Search Results (22)

The purpose of this study is to develop a fundamental material for cosmetics by encapsulating the extract obtained from Dioscorea quinqueloba using chitosan, a natural material. Active compounds were extracted using ethanol from Dioscorea quinqueloba produced in Andong, South Korea. These compounds were encapsulated in mucin extracted from Dioscorea quinqueloba and chitosan derived from cuttlefish bones to form microcapsules. The encapsulation process involves the formation of a W/O emulsion, followed by crosslinking with glutaraldehyde. The resulting microcapsules were examined by scanning electron microscopy, which revealed spherical structures with an average size ranging from 890 to 1130 nm. The toxicity, antioxidant activity, and anti-aging properties of these microcapsules were assessed to evaluate their potential use in cosmetic formulations. The microcapsules showed no toxicity at the concentrations used, and their antioxidant and anti-aging activities were significantly higher than those of the control group. These findings suggest that microcapsules have strong potential as components in cosmetic compositions. Full article

Current investigations into the fabrication of innovative biomaterials that stimulate cartilage development result from increasing interest due to emerging bone defects. In particular, the investigation of biomaterials for musculoskeletal therapies extensively depends on the development of various hydroxyapatite (HA)/sodium alginate (SA) composites. Cuttlefish bone (CFB)-derived composite scaffolds for hard tissue regeneration have been effectively illustrated in this investigation using a hydrothermal technique. In this, the HA was prepared from the CFB source without altering its biological properties. The as-developed HA nanocomposites were investigated through XRD, FTIR, SEM, and EDX analyses to confirm their structural, functional, and morphological orientation. The higher the interfacial density of the HA/SA nanocomposites, the more the hardness of the scaffold increased with the higher applied load. Furthermore, the HA/SA nanocomposite revealed a remarkable antibacterial activity against the bacterial strains such as E. coli and S. aureus through the inhibition zones measured as 18 mm and 20 mm, respectively. The results demonstrated a minor decrease in cell viability compared with the untreated culture, with an observed percentage of cell viability at 97.2% for the HA/SA nanocomposites. Hence, the proposed HA/SA scaffold would be an excellent alternative for tissue engineering applications. Full article

Caffeine is commonly used in pharmaceutical and personal care products, where it serves both therapeutic and cosmetic purposes. However, its widespread presence in wastewater from the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries has raised concerns about environmental contamination. This study explores the use of a polyaniline (PANI)/cuttlefish bone (CB) nanocomposite as an effective adsorbent for the removal of caffeine from aqueous solutions. The nanocomposite was synthesized by incorporating polyaniline (PANI) onto cuttlefish bone (CB) flakes, resulting in a material with a hybrid morphology consisting of layered nanosheets and flaky structures. Adsorption experiments were conducted to determine the optimal conditions for caffeine removal, with results showing the best adsorption efficiency at pH 7 and an adsorbent dosage of 0.1 g/L for the nanocomposite, achieving an 80.73% removal efficiency. The maximum adsorption capacity of the nanocomposite was 108.33 mg/g—significantly higher than for pure CB (55.05 mg/g) and PANI (57.71 mg/g). The adsorption process followed the pseudo-second-order kinetic model and the Langmuir isotherm, indicating a chemisorption mechanism and monolayer adsorption. Additionally, the nanocomposite demonstrated excellent reuse capacity, maintaining over 85% of its initial efficiency after multiple adsorption–desorption cycles, highlighting its potential for sustainable long-term use. This work demonstrates the potential of using waste-derived materials like cuttlefish bone as an effective support for PANI in the development of low-cost, sustainable adsorbents for pollutant remediation in pharmaceutical wastewater. Future studies will explore the adsorbent’s applicability for other contaminants and its potential antimicrobial properties. Full article

Background: Marine ecosystems, covering 70% of Earth’s surface, hold immense biodiversity and potential for biomaterials. Cuttlefish bone (CB) and marine resources have gained attention as eco-friendly biomaterials. Objectives: We aim to comprehensively study biomedical applications of CB-derived materials. By evaluating both in vivo and in vitro investigations, the review seeks to uncover the diverse potential of CB in the biomedical field. Methods: A comprehensive search of electronic databases yielded 51 articles from 2408 studies. These studies encompassed in vivo animal studies and in vitro investigations. Results: In vivo studies employed for bone repair, dorsal subcutaneous defects, thermal wound healing, muscle injections, and avian blood testing. In vitro studies focused on HAp synthesis, scaffold development, dental material enhancement, and antimicrobial properties. Risk of bias assessments revealed varying degrees of methodological quality in both animal and in vitro studies, underscoring the need for standardised reporting and rigorous study design in future research. Conclusions: This review fills a gap in the literature by providing a comprehensive overview of the applications of CB-derived materials in the biomedical field. Additionally, it offers valuable insights for researchers, clinicians, and policymakers interested in sustainable and effective biomaterials for diverse medical purposes, advancing the fields of regenerative medicine and dentistry. Full article

