Search Results (1,068)

Background/Objectives: Enteral nutrition (EN), delivered either exclusively (EEN) or partially (PEN) in combination with the Crohn’s Disease Exclusion Diet (CDED), represents an evidence-based dietary therapy for active Crohn’s Disease (CD), recommended in clinical guidelines. However, adherence to this therapy remains suboptimal among adult patients. This study aimed to explore the intention to repeat CDED & PEN alongside perceived factors affecting adherence to CDED & PEN in CD adult patients. Methods: A single-center, cross-sectional qualitative study was conducted between October 2025 and March 2026 at a private dietetic practice in Larissa, Greece. Semi-structured interviews were undertaken and analyzed using thematic analysis. Results: Out of the 88 patients screened, 15 adults with CD participated in semi-structured interviews. Four overarching themes emerged: (1) intention to repeat CDED & PEN, with all participants reporting willingness to repeat CDED & PEN in the event of future relapse; (2) barriers to CDED & PEN adherence, including challenges in social situations involving food; (3) facilitators of CDED & PEN adherence, such as improved symptom control and increased sense of security; and (4) dual factors affecting CDED & PEN adherence, whereby meal preparation demands, taste and variety, and social and environmental support acted as either facilitators or barriers against adherence depending on individual circumstances. Conclusions: Greek adults with CD showed strong willingness to reinitiate CDED & PEN during relapse. Addressing modifiable barriers, particularly dietary monotony and financial burden, alongside strengthening structured dietitian support and personalized dietary guidance, may help optimize adherence in clinical practice. Full article

Hypertension is the most common comorbidity in chronic kidney disease (CKD), affecting roughly 80–85% of patients overall and an even higher proportion in nondialysis CKD G3–G5. This narrative review examines whether, and under what clinical conditions, fruits, vegetables, and legumes can be used safely in adults with hypertensive CKD, especially nondialysis CKD G3–G5, as well as moderate to severe loss of kidney function, paying close attention to the gut microbiota, short-chain fatty acids, gut-derived uremic toxins, potassium bioavailability, and modifiable clinical risk factors. The clinical effect of plant foods on serum potassium cannot be predicted from total potassium content alone. The Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) 2024 guidelines explicitly advise individualized potassium management and emphasize limiting foods rich in bioavailable potassium, especially processed foods, rather than reflexively restricting fruits and vegetables. Across CKD studies, the association between dietary potassium and serum potassium is weak or inconsistent, and the risk of hyperkalemia is modified by kidney function, bowel function, metabolic acidosis, diabetes and hyperglycemia, medications, food processing, and the food matrix itself. Potassium bioavailability varies substantially according to the food matrix, preparation method, portion size, and processing method; some minimally processed plant foods may provide less readily absorbable potassium than potassium-rich processed foods, juices, or potassium additives. Fruits, vegetables, and legumes also provide fiber, resistant starch, and polyphenols that can support saccharolytic fermentation, short-chain fatty acid production, bowel transit, and lower concentrations of some gut-derived uremic toxins. However, blood-pressure and kidney-outcome benefits in CKD are supported more strongly by observational and selected alkali-diet trials than by large microbiome-focused randomized studies. In hypertensive CKD, fruits, vegetables, and legumes should not be universally restricted simply because they contain potassium. A safer and more evidence-aligned strategy is individualized, food-source-aware prescribing that prioritizes minimally processed plant foods, accounts for preparation method and portion size, corrects constipation and acidosis, reviews potassium-raising medications and additives, and monitors serum potassium according to baseline risk. Full article

