Search Results (4,691)

Background/Objectives: D-dimer, a fibrin degradation product, is associated with tumor growth and metastasis. In breast cancer, high concentrations of D-dimer are linked to more advanced disease stages and metastatic spread. This research aimed to examine the relevance of D-dimer levels in estrogen and progesterone hormone receptor (HR)-positive breast cancer. Methods: This retrospective single-center cohort study included patients with HR-positive breast carcinoma who underwent adjuvant or palliative radiotherapy in Türkiye. Pre- and post-radiotherapy blood test results, including D-dimer levels, were required. D-dimer, lymphocyte percentage, and interleukin-6 levels were measured for evaluation. All statistical analyses were performed using R software (version 4.4.2) to evaluate associations between D-dimer levels and other laboratory parameters. Univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression were performed to identify prognostic factors for progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS). Statistical significance was defined as p < 0.05. Results: Elevated D-dimer levels were associated with worse Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status, advanced disease stages, metastasis, elevated IL-6 and CRP levels, and lower lymphocyte counts. Pre-RT D-dimer was a strong prognostic factor. Patients with D-dimer ≤ 0.3 µg/mL showed significantly superior OS and PFS (>60 months; p < 0.001), with only one event, and this remained significant in multivariate analysis (OS: HR 4.55, 95% CI 1.89–11.3; p = 0.002; PFS: HR 3.43, 95% CI 1.54–7.8; p = 0.004). Similarly, D-dimer ≤ 0.5 µg/mL was associated with improved OS (4/72 vs. 19/40 events; p < 0.001) and longer PFS, confirmed in multivariate analysis (OS: HR 4.37, 95% CI 1.72–9.86; p = 0.002; PFS: HR 3.88, 95% CI 1.67–9.1; p = 0.003), whereas levels > 0.5 µg/mL predicted worse outcomes. Using a 0.65 µg/mL cutoff, patients with D-dimer > 0.65 µg/mL had significantly shorter OS (median 25.5 months; 95% CI, 18–NA) compared with those ≤0.65 µg/mL (median not reached; p < 0.001), and this remained independently significant (OS: HR 5.10, 95% CI 1.9–13.6; p < 0.001; PFS: HR 4.68, 95% CI 1.83–11.9; p = 0.002). Conclusions: D-dimer is an accessible, non-invasive biomarker with predictive and prognostic significance in HR-positive breast cancer. Elevated D-dimer levels are suggestive of a more aggressive disease and poorer survival outcomes. This has the potential to facilitate early assessment of treatment efficacy and disease progression. This study has several limitations. Its retrospective, single-center design may introduce selection bias and limit generalizability. Although the sample size was sufficient to detect significant associations, validation in larger, multi-center cohorts is warranted to confirm the prognostic value of D-dimer. Full article

Streptococcus suis is one of the most important zoonotic pathogens threatening the lives of pigs and humans. Increasingly severe antimicrobial resistance in S. suis is becoming a global issue. Therefore, there is an urgent need to discover novel antibacterial alternatives for the treatment of S. suis infections. The current study investigated aurisin A, an aristolane dimer sesquiterpene isolated from the luminescent mushroom Neonothopanus nambi Speg. (Marasmiaceae), against S. suis. The minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and minimal bactericidal concentrations (MBCs) of aurisin A against S. suis strains were in the range of 1.94–62.5 μg/mL. Scanning electron microscopy showed that aurisin A induced alterations in the cellular structure of S. suis, including a significantly wrinkled surface, intracellular content leakage, and cell lysis. The crystal violet staining assay illustrated that aurisin A significantly inhibited biofilm formation of S. suis strains at sub-MICs and exhibited strong degrading activity against the preformed biofilms. Aurisin A significantly inhibited the adhesion, cell death, and cytotoxic activities of S. suis in lung epithelial cells in a concentration-dependent manner. Additionally, aurisin A significantly reduced the hemolytic effect of S. suis on defibrillated sheep blood, indicating protective activity of aurisin A against this bacteria. Taken together, these findings highlight aurisin A as a promising therapeutic candidate for the treatment of S. suis infections, with key roles in inhibiting biofilm formation and hemolytic activity, as well as providing protective effects to epithelial cells, including anti-adhesion, anti-cytotoxicity, and anti-cell death activities. Full article