Cuttlefish bones are byproducts of cuttlefish processing and are readily available in the marine food industry. In this study, calcium phosphate bioceramics were prepared from cuttlefish bones using a two-stage hydrothermal calcination process. The results indicated that all bioceramics derived from cuttlefish bones had a higher degradation capacity, better bone-like apatite formation ability, and higher degree of osteogenic differentiation than commercially available hydroxyapatite. Notably, β-tricalcium phosphate, which had the highest degree of Ca²⁺ and Sr²⁺ dissolution among the bioceramics extracted, can significantly upregulate osteogenic markers (alkaline phosphatase, osteocalcin) and stimulate bone matrix mineralization. Thus, it is a promising bioceramic material for applications in bone regeneration. Full article

Natural and renewable sources of calcium carbonate (CaCO₃), also referred to as “biogenic” sources, are being increasingly investigated, as they are generated from a number of waste sources, in particular those from the food industry. The first and obvious application of biogenic calcium carbonate is in the production of cement, where CaCO₃ represents the raw material for clinker. Overtime, other more added-value applications have been developed in the filling and modification of the properties of polymer composites, or in the development of biomaterials, where it is possible to transform calcium carbonate into calcium phosphate for the substitution of natural hydroxyapatite. In the majority of cases, the biological structure that is used for obtaining calcium carbonate is reduced to a powder, in which instance the granulometry distribution and the shape of the fragments represent a factor capable of influencing the effect of addition. As a result of this consideration, a number of studies also reflect on the specific characteristics of the different sources of the calcium carbonate obtained, while also referring to the species-dependent biological self-assembly process, which can be defined as a more “biomimetic” approach. In particular, a number of case studies are investigated in more depth, more specifically those involving snail shells, clam shells, mussel shells, oyster shells, eggshells, and cuttlefish bones. Full article

The occurrence of bone disorders is steadily increasing worldwide. Bone tissue engineering (BTE) has emerged as a promising alternative to conventional treatments of bone defects, developing bone scaffolds capable of promoting bone regeneration. In this research, biomimetic scaffolds based on ion-substituted calcium phosphates, derived from cuttlefish bone, were prepared using a hydrothermal method. To synthesize Mn²⁺-substituted scaffolds, three different manganese concentrations (corresponding to 1, 2.5, and 5 mol% Mn substitutions for Ca into hydroxyapatite) were used. Also, syntheses with the simultaneous addition of an equimolar amount (1 mol%) of two (Mg²⁺ and Sr²⁺) or three ions (Mn²⁺, Mg²⁺, and Sr²⁺) were performed. A chemical, structural, and morphological characterization was carried out using X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. The effects of the ion substitutions on the lattice parameters, crystallite sizes, and fractions of the detected phases were discussed. Multi-substituted (Mn²⁺, Mg²⁺, and Sr²⁺) scaffolds were coated with polycaprolactone (PCL) using simple vacuum impregnation. The differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs), cultured on the PCL-coated scaffold, was evaluated using histology, immunohistochemistry, and reverse transcription–quantitative polymerase chain reaction analyses. The expression of collagen I, alkaline phosphatase, and dentin matrix protein 1 was detected. The influence of PCL coating on hMSCs behavior is discussed. Full article

This study investigates the osteogenic differentiation of umbilical-cord-derived human mesenchymal stromal cells (hUC-MSCs) on biphasic calcium phosphate (BCP) scaffolds derived from cuttlefish bone doped with metal ions and coated with polymers. First, the in vitro cytocompatibility of the undoped and ion-doped (Sr²⁺, Mg²⁺ and/or Zn²⁺) BCP scaffolds was evaluated for 72 h using Live/Dead staining and viability assays. From these tests, the most promising composition was found to be the BCP scaffold doped with strontium (Sr²⁺), magnesium (Mg²⁺) and zinc (Zn²⁺) (BCP-6Sr2Mg2Zn). Then, samples from the BCP-6Sr2Mg2Zn were coated with poly(ԑ-caprolactone) (PCL) or poly(ester urea) (PEU). The results showed that hUC-MSCs can differentiate into osteoblasts, and hUC-MSCs seeded on the PEU-coated scaffolds proliferated well, adhered to the scaffold surfaces, and enhanced their differentiation capabilities without negative effects on cell proliferation under in vitro conditions. Overall, these results suggest that PEU-coated scaffolds are an alternative to PCL for use in bone regeneration, providing a suitable environment to maximally induce osteogenesis. Full article

