemic antibiotics, in patients with stage III/IV periodontitis and peripheral artery disease. Materials: After randomizing patients to full-mouth mechanical debridement with/without adjunctive systemic antibiotics (PT1/PT2 group) or no subgingival debridement (control group), periodontal probing depths were measured, scores for ‘periodontal inflamed surface area’ (PISA) obtained, and subgingival plaque samples collected at baseline and during the 3-month and 12-month follow-up visits. Next-generation 16S DNA sequencing was used to characterize the microbiota of the samples for alpha/beta diversity and differentially abundant taxa. Results: Complete data was available for 76 patients. At 3 months, shallow (≤3.4 mm) or advanced (≥5.5 mm) pockets were significantly more, or less, prevalent in the PT1 than in the control group (p = 0.013/0.004). Microbiologically, the PT1 group was even more distinct, being associated with statistically significant changes over time (in alpha/beta diversity and differential taxa abundances) not seen in the PT2 and control groups. Conclusions: Although non-surgical treatment can reduce periodontal inflammation with or without antibiotics, subgingival microbial diversity can only be sustainably affected, and periodontitis-associated microbiota reduced, in the presence of adjunctive systemic antibiotics. Full article

The development of efficient photocatalytic materials for waterborne pathogen inactivation and self-cleaning surfaces in biomedical applications remains a critical challenge due to the rising prevalence of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria. This study systematically investigates the structural, optical, and photocatalytic disinfection properties of graphitic carbon nitride (g-C₃N₄) synthesized at variable temperatures (450–600 °C) and doped with transition metals (Mn, Co, Cu). Through FTIR and UV/Vis spectroscopy, we demonstrate that synthesis temperatures between 450 and 550 °C yield a well-ordered polymeric network with enhanced π-conjugation and charge separation, while 600 °C induces structural degradation. Metal doping with Mn and Co significantly enhances photocatalytic disinfection, achieving complete E. coli inactivation (6-log reduction) within 6 h via optimized reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. The best material (g-C₃N₄ synthesized at 500 °C and doped with Mn) was integrated into sodium alginate hydrogel surfaces, demonstrating reusable self-cleaning functionality with sustained bactericidal activity (5.9-log CFU/mL reduction after five cycles). This work provides a roadmap for tailoring metal-doped g-C₃N₄ composites for practical antimicrobial applications, emphasizing the interplay between synthesis parameters, ROS dynamics, and real-world performance. Full article

The energy self-sufficiency of wastewater treatment plants has become an essential aspect of sustainable water and energy resource management. On the other hand, due to the expansion of urban conglomerations and agricultural activities, as well as more frequent and erratic meteorological phenomena (e.g., droughts), the majority of EU nations are confronted with water scarcity and the deterioration of water quality. As a consequence, EU member states pledged to implement “tertiary treatment” in all municipal wastewater treatment facilities by the end of 2040. This publication presents an analysis of the efficiency of an energy-efficient gravity cloth disk filter used for treating municipal wastewater in a treatment plant located in a tourist resort in Poland, operating under variable hydraulic loading conditions. Gravity cloth disk filters appear to be the least energy-consuming. The energy consumption of disk filters was 13 Wh/m³ in 2024. The filter ensures the leveling of disturbances in the operation of earlier treatment stages, particularly in terms of retaining total suspended solids (TSSs). The achieved efficiency of TSS removal was 45%. The TSS value in the outflow from the filter did not exceed the limit value from the permit (35 mg/L). When operated correctly, additional filtration and disinfection may become essential components of a wastewater treatment plant, enabling the achievement of wastewater quality that supports water recovery for technological and agricultural purposes, particularly in small, non-industrial areas. They should also consume less energy than other advanced technologies used in the third and fourth stages of wastewater treatment. Full article