Monensin supplementation in ruminant diets to improve energy efficiency also results in the excretion of this compound through manure. However, in sheep, monensin excretion rates remain unknown and are of concern due to the potential risks of environmental contamination, as well as possible impacts on waste treatment and recycling processes. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate monensin excretion in sheep manure and its influence on the anaerobic digestion of these residues when increasing dietary doses of monensin were administered. Sheep were fed 0, 8, 14, and 20 mg of monensin kg⁻¹ of dry matter intake, and the collected manure was used to prepare substrates for feeding biodigesters. The substrates were digested either as whole material or after sieving for separation and removal of the solid fraction and were maintained under anaerobic digestion for hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 20 and 30 days. Increasing monensin doses resulted in higher excretion rates, reaching 13.32%, 32.01%, and 34.57% for the 8, 14, and 20 mg doses, respectively. When fraction separation was performed prior to digestion, higher monensin concentrations were detected in the sieved substrates; however, the loading rates applied to the biodigesters were similar. During anaerobic digestion, fraction separation promoted greater reductions in volatile solids, with mean reductions of 47.88% and 53.30% for HRTs of 20 and 30 days, respectively. Consequently, biogas production potential increased, reaching 220.6 and 306.4 L kg⁻¹ VS, with methane concentrations of 72% and 69.87% for HRTs of 20 and 30 days, respectively. Both HRTs were effective in reducing monensin levels, achieving a minimum removal efficiency of 80.14% by the end of the digestion process. Under the conditions of this study, a 30-day HRT combined with prior solid–liquid separation improved biogas and methane production. However, further studies are needed to evaluate economic feasibility, scalability, operational costs, and management of the separated solid fraction. Full article

Oaxaca is one of the most biocultural diverse regions in Mexico. Although the white-nosed coati (Nasua narica L.; Procyonidae, Mammalia) is widely used by Indigenous and rural communities throughout the Neotropics, its role within subsistence hunting, traditional food systems, and local management practices in Oaxaca has remained undocumented. This study analyzes the biocultural significance of N. narica hunting and consumption among four Indigenous groups in northern Oaxaca. Data were collected through ethnographic techniques, i.e., semi-structured interviews with locals, ethnozoological field trips, and participatory workshops conducted with Zoque, Zapotec, Chinantec, and Mazatec communities. In addition, an extensive literature review was carried out to contextualize and compare the field data. N. narica hunting is predominantly diurnal and collective, frequently involving dogs (Canis lupus familiaris) and horses (Equus ferus caballus), and fulfills at least three functions, including food provisioning, crop protection, and limited wild meat trade. N. narica meat is incorporated into traditional diet and prepared in at least five culturally distinct culinary forms. The use of N. narica reflects complex ethnoecological knowledge and long-term human–fauna interactions embedded within Indigenous livelihoods. These findings underscore the relevance of a biocultural ethnoecological approach for understanding subsistence hunting, wild meat use, and rural livelihoods in Mesoamerica. Full article

This study evaluated the effects of dietary supplementation with a commercial lactoferrin–osteopontin complexes preparation (LF-OPN; LF:OPN mass ratio 8:1; 240 mg/kg body weight) on growth, immune indices, antioxidant status, intestinal barrier-related markers, fecal microbiota, short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), peripheral lymphocyte subsets, and the whole-blood transcriptome of growing British Shorthair kittens. Sixteen kittens were randomly assigned to either a basal diet group (CON) or a group supplemented with LF-OPN complexes (LFT) for 28 days. LF-OPN supplementation did not significantly affect body weight or average daily gain. On D28, the LFT group had a higher serum immunoglobulin M concentration and a lower tumor necrosis factor-α concentration (p < 0.05). Serum superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activities and total antioxidant capacity were higher, whereas malondialdehyde was lower (p < 0.05) in the LFT group (p < 0.01). Fecal 16S rRNA gene sequencing revealed no significant difference in alpha diversity; howerer, LEfSe identified selective taxonomic difference, including higher relative abundances of Holdemanella and Erysipelotrichaceae and lower relative abundances of Enterobacteriaceae and Escherichia-Shigella in the LFT group. Fecal short-chain fatty acid concentrations were unchanged. Flow cytometry revealed a higher proportions of peripheral CD4+ lymphocytes and a higher CD4+/CD8+ ratio in the LFT group (p < 0.01), whereas the CD8+ proportion was unchanged. Whole-blood RNA sequencing identified 283 differentially expressed genes (199 upregulated and 84 downregulated), with enrichment of immune-related pathways including hematopoietic cell lineage, antigen processing and presentation, cytokine–cytokine receptor interaction, NF-κB signaling, and IL-17 signaling, but these findings were not independently validated. The tested LF-OPN preparation was well tolerated and was associated with elevated antioxidant status, altered immune indices, and selective modulation of the fecal microbiota in growing kittens. The study does not establish synergy or identify the individual contributions of either protein. Full article