Osteoarthritis is associated with chronic inflammation, which contributes to a hypercoagulable state. Oxidative stress may further disrupt homeostatic balance, thereby promoting thrombotic events. This study evaluated the association between biomarkers of oxidative stress, inflammation, haemostasis, and bone metabolism in patients with spinal osteoarthritis. A total of 48 patients were included. The levels of inflammatory, bone turnover, haematological, and coagulation biomarkers were determined using standard laboratory methods. Redox status was assessed via prooxidant–antioxidant balance (PAB) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity. Patients with elevated PAB showed significantly higher erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) (p = 0.005), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) (p = 0.003) and fibrinogen levels (p = 0.006) and platelet count (p = 0.040), along with lower 25-OH vitamin D levels (p = 0.045) and shortened PT (p = 0.008) and aPTT (p = 0.017). In low oxidative stress states (PAB < 100 U/L), significant correlations were observed among redox, coagulation, and bone turnover markers, whereas in high oxidative stress (PAB ≥ 100 U/L), it was characterised by predominant associations between redox and bone turnover biomarkers. Patients with grade V disc degeneration had a significantly higher probability of elevated D-dimer levels compared to those with grade IV (OR = 5.440; p = 0.009). In addition, elevated D-dimer levels were associated with increased ESR (p = 0.015), IL-6 (p = 0.016) and ALP levels (p = 0.034). The associations between biomarkers of redox status, inflammation, coagulation and bone turnover are influenced by the extent of oxidative stress. Our results suggest that PAB and D-dimer may serve as potential biomarkers for disease severity and thrombotic risk. Further studies are needed to confirm these preliminary findings. Full article

Vitamin D deficiency is common in hospitalized COVID-19 patients and is associated with increased severity. However, single-biomarker approaches provide insufficient prognostic precision. We developed an integrative inflammatory-metabolic risk index combining vitamin D status, systemic inflammation, and coagulation activation. This is a prospective cohort study of 512 hospitalized COVID-19 patients (September 2022–December 2023) with serum 25(OH)D3 measurement at admission. The primary analysis (N = 301) included patients with complete data for VDIBS-Core components (CRP, ferritin, D-dimer, LDH). The Vitamin D Inflammatory Burden Score-Core (VDIBS-Core; range 0–7) integrated the following: (1) vitamin D tier (deficient < 30 nmol/L: 3 points; insufficient 30–50: 2; non-optimal 50–75: 1; sufficient > 75: 0), (2) inflammation score (CRP ≥ 100, ferritin ≥ 1000 each +1 point; 0–2 total), and (3) coagulation score (D-dimer ≥ 1000, LDH ≥ 3–6 or ≥ 6 each +0–2 points; 0–2 total). The IL-6 measurement (N = 48, 9.4%) was explored separately as VDIBS-Plus in the secondary analysis. The outcomes were severe COVID-19 (defined as the worst severity classification during hospitalization per WHO criteria), ICU admission, and mortality. The mean vitamin D was 63.4 ± 33.2 nmol/L (68.1% deficient). Among N = 301 with complete VDIBS-Core data, severe disease occurred in 221 (73.4%), ICU admission in 15 (5.0%), and mortality in 8 (2.7%). VDIBS-Core risk stratification showed the following: low-risk (VDIBS 0–2, n = 178) 8.4% severe; moderate-risk (VDIBS 3–5, n = 245) 45.7% severe; and high-risk (VDIBS 6–7, n = 89) 78.6% severe; χ² = 142.3, p < 0.001. VDIBS-Core predicted severe disease with AUC 0.78 (95% CI 0.74–0.82), with excellent calibration (Hosmer–Lemeshow p = 0.40). When compared to complex multivariate models incorporating all seven individual biomarkers, VDIBS-Core demonstrated equivalent discrimination (AUC 0.82, Δ = 0.04, p = 0.08, not statistically significant) with superior clinical simplicity. Bootstrap internal validation confirmed modest optimism (optimism-corrected AUC 0.76). An incremental value analysis demonstrated that the vitamin D component contributes a significant additional predictive value compared to inflammation/coagulation biomarkers alone (LR test p = 0.004). VDIBS-Core provides bedside-implementable risk stratification using three simple components measurable in <5 min, integrating vitamin D-dependent immune regulation with systemic inflammation and coagulation activation. This composite approach offers a practical tool for treatment intensity escalation and monitoring frequency assignment in hospitalized COVID-19 patients. External validation in geographically diverse cohorts is required before widespread clinical implementation. Full article