The ever-increasing requirements for structural performance drive the research and development of lighter, stronger, tougher, and multifunctional composite materials, especially, the lattice structures, heterogeneities, or hybrid compositions have attracted great interest from the materials research community. If it is pushed to the extreme, these concepts can consist of highly controlled lattice structures subject to biomimetic material design and topology optimization (TO). However, the strong coupling among the composition and the topology of the porous microstructure hinders the conventional trial-and-error approaches. In this work, discontinuous carbon fiber-reinforced polymer matrix composite materials were adopted for structural design. A three-dimensional (3D) periodic lattice block inspired by cuttlefish bone combined with computer modeling-based topology optimization was proposed. Through computer modeling, complex 3D periodic lattice blocks with various porosities were topologically optimized and realized, and the mechanical properties of the topology-optimized lattice structures were characterized by computer modeling. The results of this work were compared with other similar designs and experiments to validate the effectiveness of the proposed method. The proposed approach provides a design tool for more affordable and higher-performance structural materials. Full article

In fish processing, reducing the waste rate and increasing the economic value of products is an important issue for global environmental protection and resource sustainability. It has been discovered that cuttlefish bones can be an excellent resource for producing attractive amounts of chitin and chitosan. Therefore, this study optimized chitosan extraction conditions using response surface methodology (RSM) to establish application conditions suitable for industrial production and reducing environmental impact. In addition, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), ¹H NMR and scanning electron microscope (SEM) characteristics of extracted chitosan were evaluated. The optimum extraction conditions for chitosan from cuttlebone chitin were 12.5M NaOH, 6 h and 80 °C, and the highest average yield was 56.47%. FTIR spectroscopy, ¹H NMR, and SEM identification proved that the chitosan prepared from cuttlefish bone has a unique molecular structure, and the degree of deacetylation of chitosan was about 81.3%. In addition, it was also confirmed that chitosan has significant anti-oxidation and oil-absorbing abilities. This research has successfully transformed the by-products of cuttlefish processing into value-added products. The process not only achieved the recycling and utilization of by-products but also enhanced industrial competitiveness and resource sustainability. Full article

Increasing attention is focused on developing biomaterials as temporary scaffolds that provide a specific environment and microstructure for bone tissue regeneration. The aim of the present work was to synthesize silicon-doped biomimetic multi-phase composite scaffolds based on bioactive inorganic phases and biocompatible polymers (poly(ε-caprolactone), PCL) using simple and inexpensive methods. Porous multi-phase composite scaffolds from cuttlefish bone were synthesized using a hydrothermal method and were further impregnated with (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane 1–4 times, heat-treated (1000 °C) and coated with PCL. The effect of silicon doping and the PCL coating on the microstructure and mechanical and biological properties of the scaffolds has been investigated. Multi-phase scaffolds based on calcium phosphate (hydroxyapatite, α-tricalcium phosphate, β-tricalcium phosphate) and calcium silicate (wollastonite, larnite, dicalcium silicate) phases were obtained. Elemental mapping revealed homogeneously dispersed silicon throughout the scaffolds, whereas silicon doping increased bovine serum albumin protein adsorption. The highly porous structure of cuttlefish bone was preserved with a composite scaffold porosity of ~78%. A compressive strength of ~1.4 MPa makes the obtained composite scaffolds appropriate for non-load-bearing applications. Cytocompatibility assessment by an MTT assay of human mesenchymal stem cells revealed the non-cytotoxicity of the obtained scaffolds. Full article

The nontoxicity, worldwide availability and low production cost of cuttlefish bone products qualify them an excellent biocoagulant to treat food industry wastewater. In this study, cuttlefish bone liquid waste from the deproteinization step was used as a biocoagulant to treat food industry wastewater. This work concerns a waste that has never before been investigated. The objectives of this work were: the recovery of waste resulting from cuttlefish bone deproteinization, the replacementof chemical coagulants with natural ones to preserve the environment, and the enhancement ofthe value of fishery byproducts. A quantitative characterization of the industrial effluents of a Moroccan food processing plant was performed. The physicochemical properties of the raw cuttlefish bone powder and the deproteinization liquid extract were determined using specific analysis techniques: SEM/EDX, FTIR, XRD and ¹H-NMR. The protein content of the deproteinization liquid was determined by OPA fluorescent assay. The zeta potential of the liquid extract was also determined. The obtained analytical results showed that the deproteinization liquid waste contained an adequate amount of soluble chitin fractions that could be used in food wastewater treatment. The effects of the coagulant dose and pH on the food industrial effluents were studied to confirm the effectiveness of the deproteinization liquid extract. Under optimal conditions, the coagulant showed satisfactory results. Process optimization was performed using the Box–Behnken design and response surface methodology. Thus, the optimal removal efficiencies predicted using this model for turbidity (99.68%), BOD₅ (97.76%), and COD (82.92%) were obtained at a dosage of 8 mL biocoagulant in 0.5 L of food processing wastewater at an alkaline pH of 11. Full article