Gut microbiota research in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is transitioning from holistic community-level associations toward causal validation of individual bacteria and their metabolites. However, existing causal evidence is dispersed across diverse pathways and experimental models, lacking systematic integration and comparative assessment of evidence strength. Building on the concept of grading causal evidence in microbiome studies, we extend this approach into a five-tier progressive validation framework that covers the entire causal chain—from initial association discovery to the identification of specific effector metabolites. Using this framework, we systematically collate the single-bacterium–metabolite–host target axes that have been validated by high-level experimental methods. Focusing on four major pathways—AhR/tryptophan metabolism, bile acid/nuclear receptor signaling, short-chain fatty acid/vitamin/energy metabolism, and cell death-related pathogenic mechanisms—we integrate the molecular mechanisms through which specific bacteria and their causally linked metabolites regulate intestinal barrier integrity, immune responses, and inflammation resolution. We further discuss the modulatory influences of host genetics, diet, and medications on these axes, as well as therapeutic strategies such as live bacterial preparations, engineered probiotics, and postbiotics. Causal studies on individual bacteria and metabolites in IBD have progressed from isolated mechanistic discoveries towards systematic consolidation. It should be acknowledged, however, that most of the high-level evidence summarized in this review derives from animal models and preclinical studies, whereas robust human validation remains limited. In addition, protective mechanisms appear to considerably outnumber pathogenic ones, suggesting a marked imbalance in the current evidence base. To bridge the gap between mechanistic validation and clinical application, future research should focus on validating causal chains from animal models in well-designed human cohorts, exploring pathogenic mechanisms that drive disease onset, and clarifying interactions among different metabolites. By synthesizing available evidence, identifying key research gaps, and acknowledging translational limitations, this review aims to provide a foundational reference for researchers, while recognizing that further translational efforts are needed to move these preclinical findings toward clinical application. Full article

Background: Ultra-processed food (UPF) consumption may be associated not only with nutrition knowledge but also with individuals’ practical food-related competencies and overall dietary patterns. Aim: This study investigated how cooking and food skills, dietary literacy, and adherence to the Mediterranean diet were related to UPF consumption among adults in İstanbul, Türkiye. Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study included 293 (85.7% female, mean age of 22.63 ± 4.66 years) adults residing in Istanbul, Türkiye between 1 January 2026 and 30 June 2026. Data were collected through an online questionnaire comprising sociodemographic and food-related characteristics, the Cooking Skills and Food Skills Measure, the e-Healthy Diet Literacy Scale (e-HDL), the Mediterranean Diet Adherence Screener (MEDAS), and the Short Screening Questionnaire of Highly Processed Food Consumption (sQ-HPF). Validated Turkish versions of all instruments were used; no measurement tool was developed specifically for this study. Results: 57.0% of participants were classified as having a high level of UPF consumption. The high level of UPF consumption group was younger, cooked at home less frequently, ordered food more frequently, and had lower cooking skills, food skills, and MEDAS scores compared to the low level of UPF consumption group (all p < 0.05). UPF consumption was negatively correlated with food skills (r: −0.33), MEDAS (r = −0.28), cooking skills (r = −0.27), age (r = −0.21), and home-cooking frequency (r = −0.18) and positively correlated with food-ordering frequency (r = 0.18). In the final regression model, younger age (β = −0.144, p = 0.009), lower food skills (β = −0.325, p < 0.001), and lower MEDAS scores (β = −0.252, p < 0.001) were independently associated with higher UPF consumption. E-HDL was not independently associated with UPF consumption. The final model explained 18.4% of the adjusted variance. Conclusions: Among this predominantly young and female sample of adults residing in Istanbul, lower food skills and lower Mediterranean diet adherence co-occurred with higher UPF consumption. Although the direction of these associations cannot be determined, the findings may inform future strategies that integrate nutrition education with practical food preparation support and the promotion of Mediterranean-style food choices. Full article