Background. Non-O ABO blood groups are known to confer an increased risk of venous thromboembolism, primarily through higher circulating levels of von Willebrand factor and factor VIII. However, it remains unclear whether ABO type affects biochemical profiles at the time of presentation or alters the prognostic value of commonly used biomarkers in acute pulmonary embolism (PE). This study examined the relationship between ABO blood group, baseline biomarkers, and short-term clinical outcomes in patients with confirmed acute PE. Methods. We performed a retrospective cohort study of adults admitted with computed tomography pulmonary angiography-verified PE at a single tertiary center. Associations between biomarkers and clinical outcomes were assessed using logistic regression adjusted for age, sex, active cancer, chronic kidney disease, obesity, and ABO group. Interaction terms tested whether ABO type modified biomarker–outcome relationships. Results. Among 317 included patients (median age 69 years), in-hospital mortality was 11.0%; 29.6% experienced severe PE, 48.3% developed infection, and 11.7% developed sepsis. Baseline biomarker distributions were similar across ABO groups, and multivariable models showed no independent association between non-O type and biomarker levels. NT-proBNP, CRP, and procalcitonin predicted in-hospital mortality, while NT-proBNP, procalcitonin, and CK-MB predicted severe PE. CRP, procalcitonin, D-dimer, creatinine, and leukocyte count were associated with infectious and septic complications. ABO type did not meaningfully modify biomarker–outcome relationships, aside from one exploratory interaction for infection. Sensitivity analyses confirmed the robustness of these findings. Conclusions. ABO blood group did not influence baseline biomarker profiles or the prognostic performance of key biomarkers in acute PE. Early outcomes were instead driven by indicators of right ventricular strain, inflammation, and renal dysfunction. Full article

Networks of aromatic amino acid residues within microtubules, particularly those formed by tryptophan, may serve as pathways for optical information flow. Ultraviolet excitation dynamics in these networks are typically modeled with effective non-Hermitian Hamiltonians. By extending this approach to a Lindblad master equation that incorporates explicit site geometries and dipole orientations, we track how correlations are generated, routed, and dissipated, while capturing both energy dissipation and information propagation among coupled chromophores. We compare localized injections, fully delocalized preparations, and eigenmode-based initial states. To quantify the emerging quantum-informational structure, we evaluate the $L_1$ norm of coherence, the correlated coherence, and the logarithmic negativity within and between selected chromophore sub-networks. The results reveal a strong dependence of both the direction and persistence of information flow on the type of initial preparation. Superradiant components drive the rapid export of correlations to the environment, whereas subradiant components retain them and slow their leakage. Embedding single tubulin units into larger dimers and spirals reshapes pairwise correlation maps and enables site-selective routing. Scaling to larger ordered lattices strengthens both export and retention channels, whereas static energetic and structural disorder suppresses long-range transport and reduces overall correlation transfer. These findings provide a Lindbladian picture of information flow in cytoskeletal chromophore networks and identify structural and dynamical conditions that transiently preserve nonclassical correlations in microtubules. Full article

Background: The SARS-CoV-2 3CLpro is essential for viral replication and an attractive target for antiviral intervention. While most strategies target the catalytic site, recent studies suggest that the dimerization interface and cryptic allosteric pockets offer alternative mechanisms for inhibition. Objective: This study investigated lipid metabolites from the marine sediment-derived Streptomyces sp. DSD454^T as potential multi-site 3CLpro inhibitors. Methods: Metabolites were extracted from cultured biomass and characterized using LCMS-QTOF, MS/MS (LCMS-TQ), and ¹H NMR, with identities confirmed against authentic standards. 3CLpro inhibition was assessed using a FRET-based assay, and ligand–protein interactions were evaluated through molecular docking and MM/GBSA calculations. Lipid content and comparative lipidomic signatures were examined across bioactive Streptomyces strains through LCMS-TQ and BODIPY^TM 493/503 staining. Results: Palmitoleic and linoleic acids were identified as major constituents and inhibited SARS-CoV-2 3CLpro with IC₅₀ values of 1.59 µg/mL (6.25 µM) and 5.29 µg/mL (18.88 µM). Molecular docking predicted that both fatty acids bind not only to the catalytic site but also to the dimerization interface and cryptic allosteric pocket. Additional lipids, including 9-heptadecenoic acid, linolenic acid, 9-HODE, and monoacylglycerols such as aggrecerides A–C and glyceryl-based lipids, showed similarly favorable multi-site binding profiles. Streptomyces sp. DSD454^T also exhibited substantial lipid accumulation (~63% of crude extract). Across bioactive Streptomyces strains, a conserved lipid signature correlated strongly with 3CLpro inhibition. Conclusions: This study highlights the potential of microbial lipids as promising scaffolds for developing catalytic and allosteric SARS-CoV-2 3CLpro inhibitors and underscore marine Streptomyces as a valuable source of structurally simple yet mechanistically versatile antiviral metabolites. Full article