Endotoxins, lipopolysaccharides released from the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, pose a significant risk in healthcare environments, particularly in Central Sterile Supply Departments (CSSDs), where the delivery of sterile pyrogen-free medical devices is critical for patient safety. Traditional methods for controlling endotoxins in water systems, such as ultraviolet (UV) disinfection, have proven ineffective at reducing endotoxin concentrations to comply with regulatory standards (<0.25 EU/mL). This limitation presents a significant challenge, especially in the context of reverse osmosis (RO) permeate used in CSSDs, where water typically has very low conductivity. Despite the established importance of endotoxin removal, a gap in the literature exists regarding effective chemical-free methods that can meet the stringent endotoxin limits in such low-conductivity environments. This study addresses this gap by evaluating the effectiveness of the eBooster™ electrochemical technology—featuring proprietary electrode materials and a reactor design optimized for potable water—for endotoxin removal from water, specifically under the low-conductivity conditions typical of RO permeate. Laboratory experiments using the B250 reactor achieved >90% endotoxin reduction (from 1.2 EU/mL to <0.1 EU/mL) at flow rates ≤5 L/min and current densities of 0.45–2.7 mA/cm². Additional real-world testing at three hospitals showed that the eBooster™ unit, when installed in the RO tank recirculation loop, consistently reduced endotoxin levels from 0.76 EU/mL (with UV) to <0.05 EU/mL over 24 months of operation, while heterotrophic plate counts dropped from 190 to <1 CFU/100 mL. Statistical analysis confirmed the reproducibility and flow-rate dependence of the removal efficiency. Limitations observed included reduced efficacy at higher flow rates, the need for sufficient residence time, and a temporary performance decline after two years due to a power fault, which was promptly corrected. Compared to earlier approaches, eBooster™ demonstrated superior performance in low-conductivity environments without added chemicals or significant maintenance. These findings highlight the strength and novelty of eBooster™ as a reliable, chemical-free, and maintenance-friendly alternative to traditional UV disinfection systems, offering a promising solution for critical water treatment applications in healthcare environments. Full article

Superficial fungal infections of the feet, such as tinea pedis and onychomycosis, are highly prevalent and frequently recurrent, often due to persistent contamination of footwear, textiles, and foot care instruments. Despite growing concern over antifungal resistance, environmental sources of reinfection remain under-recognized in clinical practice. This review critically examines historical and contemporary methods used to sanitize shoes, socks, podiatric tools, and related materials. Evidence from peer-reviewed studies published between 1938 and 2025 was analyzed across multiple disinfection categories, including chemical agents, thermal methods, laundering, ultraviolet- and ozone-based technologies, antimicrobial textiles, and sterilization protocols. Findings reveal a range of efficacies, limitations, and practical considerations across methods, with steam sterilization emerging as the most reliable for reusable instruments. A multifaceted approach combining pharmacologic treatment with consistent environmental hygiene is essential for breaking reinfection cycles and reducing antifungal resistance. This review highlights the need for clinical education and research into scalable, effective disinfection strategies. Full article

In vitro propagation of avocado faces several limitations. To optimize the establishment phase, we evaluated three plant material types: etiolated shoots, 30-day covered field shoots, and uncovered field shoots, collected at two time points. Biochemical and anatomical analyses were conducted to understand material performance during establishment. Across both collection times, etiolated shoots exhibited minimal oxidation, enhanced bud sprouting, reduced malondialdehyde (MDA) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, increased peroxidase (POD) activity, and improved xylem development, consistently outperforming field-derived materials. Using etiolated shoots, we optimized disinfection and in vitro multiplication protocols. Pre-disinfection with 3 mL L⁻¹ Phyton 27^® and 2% sodium hypochlorite yielded the highest survival rates. In multiplication experiments, varying concentrations of 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) and meta-topolin (MT), supplemented with gibberellic acid (GA₃), did not significantly affect growth variation. However, 8.88 µM BAP with 0.29 µM GA₃ resulted in the greatest number of sprouted buds. Full article