Obesity is a chronic metabolic disorder closely associated with dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, low-grade inflammation, and gut microbiota dysbiosis. Mulberry leaves are rich in bioactive proteins, but whether mulberry leaf albumin-type protein can improve diet-induced obesity remains unclear. In this study, ultrafiltered mulberry leaf albumin-type protein (UMP) was prepared and its anti-obesity effects were evaluated in high-fat diet (HFD)-fed C57BL/6J mice. UMP contained 87.12 ± 0.52 g/100 g protein, 2.52 ± 0.00 g/100 g polyphenols, and 8.21 ± 1.49 g/100 g polysaccharides, with two major albumin-type protein bands of approximately 14 and 52 kDa. Structural analysis showed that UMP was mainly composed of β-turns and α-helices. In HFD-fed mice, daily administration of UMP for 16 weeks reduced body weight gain by 3.85 g and 5.63 g in the low- and high-dose groups, respectively, without affecting food intake. Biochemical assays, glucose and insulin tolerance tests, and histological analysis showed that UMP improved insulin responsiveness, alleviated serum dyslipidemia, reduced hepatic lipid accumulation, and decreased circulating alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and lipopolysaccharide levels. Histological analysis and nuclear magnetic resonance-based short-chain fatty acid quantification further showed that UMP protected colonic morphology and increased colonic short-chain fatty acid levels. Gut microbiota analysis showed that UMP restored microbial diversity, reduced the Firmicutes/Bacteroidota ratio, and enriched potentially beneficial genera, including Ileibacterium and norank_f_Muribaculaceae. Fecal biochemical assays suggested that UMP promoted fecal free fatty acid excretion and partially improved bile acid-related metabolic alterations. Untargeted serum metabolomics revealed that UMP reshaped metabolic pathways related to lipid turnover, bile acid signaling, glucose utilization, and glucuronidation. Correlation analysis linked UMP-enriched bacterial taxa with key metabolites involved in fatty acid and energy metabolism. Together, these findings indicate that UMP attenuates HFD-induced obesity through coordinated regulation of gut microbiota, intestinal metabolites, and systemic metabolic homeostasis. UMP may therefore represent a promising functional dietary protein for the prevention of obesity-related metabolic disorders. Full article

Plant-based dietary interventions have emerged as promising strategies for fibromyalgia (FM), although their effectiveness may depend on participants’ adherence to the prescribed dietary pattern. This secondary analysis of the FIBROVEG randomized controlled trial investigated dietary adherence, its determinants, and its association with clinical response in women with FM. Twenty-two participants were randomly assigned to follow either a vegan Mediterranean diet or a traditional Mediterranean diet for six weeks (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT06804460). Adherence was assessed using a predefined food-group-based score, while diet satisfaction and perceived barriers were evaluated using validated questionnaires. Adherence was moderate to high in both groups but was greater in the vegan Mediterranean diet group than in the traditional Mediterranean diet group (86.4 ± 11.3% vs. 72.7 ± 11.9%). In the vegan Mediterranean diet group, lower adherence was associated with a busy lifestyle, time required for meal preparation, and unfamiliar foods. Higher adherence was correlated with greater reductions in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, and fatigue, whereas no clear associations were observed in the traditional Mediterranean diet group. These findings suggest that a vegan Mediterranean diet is feasible in the short term under structured conditions in women with FM and that greater adherence may contribute to more favorable cardiometabolic and fatigue-related outcomes. Full article