Analogs of tricyclic thiopurine nucleosides combine structural features of endogenous DNA adducts with efficient photosensitizing chromophores, making them valuable models for studying nucleic acid damage induced by reactive oxygen species (ROS). In this work, we investigate the photochemical properties of two tricyclic guanosine derivatives, 9-thio-1,N²-ethenoguanosine and 6-methyl-9-thio-1,N²-ethenoguanosine, under UVA irradiation. We characterize their excited-state behavior, their ability to generate singlet oxygen (¹O₂) and superoxide radicals (O₂^●−), and the resulting oxidative transformation pathways. Both compounds are photochemically stable under anaerobic conditions but undergo efficient oxygen-dependent phototransformation, yielding a diverse set of oxidative and dimeric photoproducts. Product analysis reveals that singlet oxygen mediates desulfurization, ring opening, and extensive sulfur oxidation, whereas radical pathways involving superoxide lead exclusively to dimer formation. Importantly, the triplet excited states of these tricyclic thiopurines are not quenched by natural nucleosides, allowing both Type I and Type II photosensitizing pathways to operate in nucleic-acid-like environments. These results provide molecular-level insight into ROS-induced purine damage and highlight tricyclic thiopurines as effective photosensitizers of oxidative DNA and RNA damage. Full article

Background/Objectives: This study aims to assess the relation between the ADA score with the severity of pneumonia, as evaluated by chest tomography using a severity score. Methods: In this observational study we enrolled 350 consecutive adult patients (≥18 years) with COVID-19-related severe acute pneumonia requiring hospitalization, consecutively admitted to non-intensive care unit (ICU) medical wards from April 2020 to March 2022. A standard high-resolution chest computed tomography (HRCT) was performed in all cases with a multidetector CT scanner without intravenous contrast injection, except in case of suspicion of pulmonary embolism. The ADA score and semi-quantitative 25-point CT Severity Score (CTSS) were calculated for all patients. Results: A total of 350 COVID-19 patients (154 males (44%) and 196 females (56%)) were recruited. A logistic regression analysis showed that CTSS is statistically associated with the ADA score (Exp(B): 1.116; 95% CI: 1.027–1.212; p = 0.009) and the need for ICU (Exp(B): 8.719; 95% CI: 2.994–25.390; p < 0.001), while the linear regression analysis showed a relation between the CTSS and ADA score, GFR and CRP (p = 0.003) (predictors: ADA score [β coeff 0.276; 95% CI: 0.041–−0.402; p = 0.017], GFR [β coeff −0.219; 95% CI: −0.095–−0.001; p = 0.045], CRP [β coeff −0.226; IC 95% −0.077–−0.001; p = 0.044]). Furthermore, a ROC curve analysis determined the optimal ADA score cut-off values for predicting severe CT findings at 44.5 (sensibility: 0.971; 1-specificity: 0.670; AUC: 0.750; SE 0.039; p < 0.001; 95% CI: 0.674–0.826; Youden’s J index= 0.301). Conclusions: This study highlights the potential clinical utility of integrating laboratory- and imaging-based scores for a comprehensive assessment of patients hospitalized with SARS-CoV-2 infection. The combined use of these scores may enable a more accurate identification of patients with extensive pulmonary involvement and an increased prothrombotic burden at hospital admission, facilitating the early recognition of high-risk patients. Full article

Background: Early mortality risk stratification is essential in acute pulmonary embolism (PE). Integrating clinical variables with biomarkers may enhance prognostic accuracy beyond established tools. Methods: In a retrospective cohort of 322 patients with confirmed acute PE, we evaluated syncope, right-ventricular (RV) dysfunction, systolic blood pressure (SBP) and biochemical markers as candidate predictors of in-hospital mortality. A penalized logistic regression model using LASSO (least absolute shrinkage and selection operator) was developed and internally validated with five-fold cross-validation and 200 bootstrap repetitions. Discrimination, calibration and clinical utility were assessed using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC), Brier score and decision-curve analysis (DCA). Results: In-hospital mortality was 5.6% (n = 18). LASSO retained four predictors: syncope, RV dysfunction, lower SBP and higher troponin levels. The optimism-corrected AUC was 0.70 (95% CI 0.63–0.77), with strong calibration (Brier score 0.066). DCA showed that the model provided greater net benefit than treat-all, treat-none, and sPESI strategies across threshold probabilities of approximately 7–25%, supporting its potential value for early triage. NT-proBNP, D-dimer and lactate did not add incremental predictive information after penalization. Conclusions: A simple, interpretable model integrating clinical parameters and troponin demonstrates good predictive performance and favorable clinical utility for early mortality risk estimation in acute PE. External validation is required before broader implementation. Full article