This study aims to investigate the effects on calcination of Sepia officinalis cuttlefish bone (cuttlebone) to enhance reinforcement of polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH) added with nano-size montmorillonite (MMT) blends as potential bio-compatible materials. The polyvinyl alcohol-cuttlebone-montmorillonite nanocomposites were prepared using the solution casting method. Calcined cuttlebone particles were added to the PVOH matrix at different amount of 2 and 5 parts per hundred resin (phr) along with MMT ranging from 1 to 3 phr. Results showed that the tensile strength of cuttlebone-added PVOH-MMT composites at fixed 1 phr MMT was observed to be marginally lower when the cuttlebone increased from 2 phr to 5 phr due to the poor distribution of agglomerated particles. Nevertheless, at higher loading level of MMT, it was found that the addition of cuttlebone at 5 phr exhibited a reinforcing effect in PVOH-MMT blends. This is consistent with the scanning electron microscopy observation, where dispersion of a higher amount of cuttlebone in PVOH-MMT blends was observed to be more homogeneous than a lower amount of cuttlebone. Moreover, based on the X-ray diffraction analysis, the addition of cuttlebone significantly enhanced the intercalation effect of MMT particles in the PVOH matrix. Furthermore, the observation from infrared spectroscopy shows the amount of hydroxyl group for all composites reduced gradually with the increasing amount of cuttlebone. The addition of cuttlebone showed a “red shift” effect, indicating the formation of hydrogen bonds induced by cuttlebone. Lastly, lower enthalpy of melting was detected in relation to higher loading level of cuttlebone embedded in PVOH-MMT blends through differential scanning calorimetry. In conclusion, the blending of cuttlebone in PVOH-MMT is favorable to obtain better properties of composites. Full article

The present study deals with the development of multifunctional biphasic calcium phosphate (BCP) scaffolds coated with biopolymers—poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) or poly(ester urea) (PEU)—loaded with an antibiotic drug, Rifampicin (RFP). The amounts of RFP incorporated into the PCL and PEU-coated scaffolds were 0.55 ± 0.04 and 0.45 ± 0.02 wt%, respectively. The in vitro drug release profiles in phosphate buffered saline over 6 days were characterized by a burst release within the first 8h, followed by a sustained release. The Korsmeyer–Peppas model showed that RFP release was controlled by polymer-specific non-Fickian diffusion. A faster burst release (67.33 ± 1.48%) was observed for the PCL-coated samples, in comparison to that measured (47.23 ± 0.31%) for the PEU-coated samples. The growth inhibitory activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus was evaluated. Although the RFP-loaded scaffolds were effective in reducing bacterial growth for both strains, their effectiveness depends on the particular bacterial strain, as well as on the type of polymer coating, since it rules the drug release behavior. The low antibacterial activity demonstrated by the BCP-PEU-RFP scaffold against E. coli could be a consequence of the lower amount of RFP that is released from this scaffold, when compared with BCP-PCL-RFP. In vitro studies showed excellent cytocompatibility, adherence, and proliferation of human mesenchymal stem cells on the BCP-PEU-RFP scaffold surface. The fabricated highly porous scaffolds that could act as an antibiotic delivery system have great potential for applications in bone regeneration and tissue engineering, while preventing bacterial infections. Full article

Background: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of incorporation of hydroxyapatite (HA) derived from cuttlefish bone on the microhardness, surface roughness (SR), and fluoride release (FR) of conventional cure, and resin-modified glass-ionomer cement. Methods: There were four groups for each tested material; experimental glass-ionomer were made by addition and of 2, 5, and 10 wt % HA respectively to conventional glass-ionomers Fuji II LC and Fuji IX GP Extra. One group was prepared without the addition of HA particles. For SR and microhardness measurements sectional Teflon molds (5 mm in diameter and 2 mm deep) were used to prepare 10 samples per group (n = 80). The samples were stored in distilled water at 37 °C for 7 days prior to testing. The SR was measured using a contact type profilometer and the microhardness was determined using a Vickers micro-hardness tester at a load of 980 g for 15 s. For FR measurements, there were six samples per group (n = 48), prepared in Teflon molds (8 mm in diameter and 2 mm deep). The FR was measured with an ionoselective electrode in triplicates after 24 h, 7 days, and 45 days. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA with Tukey post-hoc test. Results and Conclusion: Microhardness values obtained for Fuji II modified with 10 wt % HA were significantly higher compared to the other two groups tested. Comparison of materials with respect to SR showed significant difference between them (p < 0.0001) with Fuji II and Fuji IX modified with HA having higher SR values. Regarding FR, Fuji IX showed statistically significant higher results than Fuji II, independently of HA modification, and groups modified with 2 and 5 wt % HA showed significantly increased fluoride release in all three time points. Full article