The study evaluated the effects of dietary compound enzyme preparations (CEPs) supplementation on antioxidant capacity, immune response, and intestinal health of pigeons. A total of 288 White King parent pigeons were randomly assigned to four treatments, with six replications of 12 pigeons each. The control (CK) group received a basal diet, whereas the CEP groups were fed a basal diet with 0.25 g/kg (low compound enzyme preparation group, LCEP), 0.5 g/kg (middle compound enzyme preparation group, MCEP), and 1.0 g/kg (high compound enzyme preparation group, HCEP) CEPs. Results showed that supplementation with 0.25 g/kg of CEPs significantly increased duodenal crypt depth (CD), as well as jejunal villus height (VH) and the villus height-to-crypt depth ratio (VCR) (p < 0.05). It also increased the immunoglobulins of serum, such as IgA, IgG, and IgM, as well as enhanced antioxidant capacity by increasing superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities of serum (p < 0.05). Furthermore, we found that CEPs altered ileum content microbiota composition, increasing the relative abundance of p_Bacteroidota and g_Bifidobacterium (p < 0.05). In addition, untargeted metabolomics analysis identified 92 upregulated and 95 downregulated metabolites. Pathway enrichment analysis of these differential metabolites revealed that CEP supplementation altered the metabolomic profile of the ileum contents, with differential metabolites mainly enriched in alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism, fatty acid biosynthesis, and unsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis pathways. These results demonstrated that dietary supplementation with CEPs at different doses improved antioxidant capacity to varying degrees and maintained intestinal immune balance by modulating microbiota, which provides a theoretical basis for the rational application of compound enzyme preparations in breeding pigeon feed. Moreover, this study provides mechanistic evidence that CEPs can improve intestinal health, immunity, and antioxidant capacity. It also fills a key knowledge gap in pigeon nutrition by linking enzyme use with gut microbiota and metabolic regulation. Full article

Background: Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH), the progressive stage of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), is characterized by hepatic steatosis, inflammation, and fibrosis, yet no specific therapy has been established. This study evaluated the therapeutic potential of Andrias davidianus liver-derived peptides (ALPs) in a mouse model of MASH. Methods: ALPs were prepared by enzymatic hydrolysis of fresh Andrias davidianus liver. A MASH model was induced in mice using a methionine- and choline-deficient diet (MRCD). ALP was administered via oral gavage, and its effects were assessed through histological staining (H&E, Oil Red O, and Sirius Red), immunofluorescence (Ki67), apoptosis detection (TUNEL), serum biochemistry, and RNA-sequencing of liver tissues. Gut microbiota composition was also analyzed. Results: ALP treatment significantly alleviated hepatic histopathological features, including steatosis, inflammation, and fibrosis. It reduced aberrant proliferation and apoptosis of hepatocyte-like cells, and markedly improved serum biochemical markers of liver function. RNA-seq analysis revealed that ALP modulated the expression of lipid metabolism-related genes, an effect associated with suppression of the PPARγ signaling pathway. Furthermore, ALP selectively modulated MRCD-induced gut microbiota dysbiosis, particularly by reducing the Firmicutes-to-Bacteroidota (F/B) ratio and enriching Akkermansia. No overt toxicity was observed in other organs. Conclusions: Our findings demonstrate that ALP exerts protective effects against MASH by improving lipid metabolism, partially through suppression of the PPARγ signaling pathway, and by selectively modulating specific gut microbial taxa. ALP represents a promising natural therapeutic candidate for MASH. Full article

More frequent consumption of home-cooked meals is associated with better diet quality, and food literacy questionnaires may be able to identify factors that influence cooking frequency. Eating and Food Literacy Behaviors Questionnaire (EFLBQ) factor scores and demographic characteristics were examined as predictors of home cooking in a group of women aged 18 to 30 years. Participants were recruited by a third-party provider. EFLBQ factor scores (F1: health and nutrition, F2: taste, F3: food preparation, F4: planning and decision making, and F5: convenience), demographic characteristics, and frequency of cooking were measured. Groups were compared using ANOVA and Games–Howell post hoc tests. Pearson’s r or point-biserial tests were used to examine relationships between variables. Significant predictors were entered into a structural equation model (SEM) to predict home cooking frequency. A total of 107 Asian, 113 Black, 108 Hispanic, and 111 White women participated. The F1 factor score (health and nutrition) was a positive mediator between age and cooking frequency, and the F5 score (convenience) was independently and negatively correlated with how often the women cooked. Nutrition educators should address these EFLBQ factor topics in interventions and use these factor scores to measure changes in participants’ behaviors after they participate in educational programs that promote cooking. Full article