Background/Objectives: Post-cardiac arrest syndrome (PCAS) induces systemic ischemia–reperfusion injury accompanied by sepsis-like coagulopathy. This coagulopathy presents heterogeneously, yet distinct coagulation phenotypes and their impact on hypoxic–ischemic brain injury (HIBI) remain poorly defined. We aimed to identify coagulation phenotypes using latent class analysis (LCA) and assess their association with 6-month neurological outcomes. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed adult out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) patients treated with targeted temperature management (TTM) between 2011 and 2019 from a prospective registry at a tertiary academic center. LCA was performed using coagulation biomarkers measured at admission and 24 h post-return of spontaneous circulation: D-dimer, fibrinogen, antithrombin III (ATIII), platelet count, and PT-INR. The primary outcome was poor neurological outcome (Cerebral Performance Category 3–5) at 6 months. Secondary outcomes included in-hospital mortality and cerebral edema severity assessed by gray-to-white matter ratio (GWR) on brain CT. Results: Among 325 patients, LCA identified three phenotypes: Class 1 (Preserved Coagulation, 36.9%), Class 2 (Hypercoagulable State, 41.5%) characterized by elevated D-dimer with preserved fibrinogen and ATIII, and Class 3 (Consumptive Coagulopathy, 21.5%) marked by profound D-dimer elevation with fibrinogen <150 mg/dL and ATIII <60%. Class 3 exhibited the lowest GWR and highest neuron-specific enolase levels. In multivariable analysis adjusting for age, low-flow time, initial rhythm, and lactate, Class 3 independently predicted poor neurological outcome (adjusted OR 4.52; 95% CI 2.15–9.48), whereas Class 2 did not. Conclusions: PCAS-related coagulopathy is heterogeneous. A consumptive coagulopathy phenotype identifies a high-risk subgroup associated with severe brain injury and poor long-term neurological outcomes. Early identification of this phenotype may enable targeted prognostication and guide future phenotype-specific interventional strategies.: Full article

Mental disorders, including anxiety, depression, and bipolar disorder, are frequently associated with metabolic, inflammatory, and behavioral alterations that modulate their clinical expression and increase the risk of physical comorbidities. This cross-sectional study aimed to characterize the profile of inflammatory, metabolic, and cardiac biomarkers in individuals with mental disorders compared to healthy controls, also considering anthropometric and lifestyle indicators. Fifty volunteers were evaluated and distributed into four groups: control, anxiety, depression, and bipolar disorder. All participants completed the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale—21 items (DASS-21) and underwent blood collection for the assessment of inflammatory biomarkers such as C-Reactive Protein and its high-sensitivity detection (CRP/hs-CRP), Interleukins (IL-6, IL-1β) and Tumor Necrosis Factor alpha (TNF-α), metabolic biomarkers (vitamin D, cortisol, and D-dimer), and cardiac biomarkers such as N-terminal pro-B-type Natriuretic Peptide (NT-proBNP), Creatine Kinase—MB (CK-MB), troponin I (cTnI), and myoglobin (Myo). The results showed a significantly higher body mass index (BMI) in clinical groups, particularly in groups with anxiety and depression. Biomarker analyses revealed significant differences in groups with mental disorders. Elevated levels of CRP (p = 0.0038), hs-CRP (p = 0.0048), and IL-6 (p = 0.0030) were identified in the anxiety group, while the depression group was characterized by reduced vitamin D levels (p = 0.0302). Individuals with bipolar disorder presented significantly higher levels of CK-MB (p = 0.0016), CRP (p < 0.0001), IL-6 (p = 0.0198), and IL-1β (p = 0.0067). It was also observed that most individuals with mental disorders did not engage in physical activity. This inactivity was associated with worse emotional scores, higher systemic inflammation, and vitamin D deficiency. These findings reinforce the existence of an integrated axis between metabolism, inflammation, and behavior, in which excess weight, sedentary lifestyle, and nutritional deficiencies synergistically contribute to the maintenance of psychiatric symptoms and metabolic vulnerability. Integrating biomarkers, BMI, and behavioral factors may aid in identifying clinical subphenotypes and guiding more precise and individualized therapeutic strategies. Full article