Zinc (Zn), a micronutrient, plays vital roles in various biological functions and its inadequate intake results in various clinical manifestations. Biofortification of staple crops through breeding approaches has been attempted to ensure a higher dietary intake of Zn. The present study assessed the bioavailability of zinc from biofortified rice in Wistar rats. Two rice-based feed pellets were prepared: conventional/control (CR—MTU1010) and Zn-biofortified rice (ZnBR—DRR Dhan 48). Rats were fed their respective diets for 45 days to assess the Zn intake, retention, distribution and excretion. Daily feed intake and weekly body weight were recorded, and a digestion trial was conducted during last five days of the feeding period. Mean body weights at the start and end of experiment were comparable (p > 0.05) (246 and 240 g) with similar feed consumption. Zn absorption from ZnBR was 45.12%, compared to 26.65% from CR. The biologically available zinc from ZnBR was 2.3 times higher than that from CR. Zn content in the major storage tissues was not altered (p > 0.05) due to consumption of ZnBR. The study revealed that biological availability of zinc from ZnBR was higher than that of CR, which could be useful in managing Zn-related malnutrition. Full article

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of pomegranate syrup supplementation at levels of 0.0%, 0.1%, 0.2%, and 0.3% in the diets of quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) on performance parameters, including body weight gain (BWG), feed intake (FI), feed conversion ratio (FCR), hot and cold carcass weights and carcass yields; meat quality characteristics, including L*, a*, b* color values, pH, and water-holding capacity (WHC) of breast and thigh meat; and oxidative stress parameters, including total antioxidant status (TAS), total oxidant status (TOS), and oxidative stress index (OSI); as well as glutathione peroxidase (GPx7) gene expression. A total of 120 newly hatched quail chicks were used in the experiment. The birds were assigned according to a completely randomized design with 15 replicates per treatment group and 2 birds per replicate and were randomly distributed into 60 cage compartments. While cumulative body weight gain (CBWG) was not significantly affected during the other experimental weeks (p > 0.05), statistically significant differences among the groups were observed only in the second week (p < 0.05). Feed intake values were not significantly different among the groups throughout all weeks of the experiment (p > 0.05). However, feed conversion ratio (FCR) was significantly different among the groups during all weeks (p < 0.05), with the pomegranate syrup-supplemented groups generally showing improved (lower) values compared with the control group. The inclusion of pomegranate syrup in the diets did not produce significant differences among the groups in breast meat quality parameters, including color values (L*, a*, b*), pH, and water-holding capacity. The obtained L*, a*, b*, and pH values were within the reference ranges reported in the literature. Evaluation of oxidative stress parameters demonstrated that pomegranate syrup supplementation increased TAS values, while significantly reducing TOS and OSI values (p < 0.05). Furthermore, GPx7 gene expression increased in the pomegranate syrup-supplemented groups compared with the control group, with the highest expression observed at the 0.1% supplementation level. In addition, toxicological evaluations have confirmed the safety of pomegranate preparations, further supporting their potential as feed additives. Full article

Background/Objectives: Street and restaurant foods constitute a major component of daily diets in low-resource settings due to their affordability, accessibility, and convenience. However, they are frequently characterised by high sodium content, posing significant public health risks, particularly for hypertension and cardiovascular diseases. Empirical data on sodium levels in Nigerian street and restaurant foods remain limited. This study assessed the sodium content of commonly consumed street and restaurant foods in Kano and Ogun States and the Federal Capital Territory in Nigeria using a multilevel analytical framework. Methods: A total of 2583 food samples were collected from street vendors and three categories of restaurants (self-service, quick-service, and hotel restaurants) between August and October 2024. Sodium concentration was measured using a validated digital salt meter. In all three states, rice-based dishes were the most commonly available street and restaurant foods. Results: More than half (55.4%) were classified as high-sodium (>600 mg/100 g), while only 4.1% were classified as low-sodium (<120 mg/100 g). Median sodium content was highest in the FCT (720 mg/100 g), followed by Kano (650 mg/100 g) and Ogun (600 mg/100 g). Soups and stews had the highest median sodium levels (1360 mg/100 g), with several traditional dishes exceeding 1000 mg/100 g. Multilevel mixed-effects modelling demonstrated that sodium exposure was driven primarily by food type (p < 0.001) and vendor environment (p = 0.009), rather than geographic location (state effect: p = 0.217), indicating structurally embedded issues with sodium content throughout the Nigerian food system. Conclusions: These findings support multilevel sodium reduction interventions targeting high-sodium food categories, vendor preparation practices, and strengthened surveillance to monitor progress toward World Health Organization population sodium reduction targets. Full article