Background/Objectives: Atrial fibrillation (AF) is currently the most common arrhythmia worldwide, and it is linked to increased mortality and morbidity, hence the need for a better clinical stratification of AF patients. Histone complexes or nucleosomes, released into the blood circulation, are found elevated in acute conditions such as stroke, trauma, and sepsis. The aim of this pilot single-centre study was to assess whether circulating histone levels could be used for diagnostic purposes in patients with AF. Methods: A total of 40 patients, well characterised for their biochemical and clinical characteristics, were recruited from outpatient clinics. Patients were randomly recruited into two groups (n = 20 per group), i.e., persistent AF and hypertensive controls. A multi-channel flow imaging methodology based on ImageStreamX was used with a well-optimised protocol to image and quantify five individual histones (H2A, H2B, H3, H4, and macroH2A1.1) together with the dimers (H2A/H2B, and H3/H4). Results: In the AF groups, plasma levels of histone dimers H2A/H2B and H3/H4 were elevated compared to hypertensive controls, 1.8% vs. 1.06% (p-value = 0.03). H2A/H2B dimer levels were increased in AF patients irrespective of gender, smoking status, diabetes, and pharmacological therapy. In the overall population, an inverse correlation between H2A and BMI was detected. Conclusions: Our pilot study, although limited in sample size, suggests that circulating histone complexes may be epigenetic sentinels for AF, offering mechanistic insights while addressing unmet needs in risk stratification. Full article

The research aimed to evaluate the effect of high monounsaturated cold-pressed oil addition on the inhibition of refined rapeseed oil degradation during heating at frying temperature. Cold-pressed rapeseed, coriander seed, and apricot kernel oils were added in amounts of 5 and 25%. Refined rapeseed oil without additives and refined rapeseed oil supplemented with tert-butylhydroquinone (TBHQ) were negative and positive control samples, respectively. Blends were heated in a thin layer at 170 and 200 °C. Considering the increase in total polar compounds (TPCs) and oxidized triacylglycerol monomer (oxTAG) content, natural additives demonstrated protective properties and were more effective than the TBHQ additive, especially at 200 °C. The lowest increases in TPC and oxTAG were found in AO5% at 170 °C (10.17% and 1.40 mg/g oil, respectively) and in AO25% at 200 °C (5.71% and 47.53 mg/g oil, respectively). The presence of triacylglycerol (TAG) dimers was found only in samples heated at 200 °C, and the lowest was in the sample with 25% coriander oil. It can be concluded that the addition of cold-pressed oils limited the TAG oxidation process. The addition of 25% coriander oil was effective in inhibiting the TAG polymerization process, and it may be a powerful alternative to synthetic antioxidants in improving stabilization of frying oils. Full article

The ligand-driven self-assembly of metal clusters offers a powerful strategy for constructing discrete molecular architectures with tunable magnetic and structural properties. By judiciously selecting appropriate multidentate ligands, researchers can direct the formation of polynuclear metal assemblies with diverse nuclearities, geometries, and topologies. Coordination-driven processes commonly stabilize such assemblies where multidentate ligands operate as templates and linkers. These will also determine how the metal centers are arranged in space and how they connect to each other. These clusters can take on shapes that range from basic bridging dimers to more complicated icosahedral and cubane-type motifs. They often have excellent symmetry and strong frameworks. Magnetically, these clusters are a great place to study exchange interactions, spin frustration, and the behavior of single-molecule magnets (SMMs). The magnetic characteristics depend on things like the type of metal ions, the bridging ligands, the overall shape, and the local coordination environment. Interestingly, a large number of ligand-assembled clusters exhibit high spin ground states and slow magnetization relaxation, which makes them attractive options for quantum information storage and molecular spintronic devices. This review connects coordination chemistry, supramolecular design, and molecular magnetism of pyridine–amine–carboxylate frameworks, offering insights into fundamental magnetic phenomena and guiding the development of next-generation functional materials. Continued exploration of ligand frameworks and metal combinations holds the potential to yield novel clusters with enhanced or unprecedented magnetic characteristics. Full article